Hand Production Research Articles

Māori kai sovereignty to achieve food security

The FAO states that the term food sovereignty focuses on food for the people by placing people’s need for food at the centre of policies and insists that food is more than just a commodity. Food Sovereignty also promotes knowledge and skills by building on traditional knowledge; using research to support and pass on this knowledge to future generations; and rejecting technologies that undermine local food systems. It is essentially a movement that “recognizes that control over the food system needs to remain in the hands of producers, and is clearly focused primarily on small-scale agriculture of a non-industrial nature, preferably organic”(1). In Māori terms, Kai Sovereignty is drawn first from the relationship of foods to our needs; it is expressed through whakapapa, and has an overarching contribution to food security. Traditional foods abound in Aotearoa. The relationships are longstanding, expressive and contribute to our wellbeing in various ways(2). But the true cultural value of traditional foods is diminishing as new foods, lifestyles and experiences succeed them. Kai sovereignty therefore is at risk of being relegated to historical discourse. The FAO acknowledgement of the intergenerational role of traditional knowledge to support food sovereignty aligns well to the Māori experience. This knowledge covers a myriad of food relationships including foraging, producing, harvesting, processing, cooking and manaakitanga. We are in a renaissance period that seeks to rediscover our relationship with the pātaka, the food store. So much knowledge has been lost, but much also remains. How we draw that together in a way that acknowledges the whakapapa or historical relationship alongside the present and future. The right to achieving kai sovereignty is yet to be properly understood within our communities. The first steps lie in the knowledge space; sharing and acknowledgement of our food traditions before they are lost or misinterpreted.

Sustainable wine tourism in a non-sustainable world

The 6th Conference of Wine Tourism, organized by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 20222), dealt with very important questions regarding the future of wine tourism. It is obvious that the rapidly growing and increasingly complex social-economic-political and natural environmental challenges create a chaotic (non-sustainable) world in which the answers are possible through broad cooperation and radical innovations. This is the case with tourism, including wine tourism, because they are especially sensitively affected by these changes. (UNWTO, 20221) All of this goes far beyond the boundaries of the sector but, at the same time, creates broad opportunities for the active participation of all members in the value chain of wine tourism. Innovation in services, marketing, and partnerships creates broad opportunities for all value chain members, including travelers, companies, authorities, and locals, at a critical moment when active participation and conscious thinking can increase the value of wine tourism destinations and their environment. Failure to do so can significantly weaken the competitiveness of a given region. The work aimed at this may be the key to the future development of wine tourism and the survival of those interested who have lived from it until now. The last two years have brought significant changes in wine tourism and transformed travel logistics, wine experience planning, and consumer behavior. In addition, a number of challenges that had already appeared came to the fore - from digitalization to sustainability and network cooperation. Sustainability increasingly determines the services offered by wineries and vineyards and travellers' attitudes and purchasing decisions. Meanwhile, digitization and e-commerce have become vital tools in the hands of producers, distributors, and wine tourism businesses, as well as destinations. Necessary innovations in experiences, marketing, and partnerships create broad engagement opportunities for all value chain members. We are focusing on looking for answers to the following research questions, especially taking into account the Hungarian specialities: - On a global level, how important is it to consider sustainability in the wine tourism services of wineries, and to what extent is this differentiated depending on local conditions? - Globally and per country, what aspects do wineries consider in relation to the imple­mentation of sustainable wine tourism? - How do the various sustainability aspects appear as a complex system in decisions about sustainable wine tourism services? Based on the analysis of international experiences and surveys, we try to provide local answers for Hungarian wineries to these questions.

The Effect of Distribution Costs and Distribution Channels on the Sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan

Distribution basically is the activity of delivering products from the hands of producers to the hands of consumers or customers in good condition, on time and in accordance with the wishes of the buyer. The distribution process can be done either directly or through a chain of distributors or intermediaries. In distribution activities, there must be distribution costs and distribution channels. Distribution costs and distribution channels must be managed properly in order to have a positive impact on sales. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of distribution costs and distribution channels on sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan. The population in this study amounted to 9 companies that bought PT. Pasha Jaya Medan. Each of these companies, taken 5 respondents so that the total sample amounted to 45 respondents. Samples were taken using a saturated sampling technique. (significant effect on the sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan, Distribution Channel ( no significant effect on the sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan, and Distribution Costs and Distribution Fees simultaneously affect the sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan.

