Handling Of Personal Information Research Articles

What should a robot disclose about me? A study about privacy-appropriate behaviors for social robots.

For robots to become integrated into our daily environment, they must be designed to gain sufficient trust of both users and bystanders. This is in particular important for social robots including those that assume the role of a mediator, working towards positively shaping relationships and interactions between individuals. One crucial factor influencing trust is the appropriate handling of personal information. Previous research on privacy has focused on data collection, secure storage, and abstract third-party disclosure risks. However, robot mediators may face situations where the disclosure of private information about one person to another specific person appears necessary. It is not clear if, how, and to what extent robots should share private information between people. This study presents an online investigation into appropriate robotic disclosure strategies. Using a vignette design, participants were presented with written descriptions of situations where a social robot reveals personal information about its owner to support pro-social human-human interaction. Participants were asked to choose the most appropriate robot behaviors, which differed in the level of information disclosure. We aimed to explore the effects of disclosure context, such as the relationship to the other person and the information content. The findings indicate that both the information content and relationship configurations significantly influence the perception of appropriate behavior but are not the sole determinants of disclosure-adequacy perception. The results also suggest that expected benefits of disclosure and individual general privacy attitudes serve as additional influential factors. These insights can inform the design of future mediating robots, enabling them to make more privacy-appropriate decisions which could foster trust and acceptance.

Handling of personal information and consumer protection in Japan

Handling of personal information and consumer protection in Japan

Ensuring Human Rights in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Ukraine and Practice of ECHR

Artificial intelligence gets into all spheres of life which are familiar to us. Automation and optimization of various processes make our daily tasks much easier. The topicality of the research is due to the rapid development and improvement of artificial intelligence, and therefore it is important to familiarize yourself with all aspects of its application. In the course of the study, laws of Ukraine, the practice of the ECHR, as well as international legal documents was analysed. This research is aimed at determining all aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in various spheres of society, its impact on the ways to protect human rights within the framework of these legal relations. The study pays particular attention to the risks which exist in connection with handling of personal information from artificial intelligence, the extent of the impact on our privacy rights, our freedoms and our opportunities. The research is based on issues of the application of artificial intelligence, for example, on solving problems with discrimination, inequality and various social issues. Furthermore, the proposals for the development of legal aspects of the protection of human rights in the context of artificial intelligence at the Ukrainian and international levels are formulated. This research is very important for understanding and developing effective measures to protect our rights and freedoms in this new technological world.

Protection of Personal Information in the Era of Big Data

In recent years, cloud computing and big data technologies have been widely used in China in the fields of public security, medical and health care, intelligent transportation, telecommunications and education, etc. The quality of life of the people has been improved and the digital industry has gained tremendous development, but at the same time, a series of personal information infringement disputes have arisen and the protection of personal information has attracted much attention. At present, insufficient protection of personal information under public law, the shortcomings of traditional informed consent rules, imperfect regulatory mechanism for personal information, and weak awareness of personal information protection have become major obstacles to balance the protection and utilization of personal information. Accordingly, it is necessary to adhere to the personal information protection path that combines public law protection and private law protection, to apply informed consent in the handling of personal information, and to improve the comprehensive supervision mechanism that unifies administrative supervision, industry association supervision, corporate internal supervision, and public opinion supervision, and on this basis, to improve the personal information infringement remedy mechanism that combines judicial remedy and private remedy.

Constitutional Basis for the Protection of Personal Information

The construction of a legal system for the protection of personal information is a key point to be considered in the era of big data. In China, with the promulgation and implementation of the Civil Code, the Network Security Law, the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law, academics have discussed the rights and obligations of relevant subjects in the handling of personal information from different perspectives. This article argues that the constitutional basis of personal information protection is the state’s obligation to protect. With the advent of the information age, this obligation extends to the protection of the rights and interests related to personal information. The State’s obligation to protect personal information corresponds to the basic right of the “right to protection of personal information”, which is the value basis and constitutional foundation for the State to fulfill its obligation to protect. The “right to protection of personal information” emphasizes the State’s obligation to protect and its implementation, which is more conducive to the realization of the goal of personal information protection.

