Hand Phantom Research Articles

Effectiveness of an X-ray shielding sheet with lower shielding ability to enable both bone mineral density determination and morphological diagnosis

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) can be determined by applying the Digital Image Processing (DIP) method using medical X-ray diagnosis. Although only the second metacarpal bone is analyzed in this approach, other parts of the body are exposed to X-ray radiation. We here propose a novel procedure in which parts of the hand surrounding the area of interest are shielded with an X-ray shielding sheet having low shielding performance. In our procedure, the main diagnostic area is not shielded, and other areas are covered with an X-ray shielding sheet with a low shielding performance. The sheet was fabricated by embedding Bi2O3 particles in resin sheet. We assessed the clinical performance of this method using three types of hand phantoms and conventional diagnostic X-ray equipment. The dose reduction for the entire hand region was evaluated by the Dose Area Product (DAPHand), which was measured with a small dosimeter, and the hand area was determined from the X-ray image. The X-ray image of the second metacarpal bone is affected by the contribution of X-rays that penetrate the object of interest and are scattered in other areas of the hand. Because our X-ray shielding sheet suppressed the generation of scattered X-rays, the pixel value of the second metacarpal bone and corresponding BMD value are varied. To address this issue, we developed a correction algorithm. We found that the X-ray shields with Dose Reduction Factor (DRF) values of 40–60% were appropriate for our methodology. Our method was estimated to have a percentage uncertainty of approximately 5% for the derivation of BMD values. Morphological information of the hand and bones could thus be clearly observed. We verified that both morphological diagnosis and quantitative determination of BMD are possible when DIP procedure is conducted using our shield.

Extremity radiographs derived from low-dose ultra-high-resolution CT: a phantom study.

To demonstrate the potential of low-dose ultra-high-resolution CT (UHRCT) images to generate high-quality radiographic images on extremity phantoms and to estimate the radiation dose required for this. A hand and knee phantom containing real human bones was imaged on an UHRCT scanner at full-dose, half-dose, and quarter-dose levels using a high-resolution extremity protocol. The raw data was reconstructed using both filtered back projection (FBP) and an iterative reconstruction algorithm (AIDR3D). Using custom designed software, each CT volume data set was converted to attenuation coefficients, and then a synthesized radiograph (synDX) was generated by forward projecting the volume data sets from a point source onto a 2D synthetic detector. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was measured in the synDXs across all dose levels and the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) was computed with the FD synDXs as the reference. The proposed workflow generates high-quality synDXs at any arbitrary angle. For FBP, the SNR largely tracked with the radiation dose levels for both the knee and hand phantoms. For the knee phantom, iterative reconstruction provided a 6.1% higher SNR when compared to FBP. The RMSE was overall higher for the lowest dose levels and monotonically decreased with increasing dose. No substantial differences were observed qualitatively in the visualization of skeletal detail of the phantoms. The fine detail provided by UHRCT acquisitions of extremities facilitates the ability to generate quality radiographs,potentially eliminating the need for additional scanning on a conventional digital radiography system.

Ultrasound compared with projection radiography for the detection of soft tissue foreign bodies – A technical note

IntroductionSoft tissue foreign bodies (STFBs) present a diagnostic challenge depending on their composition. Untreated complications can arise, namely infection through to loss of function. General (projection) radiography is recommended as the first line imaging examination. However, some STFBs are radiolucent, leading to false negative radiographs. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare ultrasound with projection radiographs for the detection of a range of different types of STFB. MethodEthical approval (for use of participants to evaluate images) was granted by the Higher Education Institute's departmental Ethics Committee. Seven hand phantoms were created from a water, gelatine and psyllium mix. A different STFB (radiolucent and radiopaque) was inserted into six phantoms, with the seventh being a control. Ultrasound and projection radiograph images were generated of each phantom. Participants (academics and radiography students) reviewed all images. Results50 responses were received from a study population of approximately 400, (10 academics, 40 students). The ability of ultrasound to detect radiolucent foreign bodies performs well compared with projection radiography: sensitivity 94% versus 9%, specificity 90% versus 88%. For radiopaque foreign bodies the data was more mixed: sensitivity 96% versus 99%, specificity 90% versus 88%. DiscussionThese data suggest that ultrasound is superior to projection radiography for the detection of radiolucent STFBs. Limitations include the lack of formal postgraduate ultrasound training within the study population and a lack of simulated bony structure within the hand phantoms. Implications for practiceUltrasound has the potential to be a useful modality in the detection of STFBs, particularly radiolucent objects. There are associated challenges such as conducting ultrasound in the vicinity of a wound, but further exploration of this application of ultrasound is warranted.