Zrównoważona produkcja filmowa w Polsce. Geneza i perspektywy

Sustainable Film Production in Poland. The Origin and Prospects The 21st century has seen a growing awareness of the serious impact of film and television production on the natural environment. The film industry pollutes our environment in many ways, including carbon dioxide emissions, waste production, and energy and water consumption. The initiatives for sustainable development undertaken in many sectors of the economy have also reached the film industry. In Europe and the United States, various organisations and institutions have developed a number of recommendations in the field of sustainable film production. This paper, set in the film studies trend known as production culture, presents the global context as well as the nascent Polish practices of green filming. These initiatives, based on European examples, have so far been mainly bottom-up and dispersed or in the form of non-binding recommendations. The handful of producers and authors who have undertaken them are not in any way encouraged to be eco-friendly. Driven by their concern for the environment, however, they show the forward-looking way of thinking that should be followed by the entire industry.

Economic Analysis of Bread Production with High Quality Cassava Flour in Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria

This study deals extensively with the economic analysis of bread production with high quality cassava flour in Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. It was specifically carried out to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the bread producers in the study area and the profitability of bread production with high quality cassava flour in the study area. Six communities were randomly selected where ten bread producers were selected to give a total sample size of sixty respondents. Both primary and secondary data were involved in the course of this study. At primary level of this project, oral interview, personal observation as well as the use of structural questionnaire was of great importance, while secondary data were gotten from relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data, and gross margin was used to analyze the cost and returns in bread production. The study revealed that bread producers in the study area comprises of both male and female, bread production in the area lies in the hands of producers between the age bracket of 36-45 years. That does not mean that there are no other producers below or above this age bracket. The study also revealed the problem affecting bread production in the area which are poor power supply and road network, lack of capital and storage facilities, high cost of raw materials and labour and poor awareness of the use of high quality cassava flour in bread production in the study area as well as some recommendations made based on the findings.

Animal health surveillance: Navigation amidst the flotsam of human frailty and fiscal inertia

National veterinary services monitor endemic, emerging and exotic disease situations. They intervene when epidemic tendencies demand. They unravel complex disease situations. They do so as monopolies, in environments of political influence and budgetary restraint. When human, animal health and trade protection dictate, they design import or domestic disease control programs. As much as 80% of program expenditures are on surveillance. Their initiatives are scrutinized by treasuries from which they seek funding, industries from which they seek collaboration and trading partners from whom they seek recognition.In democracies, surveillance and control programs are often the products of a complicated consultative process. It involves individuals who have both a commitment to improving an existing animal health situation and access to the required resources. The generations that designed traditionally risk-averse national surveillance and control programs have given way to a new one which is more epidemiologically informed. Their successors design programs bearing epidemiologically based improvements. The transition, however, has not been overwhelmingly welcomed.Expenditures on surveillance are tolerated out of fear during outbreaks of foreign or re-emergence of indigenous disease. Between epidemics, they decline at the hands of producers’ unwillingness and budgetary restraint. Human nature responds to the high cost of surveillance in forms ranging from naïveté through to conspiracy. While legislation cannot subdue such human frailty, several other opportunities exist.Education can remove the majority of problems caused by ignorance, leaving the minority that arise intentionally. Technology decreases the high cost of testing which tempts individuals to cut corners. International standards assist National Veterinary Services to overcome domestic resistance.

Children and teenagers working in artistic labor: Brazilian situation and international examples

This descriptive study about children and adolescents artistic labor verifies the applicable legislation, in Brazil, regarding the participation of children and adolescents in the entertainment industry and in advertising campaigns, as well as the judicial processes about the theme known by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice up to October, 2010. The results permit to conclude that, due to the lack of specific regulation and general rule of child labor prohibition, the restrictions that tend to protect the health and security of children and adolescents that act in the artistic niche (television, advertising, fashion, movies etc.) have been, in Brazil, at subjective criteria of the judges and, in many cases, in the hands of producers themselves. Brief considerations on how other countries regulate the theme are also presented (the USA, Portugal and Argentina).