Pandemics and the Protection of Privacy and PersonalInformation: Issues with Regard to the Use and Protection of Information on the Basis of Improving Public Health in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases

In order to make use of the response to the new the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for pandemic countermeasures due to infectious diseases that may have a serious impact on the lives and health of the people, which may occur in the future, the handling of personal information and the protection of privacy necessary to ensure the effectiveness of countermeasures against infectious diseases will be examined. This paper intends to establish to comprehensively understand the systems for the collection and publication of information related to infectious diseases based on the Infectious Diseases Control Law, and to clarify the structure and issues of the current systems and mechanisms for the collection and management of information on infected persons.

Understanding required to consider AI applications to the field of ophthalmology

Applications of artificial intelligence technology, especially deep learning, in ophthalmology research have started with the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy and have now expanded to all areas of ophthalmology, mainly in the identification of fundus diseases such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. In addition to fundus photography, optical coherence tomography is often used as an imaging device. In addition to simple binary classification, region identification (segmentation model) is used as an identification method for interpretability. Furthermore, there have been AI applications in the area of regression estimation, which is different from diagnostic identification. While expectations for deep learning AI are rising, regulatory agencies have begun issuing guidance on the medical applications of AI. The reason behind this trend is that there are a number of existing issues regarding the application of AI that need to be considered, including, but not limited to, the handling of personal information by large technology companies, the black-box issue, the flaming issue, the theory of responsibility, and issues related to improving the performance of commercially available AI. Furthermore, researchers have reported that there are a plethora of issues that simply cannot be solved by the high performance of artificial intelligence models, such as educating users and securing the communication environment, which are just a few of the necessary steps toward the actual implementation process of an AI society. Multifaceted perspectives and efforts are needed to create better ophthalmology care through AI.

Reviewing Teledentistry Usage in Canada during COVID-19 to Determine Possible Future Opportunities.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the limited in-person availability of oral health care providers resulted in an unprecedented utilization of the teledentistry tool. This paper reviews how Canadian organizations supported teledentistry and what can be expected about its usage in the post-pandemic era. An environmental scan across relevant Canadian federal, provincial, and territorial organizations was conducted to review pertinent publicly available documents, including dental regulators’ or associations’ COVID-19 guidance documents, government documents, and media articles. Almost all jurisdictions promoted teledentistry for triaging dental emergencies and screening patients for COVID-19 symptoms but not even half of them have developed guidelines in terms of modalities of usage, handling of personal information, informed consent process, or maintaining standards of practice. During the COVID-19 recovery phase, these advances across Canada will support in developing a comprehensive guidance for teledentistry and possibly specific codes for its utilization. This can create a niche for teledentistry as an adjunct to the main stream dental care delivery where some visits can always be accommodated virtually, reducing disparities in oral healthcare between rural and urban communities. Ultimately, this can potentially make oral health care delivery more effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly in Canada.

How Do Data Bolster Pandemic Preparedness and Response? How Do We Improve Data and Systems to Be Better Prepared?

How are data driving the response for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic? How do data support preparedness toward epidemics and pandemics? How do data inform the potential severity and spread of an outbreak? Past infectious disease outbreaks have demonstrated several challenges associated with rapid aggregation, integration, and sharing of data to inform a response during an outbreak. The ongoing pandemic response has demonstrated the value of timely data collection and sharing and the usage of data for decision-making.

Handling of Personal Information and Deidentified, Aggregated, and Pseudonymized Information Under the California Consumer Privacy Act

The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is perhaps the most influential state-level data privacy law in the United States. It is the first of its kind to provide significant privacy rights to consumers and is likely to be a model for other state privacy laws. It also gives consumers a great deal of control over their personal information (PI).