Performance analysis of a flexible wearable antenna with low SAR for biomedical application

Abstract This article presents a conformal monopole antenna for wearable application in ISM band frequency of 2.45 GHz. The antenna has a return loss of 50.18 dB with good radiation performance. The gain of the antenna is 1.09 dBi which is improved to 3.28 dBi using a metasurface consisting of 3 × 3 array elements. The proposed metamaterial integrated antenna is fabricated on 1 mm thick flexible PDMS substrate. The metamaterial improves the gain while reducing the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the antenna. The geometry size of the metamaterial integrated antenna is 50 × 50 × 24 mm3. The loading effect of antenna by body is analyzed with a hand phantom model. Flexibility and conformability of antenna is analyzed by bending the antenna with various radii in x and y direction. Measured results of the fabricated prototype demonstrate the safety of the suggested wearable antenna for biomedical applications.

Together or Separate: What is best practice when imaging bilateral hands for rheumatoid arthritis examinations?

A current gap identified in medical imaging (MI) literature is a standardised approach to bilateral hand examinations. This examination performed concurrently or unilaterally results in different effects on radiation dose and image quality, both of which are important to the diagnostic and follow-up imaging of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. An experimental study was undertaken using anthropomorphic hand phantoms at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) MI Simulation laboratory. Images of the hand were acquired individually and then concurrently with both hands together. Radiation dose was calculated by observing dose area product (DAP) reading on a digital radiography system, with the additional use of an exposure metre as a secondary data collection method. Image quality was quantified through measuring distortion caused by beam divergence, by exploring the separation of two metal rings fixed to the hand phantom. The overall radiation dose was higher for the unilateral technique by 10.15% at the digital radiography system console and 11.96% recorded by the exposure metre. In the second part of the experiment, the unilateral technique produced 0 mm of distortion when the phantom was positioned in the central part of the beam. The concurrent technique demonstrated an average of 3.65 mm of distortion, when both hands were positioned with the central part of the beam between them. The unilateral technique should be performed for bilateral hand examinations. The increase in distortion from the concurrent technique is clinically significant, as the diagnostic grading of RA is measured in millimetre increments. The additional overall examination dose is minimal when compared to the improvement in image quality.

A novel wearable monopole antenna with controlled SAR using metamaterial

AbstractThis article presents a flexible wearable KIT monopole antenna for biomedical application. A metamaterial unit cell is proposed to improve the antenna performance. The proposed antenna and the metamaterial are fabricated on 1 mm-thick polydimethylsiloxane substrate to operate in the ISM frequency band of 2.45 GHz. Integration of the metamaterial improves the gain and reduces the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the antenna. The overall dimension of the antenna with the metamaterial is 49 × 49 × 19 mm3. The designed antenna is investigated for the loading effect of the body by placing on the hand phantom model. Bending tolerances are also analyzed for x and y direction with various bend radii. Gain and SAR of the proposed antenna are 4.61 dBi and 0.868 W/kg. The results of the fabricated prototype show that the proposed wearable antenna is safe for biomedical applications.

Highly Compact Integrated Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter-Wave Band Antenna Array for 5G Smartphone Communications

In this article, a dual-band integrated compact phased-antenna array is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) smartphone communication. The proposed single-layered substrate-based antenna array has a dual band, wideband, high gain, and wide beam-steering function. The dual bands were achieved by passive integration of meandered lines and a microstrip patch antenna using a dual-stub-based filter. Owing to the small size of the antenna array (56.65 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times4.95$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times0.508$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm), it was installed on both the top and side metal frames of a smartphone in a vertical position, allowing a wide beam coverage with a high gain. The proposed antenna provided the −6 dB bandwidths of 250 and 3520 MHz at 3.5 and 28 GHz, and the −10 dB bandwidths of 110 and 1890 MHz were observed at 3.5 and 28 GHz, respectively. The radiation performance with a smartphone model and a hand phantom were analyzed in detail. Furthermore, a safety study on the power density (PD) and specific absorption rate (SAR) of the arrays with frequency-dependent hand and head models was conducted. Finally, we fabricated an antenna array prototype, and compared the measured results with the simulation results, which showed a good agreement.

