Handgun Bullets Research Articles

The deceleration of full metal jacket bullets in compact target models – A new approach

The wounding potential of a projectile depends on its kinetic energy. The aim of the study was to investigate the deceleration of non-deforming full metal jacket handgun bullets (FMJ) in gelatine blocks of increasing length. The temporary cavity (TC) was visualized using a SA-X2 Photron camera.126 test shots in 9 mm nominal calibre were fired under strict temperature control conditions (4°C) at small gelatine blocks ranging from 2 to 12 cm in length. The deposited energy was calculated based on the loss of bullet velocity through high-speed video analysis. The length of the TC was measured, when the TC reached its maximum height. The volume of the TC was approximated by a cylinder.Regression analysis showed a linear correlation between the length of the bullet path and the energy transfer. The constant deceleration of the FMJ bullets in gelatine up to 12 cm bullet path was confirmed across various brands and velocity ranges (270–450 m/s). Higher impact velocities correlated with increased loss of energy in the target medium. The shape of the bullet tip influenced the characteristic of deceleration. The volume of the tubular temporary cavity, derived from high-speed video records, was found to be proportional to the energy transferred.The proposed approach might be a valuable tool in advancing wound ballistics research.

Investigation on para‐aramid fiber‐reinforced poly‐ether ketone‐ketone high‐performance composite for ballistic application

AbstractThis investigation highlights the performance of high‐performance polymeric composite for ballistic application. Therefore, reinforcement of para‐aramid fiber in poly‐ether‐ketone‐ketone (PEKK) resin film has been made. The surface of PEKK and para‐aramid fiber was modified by low‐pressure plasma to enhance the surface energy of the polymeric film and reinforcement fiber. The polymeric composite was manufactured by compression molding with a pressure of 2 bar, temperature of 310°C with holding time of 15 min. Due to low‐pressure plasma treatment of PEKK film and para‐aramid fiber, the tensile strength of the composites increases considerably. In the accelerated aging test, the tensile specimens are dipped into concentrated HNO3 and NaOH medium for 15 days. It is observed that there is a decrease in tensile strength. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the virgin specimen was compared to the environmentally aged for 15 days and in this case, also there was a decrease in tensile strength. Two types of composite panels were made (i) 25 layers of PEKK film with 24 layers of para‐aramid fabric and (ii) 45 layers of PEKK film with 44 layers of para‐aramid fabric with 15 mm × 15 mm. The composite panel was tested with four 9 mm handgun bullets fired from a distance of 5 meters with a speed of 430 m/s. In the case of 25 layers of PEKK film with 24 layers of para‐aramid fabric, the composite failed under ballistic test, however, in the case of 45 layers of PEKK film with 44 layers of para‐aramid fabric, the composite was successful under ballistic test.Highlights Film stacking method of PEKK and Aramid fiber. Ballistic composite panel with layers of PEKK and Aramid fiber. Enhancement of mechanical properties of the composite panel with plasma surface treatment. Ballistic testing of composite panel.

The systemic error in the vertical component of handgun bullet trajectory reconstructions.

Establishing the path or trajectory of a fired bullet is an often recurring part of shooting incident reconstruction. The current study describes how gravitational pull causes a systemic error on the vertical component of a trajectory reconstruction. Bullet drop, drop angle, and vertical offset are explained and calculated for 10 different handgun/ammunition combinations over a range of distances up to 100 m. The presented results are intended to provide forensic firearm examiners with a reference frame for the magnitude of error introduced on handgun bullet trajectory reconstructions over distance. Threshold values of 20 and 30 m are proposed as conservative distances up to where bullet trajectories can be modeled as straight lines with subsonic/transonic handgun bullets and with supersonic handgun bullets respectively. Both the bullet drop and vertical offset will be below 5 cm at these distances for those categories. The drop angle will be below 0.3°.