Readings in Review

It is hard now to remember that 10 years ago Playwrights Canada did not exist. No other organization has done more to put the scripts of living playwrights into the hands of producers, professors and school teachers. From its beginning Playwrights Co-Op (its founding and former name) took care to include scripts for young audiences in its catalogue. Now it has published a relatively inexpensive paperback anthology of six plays in book form not in its usual duplicated format. Kids Plays were written in the seventies and reflect that decade’s styles and concerns. The influence of American and British models upon Canadians writing for young people is sometimes evident; plots sometimes reflect concerns of the 1960s and early 1970s, such as pollution, space travel and personal freedom versus the system. Evergreen themes for young people are also in evidence: the search for identity, reverence for age and tradition, and making and keeping friendships are a few of these.

A Review and Prospect on the Marketing Geography With Special Reference to the Geographical Studies of Wholesaling

The Japanese have done less in the field of marketing geography than have their colleagues in the United States. Certain of the more important recent works in the marketing field in the United States are published by D. A. Revzan, J. E. Vance, Jr, and D. F. Mulvihill and R. C. Mulvihill, but without any attempt at systematic coverage.Originally, economic geography consists of the fields of primary production, manufacturing, marketing and transportation. The well-developed fields of economic geography are concerned with the production of material goods. However, production represents only one side of economic activities. For those geographers who view the core of geography as primary the analysis of spatial connections and interactions, the study of marketing and, in broader sense, of spatial structure and pattern of distribution of goods is of crucial importance. In view of the obvious importance of marketing to geography, it is surprising how little work concerning it has been done by geographers, and marketing has until recently been considered by geographers as hardly more than incidental to the various topics concerned with material production.The field of marketing geography is undergoing a new development, although it is still in the stage of seeking the most effective procedures for carrying out geographic analyses and for arriving at useful concepts of spatial association and interactions.Studies in various aspects of marketing geography are undertaken for a number of different objectives. Goods must not only be transported from the areas of production to those of consumption, but they also must be transferred from the hands of producers, by collection and subsequent distribution, into the hands of consumers. That is to say, many products used by industry are sold directly. Most goods, however, follow a less direct course of distribution and go through several channels before reaching consumer. Thus, marketing geography is concerned with the delimitation and measurement of markets and with the channels of distribution through which goods move from producer to consumer. In order to analyse the structure and pattern of distribution of goods, it is necessary to find some way of measuring the flow of traffic, including its volume of movement, its origin and destination, and the channels of distribution and its whole link. In the study of channels of distribution that perform functions in transfer of goods and services from producer to consumer, the market geographer is primary concerned with the location of these channels, and he determines the trading areas served by the various channels. As some of urban functions are devoted to the structures of wholesale and retail trade, the various cities with the complex channels of distribution and their trading and selling areas can be considered as forming a hierarchy of nodal regions of different ranks.Thus, some of problems that need to be investigated are discussed under four heads:1) Spatial analysis of respective traffic flow of goods.2) Delineating of trading and selling areas of wholesaling.3) Comparative study of cities with various channels of circulation of goods.4) Analysis of a hierarchy of ranks of cities, viewed from the function of channels of distribution.

International Lead and Zinc Study Group

The International Lead and Zinc Study Group held its second session, attended by delegates from 23 countries, in Geneva, September 12–15, 1960, according to the press. Mr. G. J. MacMahon (United Kingdom) presided over the session, the main purpose of which was reportedly to review the current statistical situation in lead and zinc. In regard to lead, the Study Group was stated to have observed that, after taking into account net trade with the centrally-planned economies, the balance between new supplies and demand showed a statistical surplus of lead metal of 21,000 tons for 1960 and 26,000 tons for 1961, with producers' stocks of lead metal at the very high level of 334,000 tons in July of the current year, divided about evenly between the United States and the rest of the world. New supplies, the report continued, appeared to be in better balance with anticipated demand than in recent years, but statistics, which as of the end of June showed metal stocks in the hands of producers to amount to 276,000 tons, did not indicate any immediate prospect of a significant change in stocks. With regard to zinc, it was announced that the steady rise in consumption was expected to continue in 1960 and 1961, and an even greater increase in production was forecast, although most. delegations were said to feel that action by the Study Group was not necessary, since stocks in many countries were at normal levels or below. In reply to concern expressed by some delegations about the continued existence of protective restrictions and about releases from noncommercial stocks, governments were urged not to impose additional barriers to trade in this field, and both governments and industries were urged to avoid any course which might frustrate the efforts being made to bring about a satisfactory balance between supply and demand.