A Compact Ultra-Wideband Chip Antenna with Bandwidth Extension Patch and Simple Isolator for MIMO Systems for Mobile Handheld Terminals

A compact ultra-wideband (UWB) chip antenna that has high isolation for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems is presented in this paper. The antenna is composed of a chip antenna, a printed circuit board, and an isolator stub. High isolation was obtained using a simple stub, and a low-frequency band was extended by applying a bandwidth extension patch to the chip antenna. The pulse performance of the proposed antenna was measured by changing the angle of the receiving antenna. The proposed antenna was simulated by applying a hand phantom. The effect of the grip position of the hand phantom on the reflection coefficient, isolation, and gain was analyzed. The measured impedance bandwidth was 2.45 GHz to 9 GHz. The proposed UWB MIMO antenna has a high isolation, greater than 25 dB, at the operating frequency. The antenna gain varied from 3 dBi to 4.5 dBi over the operating frequency range. The measured group delay variation was less than 1 ns. The measured pulse features have negligible chirp and a small dispersion.

Ten‐port multiple input multiple output antenna for 4G/5G mobile phone applications

A 10-port wideband multi input antenna array suitable with 4G/5G mobile phones applications is presented. Ten C-shaped slot antenna components are embedded on the FR4 substrate to form the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system. All antenna elements in the MIMO system operates between 2.3 and 4.5 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of −10 dB (2:1 VSWR ratio). Nonetheless, the MIMO antenna can operate between 2.2 and 5 GHz with a −6 dB impedance bandwidth (includes LTE bands 38,40,41,42,43,48,49 and 52) which is about 77.7% fractional bandwidth of the center frequency (3.6 GHz). By combining spatial and polarisation diversity approaches, substantial isolation (>20 dB) between any pair of antennas is achieved. The designed 10-port MIMO antenna array has been constructed and tested, and the measured findings agree with the simulation results. The radiation efficiency of the antenna is around 79%–83% over the frequency spectrum of operation. Additionally, MIMO metrics include the envelope correlation coefficient, channel capacity and total active reflection coefficient are determined. The antenna's reliability is determined by the hand phantom effects and specific absorption rate.

Extremely Low-Profile Tunable Multiport Handset Antenna

This article presents an extremely low-profile tunable antenna design for smartphones with height of only 0.75 mm. The proposed antenna is integrated into the back cover of the device to utilize the existing gap between the battery and the back cover as efficiently as possible. By utilizing both tunable components and adjustable feeding weights, the designed multiport antenna system covers 3300–4200 MHz frequency range with 100 MHz instantaneous bands. In addition to just frequency tuning, these tunable elements can be utilized to adapt the antenna for different operation environments, such as changes in the structure of the device or the user effect. We show that the proposed antenna can be extended for two- and four-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operation. The proposed design is manufactured and measured, and the results confirm good antenna performance with average total efficiencies of 35% and 25% in free space and with a hand phantom, respectively.

A Multi-Frequency 3D Printed Hand Phantom for Electromagnetic Measurements.

It has been shown that the presence of a hand holding a wireless handset (cell phone) can influence antenna efficiency and the measurement of specific absorption rate (SAR) and electromagnetic compatibility. Head phantoms, used in handset compliance testing to estimate SAR in the head, have achieved low cost and multi-frequency use. Head phantoms typically consist of a thin plastic shell, open on the top, holding a tissue simulating fluid. The specific simulant fluid used is determined by the radio frequency of the test. IEC 62209-1 has recipes, using safe nontoxic materials, for all the required frequency bands. Thus, head phantoms can be reused at different frequencies simply by changing the tissue simulating fluid. However, standards have not adopted the use of hand phantoms because SAR limits in limbs are less restrictive than the head, the tissue depth in a hand is insufficient to make accurate measurements with current electric field probes, and the cost of a solid hand phantom is limited to a single frequency band. Our goal was to determine whether 3D printing techniques would allow the construction of a hand phantom with the same utility as existing head phantoms. We developed this phantom based on computer simulations to determine how much human anatomy needed to be included in the phantom to obtain results consistent with actual use. Electric field scans of a handset alone, and held by the hand phantom, were performed. Comparison of handset scans using the phantom and human subjects was planned, but not performed due to Covid-19 restrictions and subsequent changes in priorities. We feel a fluid-filled 3D printed hand phantom is viable and practical. The 3D print files are available on GitHub.