Carotid tree changes of Maxillofacial Missile injuries by Doppler sonographay - an Iraqi study

Background: Injuries of the carotid artery caused by penetrating wounds of the neck are nearly 10 times as common as those caused by non penetrating trauma (1), over 10% of all penetrating neck wounds result in significant carotid artery(2) ,and more than 90% of such injuries are secondary to gunshot wounds (3). Injuries to the extra cranial carotid arteries from penetrating trauma is more likely to cause a dissection through intimae disruption and subsequent formation of a false channel and thrombus (4).Patients: Patients were selected from Maxillofacial department in the Specialized Surgeries Hospital in Baghdad . thirty patients were examined , twenty nine were male ( mean 96,66% ) ,only one female was examined ( 3,34% ) . We prepared a specially designed case sheet including , life saving procedures , type of missile , clinical examination include site of missile injuries according to Saletta JD et al 1976 (5) who classified the neck Into three zones , investigation X- ray ,C T scan. .The ultrasonographic scanning of the carotid arteries was performed, the Doppler machine was -SIEMENS – sonoline ELEGRA . Using a highfrequency linear array imaging probe or transducer 7,5- 9 ( MHz) with a Hewlett packard scanner.
 Methods : The ultrasonographic scanning of the carotid arteries was performed with the patient in the supine position , the examination takes 30 to 60 minutes (6,7) . Using a highfrequency= linear array imaging probe (7.5- 9 MHz) .Results : Patients age ranging from 15 – 57 years and the mean was 36 years ,most cases were from age range 20-29 years ( 40%) .Eighteen patients ( 60%) were injured with bullets , twelve were injured with shell fragments ( 40 % ) , twelve ( 40%) were hand gun bullets and six ( 20%) were rifle bullets. Intimae media thicknesses of common carotid arteries were measured .Mean of IMT right was 0.7 mm and left side was 0.71 mm . While IMT of right external carotid artery was 0.71 mm , IMT of left external carotid artery was 0.75 mm . IMT of right internal carotid artery was 0.8 mm ,IMT of left internal carotid artery was 0.78 mm .Results reveled that mean of IMT of Ext. carotid artery at injured side was more thicker ( 0.79 mm) than non injured side and the mean of IMT of common carotid artery was also thicker at injured side 0.8 mm .
 Conclusion: Ultrasound scanning is noninvasive, and usually painless . , there are no known harmful effects on humans , carotid Ultrasound has to be a risk free procedure . Further Ultrasound scanning gives a clear picture of soft tissues that do not show up well on X- ray images . Mean of IMT of Ext. carotid artery at injured side was more thicker ( 0.79 mm) than non injured side and the mean of IMT of common carotid artery was also thicker at injured side 0.8 mm .

Body armor for stab and spike protection, Part 1: Scientific literature review

Since the invention of small arms ammunition, the human torso has required protection from hand-gun bullets, and today’s civil and military personnel are regularly clad in soft body armor systems to cope with these threats. However, increasingly, the threat spectrum has widened to include a plethora of both edged and pointed weapons. Over the past two decades in particular, this has required development of either specific soft armors to defeat that particular threat, or the development of multi-threat vests that can resist both hand-gun bullets and knife and spike attacks. In this review, we provide more details about the various material combinations that are used to defeat a knife or spike, since these armor materials are a lot different from the conventional aramid fabrics, and numerous, widely-different solutions are being pursued. The penetration mechanisms associated with the various forms of attack—stabbing and slashing—are discussed, as well as the use of new fibers, shear thickening fluids, and nano-materials in developing these body armor systems.

Wound ballistics 101: the mechanisms of soft tissue wounding by bullets.