Keeping Internet Users in the Know or in the Dark? The Data Privacy Transparency of Canadian Internet Carriers: A Third Report

This is the third report assessing the extent to which carriers providing internet communications in Canada are forthcoming about their handling of personal information. Demand for data privacy transparency calls our trusted internet carriers to account, for details about the collection, management, retention, routing, disclosure and use of our data. To what extent do carriers collect and keep personal information? Is data routed and stored in the U.S.? When a company, security agency or political party requests access to data, do carriers oblige? When it comes to these and many other privacy concerns, do our internet carriers keep us in the know? Or in the dark? Consistent with the previous reports, 44 major, minor and transit carriers that route Canadian internet traffic are assigned full, half or zero ‘stars’ based on ten criteria: 1) A public commitment to PIPEDA compliance. 2) A public commitment to inform users of all third party data requests. 3) Transparency about frequency of third party data requests and disclosures. 4) Transparency about conditions for third party data disclosures. 5) An explicitly inclusive definition of ‘personal information’. 6) The normal retention periods for personal information. 7) Transparency about where personal information is stored and/or processed. 8) Transparency about where personal information is routed. 9) Domestic Canadian routing where possible. 10) Open advocacy for user privacy rights. Stars were assigned after careful review of the privacy materials present in the privacy section of each carrier’s corporate website as of January 2018. Materials not linked to a privacy section were not evaluated, as it is assumed that privacy pages are the first, and perhaps only location users interested in privacy will access. Key Findings - While major concerns persist, there are clear signs that some carriers are moving toward greater transparency, providing more information about how they treat personal data. The 2014 leader, TekSavvy, added an aggregate of 2 stars to achieve a score of 8/10, keeping it well ahead of all other major Canadian carriers. Shaw was the major carrier that showed the most improvement, more than doubling its score to 4.5. Cogeco and Videotron are others in this category whose scores rose considerably. Among the minor carriers, Acanac and its corporate owner Distributel stand out in both their scores and improvement from 2014. - Bell remains the only major carrier to score below the 2.6/10 average with a score of 2.5 stars. While most major carriers in Canada are producing transparency reports, Bell Canada continues its refusal to release any details about law enforcement or third party requests or disclosures. - Minimum detail for minimum score: While many carriers earned half-stars in a variety of categories, this should not be interpreted as a widespread overhaul of data privacy transparency practice. Many carriers scored half stars for the addition of a sentence or two or a brief example. - Carriers continue to refuse to provide retention details. Despite growing calls for users to understand better how long carriers are keeping data, none of the major carriers, and few of the others, provide retention details, often noting that data will be kept as long as possible. - Many carriers continue to lack explicit definitions of personal information. Despite some improvements in terms of the scores for this criterion, growing public concern about metadata, mobile data, surveillance data from in-store visits and set-top box data, is not reflected in the definitions provided by most carriers. - No transit provider indicates explicit compliance with Canadian privacy law. Since the first of these reports completed in 2013, not a single transit provider has made reference to Canadian privacy law in its privacy materials. This is concerning because these behind the scenes internet carriers handle large quantities of intra-Canadian traffic. - Overall, carriers continue to fail in their role as public trustees and as advocates for user privacy. As government officials and privacy advocates call for new ideas and new mechanisms for protecting privacy, reputation and security, last-mile carriers, who deal with users face-to-face and/or online every month, must do far more. Transit providers too, must help ensure users understand the processes and implications of going online. The consent challenges that persist epitomize current lackluster efforts. We cannot expect that content and platform providers will be the only entities helping to educate and engage users. Internet carriers must do far more to fulfill public interest mandates associated with longstanding expectations associated with the benefits of spectrum allocation, and certainly, the legal responsibilities determined by current privacy law.

Keeping Internet Users in the Know or in the Dark: An Analysis of the Data Privacy Transparency of Canadian Internet Carriers

Abstract In the wake of Snowden's revelations about National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance, demands that Internet carriers be more forthcoming about their handling of personal information have intensified. Responding to this concern, this report evaluates the data privacy transparency of forty-three Internet carriers serving the Canadian public. Carriers are awarded up to ten stars based on the public availability of information satisfying ten transparency criteria. Carriers earn few stars overall, just 92.5 out of 430, an average of two of ten possible stars. A variety of policy recommendations are provided to encourage and guide further data privacy transparency efforts in Canada as well as around the world.