Control of Healthcare-Associated Infections using Silver Nanoparticles in Radiology.

Aims:The control of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) is a significant concern in the field of radiology due to multiple contact-transmitted pathogens on imaging devices. The antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in preventing HCAIs and their effects on imaging quality were evaluated.Methods:The antimicrobial effects of AgNPs were tested on prevalent contact-transmitted pathogens present in radiology examination rooms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of AgNPs on X-ray image quality using humanoid head and hand phantom.Results:AgNPs did not affect the quality of X-ray images. They had antimicrobial effects against Gram-positive Bacillus, including MRSA, VRE, and Gram-negative Bacillus, including P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii.Conclusion:AgNPs are considered effective in controlling HCAIs in radiology through sterilization by coating shooting devices and accessories where physical contact between patients and healthcare professionals is frequent.

Image Quality Evaluation of a Digital Radiography System Made in Thailand.

Background The National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) in Thailand researched and prototyped digital radiography systems under the brand name BodiiRay aiming for sustainable development and affordability of medical imaging technology. The image restoration and enhancement were implemented for the systems. Purpose The image quality of the systems was evaluated using images from phantoms and from healthy volunteers. Methods The survey phantom images from BodiiRay and other two commercial systems using the exposure settings for the chest, the abdomen, and the extremity were evaluated by three experience observers in terms of the high-contrast image resolution, the low-contrast image detectability, and the grayscale differentiation. The volunteer images of the chests, the abdomens, and the extremities from BodiiRay were evaluated by three specialized radiologists based on visual grading on 5-point scaled questionnaires for the anatomy visibility, the image quality satisfaction, and the diagnosis confidence in using the images. Results BodiiRay phantom results were similar to those from the commercial systems. The overall performance averaged across the exposure settings showed that BodiiRay was slightly better than Fujifilm FDR Go in the low-contrast detectability (p = 0.033) and in the grayscale differentiation (p = 0.004). It was also slightly better than Siemens YSIO Max in the high-contrast resolution (p = 0.018). The images of chest, pelvis, and hand phantoms illustrated comparable visual quality. For volunteer images, the percentage of the images scored ≥4 ranged from 61% to 99%, 23% to 92%, and 96% to 99% for the chest, abdomen, and extremity images, respectively. The average score ranged from 3.63 to 4.46, 3.18 to 4.21, and 4.41 to 4.51 for the chest, abdomen, and extremity images, respectively. Conclusion The phantom image results showed the comparability of these systems. The clinical evaluation showed BodiiRay images provided sufficient image qualities for digital radiography of these body parts.

Predicting Over-the-Air Performance Using a Hand Phantom With Large Dielectric Flexibility

This article developed a hand phantom with a large dielectric deviation from the target values, which can be used to estimate over-the-air (OTA) performance just like the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association hand phantom. In this article, the dielectric properties were adjusted by varying the graphite composition in the carbon-loaded silicone. Numerical simulations were used to determine the appropriate material recipe with the aid of the numerical models of four mobile devices operating from 870 to 2700 MHz, using both top and bottom antenna configurations. The results estimated that the material with a difference of 44.65% ± 20.15% (mean ± standard deviation, the maximum value is 77.97%) and 6.79% ± 3.35% (mean ± standard deviation, the maximum value is 9.43%) from the target conductivity and relative permittivity, respectively, provided the maximum deviation of 1.82 dB in the case of total radiated power (TRP) and 1.98 dB for total isotropic sensitivity (TIS). Accordingly, the molded hand phantom was validated with mechanical and OTA tests (maximum error below 1.30 and 1.80 dB for TRP and TIS, respectively). The results demonstrated that using the material with a larger dielectric deviation than the prescribed standard can be used to fabricate hand phantom for predicting the OTA performance. The findings shed light on designing and manufacturing of the hand phantom for in-house research and development purposes.