The mechanisms of soft tissue injury by bullets are reviewed, in the belief that the current incidence of firearm injuries in many urban areas necessitates an understanding of wound ballistics on the part of trauma surgeons who may not be familiar with the wounding factors involved. Review of the literature, with technical information obtained from appropriate non-medical texts. Despite numerous publications concerning the treatment of gunshot wounds, relatively few papers contain details on the mechanisms of ballistic trauma, with the main body of evidence derived from previous laboratory and animal studies which have only recently been systematically appraised. These studies have shown that in rifle injuries the main wound tract is surrounded by an area of damaged tissue as a result of the temporary cavitation induced once the bullet becomes destabilized or deformed. On the other hand, the more commonly encountered non-deforming handgun bullets cause damage limited to the bullet's path, mainly as a result of localized crush injury. The bullet's construction and ballistic behavior within tissue determine to what extent the previously overestimated velocity factor may influence wound severity. The damage produced from temporary cavitation depends on the tensile properties of the tissues involved, and in high-energy injuries may lead to progressive muscle tissue necrosis. Therefore, the term "high-energy" should be reserved for those injuries with substantial tissue damage extending beyond the visible wound tract.

Wound ballistics of gunshot injuries

Understanding the mechanism of tissue damage by handgun and rifle ammunition involves a certain level of familiarity with the ballistic behaviour of bullets in soft targets. The damage produced may be limited to tissue disruption along the path of the penetrating projectile, which is the type of injury seen with non-deforming handgun bullets and under favourable conditions with military rifle bullets, or extended to affect the tissues surrounding the wound track. The latter pattern of injury involves significantly higher amounts of energy spent in the form of tissue displacement after the passage of the bullet, in addition to the energy normally required for simple tissue penetration. Bullet tumbling along longer wound tracks is the main mechanism of such high-energy trauma by non-deforming rifle bullets. However, when bullet construction allows deformation upon impact, the resultant injury is directly proportional to the impact velocity of the projectile. The momentum imparted to the tissue by the penetrating projectile results in a highly dynamic phenomenon of radial displacement of tissue in its wake causing the formation of a temporary cavity. Depending on the tissue tolerance to the associated tensile strain, extensive soft tissue damage may be encountered. Devitalized tissue may not be obvious during initial exploration, thus necessitating an expectant policy involving wound revision over a period of days.

自動車フロントガラスの損傷に基づく発射弾丸入射角の実験的推定

Handgun bullets fired toward the windshield of an automobile sometimes ricochets. In such a case, we must estimate the type of bullet and direction of shooting from the damaged windshield. The purpose of this study is to obtain a method to estimate the fired direction of a handgun bullet from the fractured windshield. We test fired bullets to an automobile windshield with various incidence angles. The thickness of the windshield is slightly different from model to model of the automobiles. In the beginning, we examined the strength of the automobile windshield of various car models. First, we examined the static failure strength of the windshield by an indentation test. In this test, fracture load and the amount of indentation were measured on windshield samples cut from ten models of Japanese automobiles. Next, we test fired a handgun in order to examine the relation between the trajectory of a bullet and the collision marks on the windshield. The cartridges used in these test firings were 38SPL. lead round nose (LRN) bullet and full metal cased (FMC) bullet. In the results of static indentation test for different car models, there was found to be almost no differences in the relationship between fracture load and indentation depth. With the LRN bullet, bullets perforated the windshield when the incidence angle was less than 45 degrees and ricocheted when the incidence angle was greater than 60 degrees. In these cases, a characteristic damage was left on the windshield. On the other hand, FMC bullets of 38SPL. perforated the windshield when the incidence angle was less than 60 degrees and ricocheted when the incidence angle was greater than 70 degrees. Based on these results, we proposed a method to estimate the direction of shooting in criminal cases in which a bullet was fired on an automobile windshield.