Keeping Internet Users in the Know or in the Dark: An Analysis of the Data Privacy Transparency of Canadian Internet Carriers

Abstract In the wake of Snowden's revelations about National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance, demands that Internet carriers be more forthcoming about their handling of personal information have intensified. Responding to this concern, this report evaluates the data privacy transparency of forty-three Internet carriers serving the Canadian public. Carriers are awarded up to ten stars based on the public availability of information satisfying ten transparency criteria. Carriers earn few stars overall, just 92.5 out of 430, an average of two of ten possible stars. A variety of policy recommendations are provided to encourage and guide further data privacy transparency efforts in Canada as well as around the world.

Keeping Internet Users in the Know or in the Dark: An Analysis of the Data Privacy Transparency of Canadian Internet Service Providers

In the wake of the Snowden revelations about NSA surveillance, recent calls for greater data privacy recommend that internet service providers (ISPs) be more forthcoming about their handling of our personal information. Responding to this concern as well as in keeping with the transparency, openness and accountability principles fundamental to Canadian privacy law, this report evaluates the data privacy transparency of twenty of the most prominent ISPs (aka carriers) currently serving the Canadian public. We award ISPs up to ten ‘stars’ based on the public availability of the following information: 1. A public commitment to PIPEDA compliance. 2. A public commitment to inform users about all third party data requests. 3. Transparency about frequency of third party data requests and disclosures. 4. Transparency about conditions for third party data disclosures. 5. An explicitly inclusive definition of ‘personal information’. 6. The normal retention period for personal information. 7. Transparency about where personal information is stored. 8. Transparency about where personal information is routed. 9. Publicly visible steps to avoid U.S. routing of Canadian data. 10. Open advocacy for user privacy rights (such as in court and/or legislatively).Stars are awarded based on careful examination of each ISP’s corporate website. We selected the 20 ISPs in our sample based on their prevalence among the approximately 6000 internet traceroutes in the IXmaps.ca database (out of 25,000 in total) that correspond to intra-Canadian routes – i.e. with origin and destination in Canada.ISPs earn very few stars – 1.5/10 on average. The highest scoring carrier overall is TekSavvy, earning 3.5 stars in aggregate based on full or half stars across five criteria. The large foreign carriers Cogent and AboveNet (Zayo) receive no stars. Slightly more than half of the ISPs (11 of 20), all operating primarily in Canada, state a commitment to adhere to the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), which governs the handling of personal information in commercial transactions. None of the foreign-based ISPs that carry significant amounts of intra-Canadian traffic indicate any explicit compliance with Canadian privacy law. At the time of writing, no Canadian ISP had yet published a transparency report along the lines of AT&T, Verizon, Google, Facebook or Twitter, each of which have begun to report standardized statistics concerning law enforcement access requests.Without proactive public reporting on the part of ISPs in the key areas identified above, it is very difficult for Canadians to protect their personal privacy online nor hold these important organizations to account. To remedy this situation, we provide a number of policy recommendations specific to the various groups involved.

A Bolder Step towards Privacy Protection in Hong Kong: A Statutory Cause of Action

AbstractPrivacy is an important value which is internationally recognised as worthy of protection. However, it has been under constant challenge for a number of reasons including changes in technology which facilitate informational and other forms of surveillance and privacy-invasive media practices. Because of its multi-faceted nature, privacy is typically regulated by a variety of different means. Data protection laws seek to ensure the fair handling of personal information. Criminal sanctions are used to outlaw more serious invasions of privacy, including certain breaches of communications privacy and uses of surveillance devices. Assorted civil actions are relied on to protect broader interests in privacy. However, the piecemeal nature of privacy protection is often found to be inadequate and victims frequently lack appropriate remedies. Therefore, many common law countries either provide for or are actively considering the introduction of civil remedies to specifically address general privacy issues. There has also been active consideration of measures to regulate media organisations, especially in the light of the Murdoch scandal in the United Kingdom. The inadequacies in the law have prompted calls for law reform in Hong Kong, and recommendations have been made in the report on Civil Liability for Invasion of Privacy (2004). It examined the need of individuals to be able to seek civil remedies for unwarranted invasion of privacy. In it the Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong (HKLRC) proposed the introduction of specific statutory torts of privacy to cover acts and conduct frustrating the reasonable expectation of an individual’s privacy. It proposed that a person, who invaded another’s privacy by intruding upon their solitude or seclusion, or by intruding into their private affairs or concerns, should be liable in tort. It also recommended another tort for invasion of privacy arising out of public disclosure of private facts. This article focuses on the issue of civil liability and analyses the inadequacies of existing laws and regulatory regimes and attempts to come up with a model that is most suitable for Hong Kong. It takes the HKLRC’s recommendations as its starting point but refines and modifies them, drawing on the insights that have since become available from the work of other law reform bodies and further developments in overseas case law.