Viscoelastic shock wave in ballistic gelatin behind soft body armor

Ballistic gelatins are widely used as a surrogate of biological tissue in blunt trauma tests. Non-penetration impact tests of handgun bullets on the 10wt% ballistic gelatin block behind soft armor were carried out in which a high-speed camera recorded the crater׳s movement and pressure sensors imbedded in the gelatin block recorded the pressure waves at different locations. The observed shock wave attenuation indicates the necessity of considering the gelatin׳s viscoelasticity. A three-element viscoelastic constitutive model was adopted, in which the relevant parameters were obtained via fitting the damping free oscillations at the beginning of the creep-mode of rheological measurement, and by examining the data of published split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments. The viscoelastic model is determined by a retardation time of 5.5×10−5s for high oscillation frequencies and a stress relaxation time of 2.0–4.5×10−7s for shock wave attenuation. Using the characteristic-line method and the spherical wave assumption, the propagation of impact pressure wave front and the subsequent unloading profile can be simulated using the experimental velocity boundary condition. The established viscoelastic model considerably improves the prediction of shock wave attenuation in the ballistic gelatin.

Damage to apparel layers and underlying tissue due to hand-gun bullets

Ballistic damage to the clothing of victims of gunshot wounds to the chest can provide useful forensic evidence. Anyone shot in the torso will usually be wearing clothing which will be damaged by the penetrating impact event and can reportedly be the source of some of the debris in the wound. Minimal research has previously been reported regarding the effect of bullets on apparel fabrics and underlying tissue. This paper examines the effect of ammunition (9 mm full metal jacket [FMJ] DM11 A1B2, 8.0g; and soft point flat nose Remington R357M3, 10.2g) on clothing layers that cover the torso (T-shirt, T-shirt plus hoodie, T-shirt plus denim jacket) and underlying structures represented by porcine thoracic wall (skin, underlying tissue, ribs). Impacts were recorded using a Phantom V12 high speed camera. Ejected bone debris was collected before wound tracts were dissected and measured; any debris found was recovered for further analysis. Size and mass of bony debris was recorded; fibre debris recovered from the wound and impact damage to fabrics were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Remington R357M3 ammunition was characteristically associated with stellate fabric damage; individual fibres were less likely to show mushrooming. In contrast, 9 mm FMJ ammunition resulted in punch-out damage to fabric layers, with mushrooming of individual fibres being more common. Entry wound sizes were similar for both types of ammunition and smaller than the diameter of the bullet that caused them. In this work, the Remington R357M3 ammunition resulted in larger exit wounds due to the bullet construction which mushroomed. That fabric coverings did not affect the amount of bony debris produced is interesting, particularly given there was some evidence that apparel layers affected the size of the wound. Recent work has suggested that denim (representative of jeans) can exacerbate wounding caused by high-velocity bullet impacts to the thigh when the bullet does not impact the femur. That more bony debris was caused by Remington R357M3 rather than 9 mm FMJ ammunition was not surprising given the relative constructions of these two bullets, and is of interest to medical practitioners.

Laminated Safety Glass as an Intermediate Target: A Wound Ballistic Study

Various 9-mm ammunitions (A1, A4, A5, ST, GS, GSb, P.E.P., SeCa, HP, PTP/s, VM, McVG, DM41, PTP, SX2, PT, and MEN frangible) were tested regarding their velocity, energy, angle of impact, and potential wound channel after penetrating a car window at 30° and 90°. Test materials were gelatine, soap, and pig cadavers. The velocities of the projectiles were between c. 288 and 430 m/ses, the energy spread between 394 and 564 J. Handgun bullets fired through vehicular side window glass lose substantial energy reducing the effectiveness of the ammunition. This effect is greater when fired at an angle of 30° compared to 90°. At a shooting angle of 90°, none of the different projectiles showed remarkable differences considering its wound ballistic features. Accuracy is maintained at a 90° angle but seriously impaired at 30°. None of the examined ammunition complied with the demanded wound channel effectiveness of 30-60 J/cm.

Using textbooks as ballistic shields in school emergency plans

This study reports the results of an empirical investigation into the ability of textbooks to form an effective ballistic shield that can be incorporated into school safety plans. The authors examine the history of assaultive violence with firearms in schools and the evolution of school emergency plans. The most common calibres used in school shootings were tested for their ability to penetrate hardback textbooks. The results indicate that most common handgun bullets can be stopped by only one or two textbooks and that even most assault rifle rounds can be stopped by three to five books. Examples are also provided on how law enforcement officers might incorporate the ballistic resistance of textbooks concept into a school emergency plan.

Using Textbooks as Ballistic Shields in School Emergency Plans

This study reports the results of an empirical investigation into the ability of textbooks to form an effective ballistic shield that can be incorporated into school safety plans. The authors examine the history of assaultive violence with firearms in schools and the evolution of school emergency plans. The most common calibres used in school shootings were tested for their ability to penetrate hardback textbooks. The results indicate that most common handgun bullets can be stopped by only one or two textbooks and that even most assault rifle rounds can be stopped by three to five books. Examples are also provided on how law enforcement officers might incorporate the ballistic resistance of textbooks concept into a school emergency plan.

Posttraumatic Missile Injuries of the Orofacial Region

Iraq became the world's battlefield for terrorist attack to the victims by different types of weapons of missile including explosive cars, explosive belt, fragments, rifle bullets, and handgun bullets. This situation in Iraq has been present for the last 3 years. As surgeons, we cannot influence the surge of this violence, but we are surely called upon to care for its victims. Missile injuries to the orofacial region have special features that provide the surgeon with multiple medical and surgical challenges when dealing with these injuries. This study include 140 patients who were treated in the maxillofacial unit, hospital of specialized surgery, in Medical City, Baghdad, during a period of 2 years; we had 28 women and 112 men, with ages ranging from 9 to 60 years (mean, 34.5 years), suffering from posttraumatic orofacial deformities. Deformities of the face as a complication of missile injuries were classified as bone loss, soft tissue loss, combined bone and soft tissue loss, and others (sinus tracts and poor scars); 62 patients (44%) had bone loss, 45 (32%) had soft tissue loss, 9 (6.4%) had combined bone and soft tissue loss, and 22 (15.7%) had other deformities.

Hollow-point ammunition and handguns: The potential for large temporary cavities

In the civilian setting, gunshot wounds are usually secondary to handguns. Wound ballistics for handgun bullets are notable for low velocities and low kinetic energy; as a result, these bullets are thought to only injure tissues that are directly in their path. This bullet tract is called the permanent cavity. In contrast, high velocity rifles can also create temporary cavities; the kinetic energy imparted by these bullets is propagated as hydrostatic force that displaces tissue forward and radially, producing a temporary displacement of tissues. This temporary cavity may be considerably larger than the diameter of the bullet, but rarely lasts longer than a few milliseconds before collapsing back into the permanent cavity. We describe a case where a patient presented with a large pulmonary contusion that was secondary to the temporary cavity caused by a tangential handgun wound to the chest. In this case, the gunshot wound was caused by a calibre .40 handgun using hollow-point ammunition. Some consideration, however, should be given to the type of handgun and ammunition used. Large calibre handgun bullets may also cause large temporary cavities. In addition, hollow-point bullets may also contribute to a large temporary cavitation effect. Hollow-point bullets are designed to rapidly deform upon entering tissue, thereby becoming unstable. As a result, these bullets tend to disintegrate upon contact, remain within the target, and impart all of their kinetic energy to the surrounding tissue.

Blast-Induced Colon Perforation Secondary to Civilian Gunshot Wound.

Gunshot injuries sustained from rifle bullets in general are associated with more severe tissue destruction than similar injuries due to handgun bullets. This includes damage not directly attributable to the missile itself, in other words, that due to cavitation. We describe herein a colonic injury following a 0.223 caliber rifle bullet injury presumably due solely to blast effect.