A Bolder Step towards Privacy Protection in Hong Kong: A Statutory Cause of Action

AbstractPrivacy is an important value which is internationally recognised as worthy of protection. However, it has been under constant challenge for a number of reasons including changes in technology which facilitate informational and other forms of surveillance and privacy-invasive media practices. Because of its multi-faceted nature, privacy is typically regulated by a variety of different means. Data protection laws seek to ensure the fair handling of personal information. Criminal sanctions are used to outlaw more serious invasions of privacy, including certain breaches of communications privacy and uses of surveillance devices. Assorted civil actions are relied on to protect broader interests in privacy. However, the piecemeal nature of privacy protection is often found to be inadequate and victims frequently lack appropriate remedies. Therefore, many common law countries either provide for or are actively considering the introduction of civil remedies to specifically address general privacy issues. There has also been active consideration of measures to regulate media organisations, especially in the light of the Murdoch scandal in the United Kingdom. The inadequacies in the law have prompted calls for law reform in Hong Kong, and recommendations have been made in the report on Civil Liability for Invasion of Privacy (2004). It examined the need of individuals to be able to seek civil remedies for unwarranted invasion of privacy. In it the Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong (HKLRC) proposed the introduction of specific statutory torts of privacy to cover acts and conduct frustrating the reasonable expectation of an individual’s privacy. It proposed that a person, who invaded another’s privacy by intruding upon their solitude or seclusion, or by intruding into their private affairs or concerns, should be liable in tort. It also recommended another tort for invasion of privacy arising out of public disclosure of private facts. This article focuses on the issue of civil liability and analyses the inadequacies of existing laws and regulatory regimes and attempts to come up with a model that is most suitable for Hong Kong. It takes the HKLRC’s recommendations as its starting point but refines and modifies them, drawing on the insights that have since become available from the work of other law reform bodies and further developments in overseas case law.

SECURITY OF PERSONAL IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION

In today’s fast moving world, the use of technology has become a part of everyday life. Whether it is using a computer to access the Internet, sending email, or using cell phones to contact friends and family, technology is found in almost everything. Technology provides many conveniences such as online banking, renewing a driver’s license, making a consumer purchase, or conducting research. However, using technology has its pros and cons. On the positive side, conducting personal business online is convenient, saves time, and is economical. However, with the pluses, there are usually minuses as well. In the case of an online consumer purchase, one may find price deals, but may discover a lack of quality or poor customer care. Also, with online advertising growing at such a high rate, the use of imbedded spyware or adware has also increased. Still, one of today’s biggest threats is identity theft and the use of Personal Identifiable Information (PII). This paper discusses mishandling and appropriate handling of personal information and the difficulty of keeping up with ever-changing security threats.

Towards bridging the knowledge gap between lawyers and technologists

Although Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has made our lives more comfortable, it has also increased threats to our privacy by making the processing and storing of personal information more convenient and economical. Consequently, a huge demand has been created for the proper handling of personal information. Some countries have introduced data protection and privacy legislation measures to ensure the proper handling of personal information. Data controllers deploy organisational and technological measures to protect personal information. Technologists are then involved in designing, implementing and operating these measures to a great extent. It has been shown, however, that a knowledge gap exists between legal privacy advocates and technologists who protect personal information. In order to hold a healthy dialogue, a common platform must be created for technologists and legal privacy advocates. This paper proposes a methodology for bridging the knowledge gap between technologists and legal privacy advocates. This platform facilitates a way for both parties to have a fruitful dialogue.