Gunshot Humerus Shaft Fractures

Summary: The diagnosis of a gunshot fracture of the humerus is a potentially very serious injury. Patients with this diagnosis are reported to have up to 15% with a major vascular injury and up to 58% with a major nerve injury. Other injuries, such as those to the chest and other anatomic areas, occur frequently in conjunction with gunshot fractures of the humerus. Treatment of gunshot humerus fractures is dependent on the degree of fracture comminution and soft tissue injury. For nonmilitary wounds caused by handgun bullets, in which there is relatively little soft tissue and bone disruption, use of a Sarmiento brace may be the best method of care. For more extensive wounds, or in conjunction with a vascular injury in which monitoring the soft tissue is of concern, initial use of external fixation followed by staged management of the fractures and soft tissues seems to yield the best results.

Evaluation of Immediate Phase of Management of Missile Injuries Affecting Maxillofacial Region in Iraq

In the past two years Iraq was, and still is, subjecting to a confluence of conventional war, civil unrest, guerrilla and terrorist attacks as well as an increasing crime rates. This study evaluates the immediate phase of management of 100 patients suffering from missile injuries to the maxillofacial region. Patients were treated in the maxillofacial unit in the Specialized Surgeries Hospital Medical City, Baghdad during one year (from 2003 to 2004). We had 79 men and 21 women. Age ranged from three to 72 years (mean 37.5 years). The majority of injuries were caused by rifle bullets (49%) followed by fragments (29%), handgun bullets (15%), airgun pellets (6%), and shotgun (1%). Injuries consisted mainly of mandibular fractures found in 56 patients. Urgent airway management was needed in (27%) of patients. Nineteen patients were presented with active bleeding which would not stop without intervention. Most entrance and exit wounds as well as retained missiles were located in the cheek (54.8%, 39.4%, and 27.5% respectively). There were three mortalities due to complications related to head injury. Distribution of missiles used in any conflict reflects the type of this conflict, the prevailing local conditions, and the technological efficiency of weapons used by the opposing teams. Particularly challenging are missile injuries that involve the face, not only because of problems with reconstructing bone and soft tissue defects but also because of emergent problems with airway obstruction and neurovascular compromise.

Consequences of nonpenetrating projectile impact on a protected head: study of rear effects of protections.

Police and armed forces have helmets that can now stop handgun bullets and even a certain category of rifle bullets. The trend is to increase the ballistic limits of helmets, but injuries caused by nonpenetrating impacts are not well understood. The helmet defeats the projectile and creates a local cone of deformation that impacts the head a second time. The term "rear effects" describes the behind-armor blunt trauma caused by the nonpenetrating impact. To analyze rear effects on the skull, an experimental study was associated with parametric simulations on a three-dimensional finite element model. Transfer of energy throughout the head was tested on 30 human skulls filled with a silicone gel. The magnitude of contact forces on the skull surface and the pressure levels in the skull were recorded during a reference impact. A biomedical approach by pathologic findings and radiographs showed very localized fractures. The protection brought by the diploe in the multilayered bone was confirmed and characterized by numerical simulations. This first step toward a better understanding of the rear effect phenomenon in relation to its consequences on brain tissue will lead to the design of more efficient protections.

Gunshot injuries: what does a radiologist need to know?

HomeRadioGraphicsVol. 19, No. 5 PreviousNext 1998 PLENARY SESSION: IMAGING SYMPOSIUM - Continuing Medical EducationGunshot Injuries: What Does a Radiologist Need to Know?Anthony J. WilsonAnthony J. WilsonAuthor Affiliations1From the Department of Radiology, Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104. From the Plenary Session, Friday Imaging Symposium: Acute Radiology—Where Minutes Count, at the 1998 RSNA scientific assembly. Received April 19, 1999; revision requested May 4 and received June 7; accepted June 9. Address reprint requests to the author.Anthony J. WilsonPublished Online:Sep 1 1999https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.19.5.g99se171358MoreSectionsFull textPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In References 1 From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: deaths resulting from firearm- and motor-vehicle-related injuries—United States, 1968–1991.JAMA1994; 271:495-496. 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