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL HAND EXAMINATION ON SIX OPTIMISED DR SYSTEMS.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges in comparing digital radiography (DR) systems from different vendors for various combinations of exposure factors in posterior–anterior hand radiographs. Image quality was evaluated for a range of tube voltages and tube current-time products using a technical contrast-detail (CDRAD) phantom and an anthropomorphic hand phantom. 900 technical CDRAD images were analysed providing quality figures of merit (IQFinv) and two experienced reporting radiographers using visual grading analysis (VGA) scored 108 anthropomorphic images. This study demonstrates the differences between the DR systems included. When compensating for variations in dose, Canon showed superior results for technical image quality and Fuji for visual image quality for a standard dose point at DR hand examination (ln(DAP) 1.1, 50 kV and 2.5 mAs).

The Profile of Delay Erasure Time and Imaging Plate Sizes to Dark Noise Evaluation in Carestream Computed Radiography System

Increasing delay time between erasure and image acquisition can lead to the appearance of dark noise on the Computed Radiography (CR) imaging plate (IP). The purpose of this study is to investigate the time delay of the last erasure that can be affected in dark noise appearance of four sizes Carestream CR’s imaging plate in Radiology Laboratory of Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang. This study used a quantitative experimental method. Each size of IP was exposed with one of Hand, Cranium, Chest, and Abdomen anthropomorphic phantom, read on CR, and left for 0 hours, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours to produce blank images. The blank images after post-processing were evaluated with qualitative and quantitative criteria. Qualitative criteria produced uniformity images, without ghost images artifact. While quantitative criteria were determined by the exposure index value, pixel value, and pixel value standard deviation calculated by ImageJ. The results of this study showed that all of the IPs did not pass the criteria. Dark noise appeared in 0 hours after the last erasure shown from un-uniformity images, ghost images artifact, PV, and PVSD were overpassed the standard values. Dark noise has increased the time delay between last erasure and subsequent use. The imaging plate must be erased before it acquires the next images.

Compact Broadband Planar Resonator With a Viaed Double Spiral for Robust Wireless Power Transfer

A common problem for most strongly coupled magnetic resonance (SCMR) wireless power transfer (WPT) systems is the dramatic efficiency drops by surrounding high-dielectric objects, e.g., people, caused by the narrow bandwidth of the systems due to a high quality factor ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula> ). In this paper, a compact broadband planar double-spiral resonator with a via is proposed to obtain a robust SCMR system with a stable efficiency where interference from high-dielectric surrounding objects is mitigated. The increased bandwidth is obtained without compromising power transfer efficiency by introducing coupling enhancement to the structure while <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula> is reduced. The bandwidth of the system is increased by over 15% compared to a conventional system with single-sided resonators, and the efficiency is comparable. In this paper, it is found that the location of the via affects both the efficiency and bandwidth of the SCMR system. Meanwhile, this paper reports an experiment with human hand phantom and a simulation study with multi-layered tissue model, both of which mimic a real human-involved environment, and successfully demonstrate the stability and high efficiency of power transfer of the proposed broadband resonators in a WPT system. Moreover, the proposed structure is tested to be less sensitive to misalignment between the transmitter and the receiver, and the proposed method is compared to the systems proposed for similar human-involved environments. This proposed viaed double-spiral resonator is a promising candidate for a robust WPT system for human-involved environments.

A Planar 2×2 MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Smartphones

Here, a planar 2×2 MIMO configuration for the 5G smartphone has been presented. A single element modified planar tree profile shape (MPTPS) antenna is implemented to investigate the suitability in future 5G communication for different sub-6 GHz spectrum band. The size of the single MPTPS antenna is 40 × 25 mm2. The electronic band gap (EBG) and partial ground plane (PGP) techniques have been utilized to tune this antenna. The antenna works from 2.81 – 7.23 GHz, with a (VSWR < 2) bandwidth of 4.42 GHz that covers all the mid-range sub-6 GHz 5G frequencies. It also has a comparatively good gain of 3.14 dBi, high efficiency of 96% and a bi-directional radiation pattern. The antenna has been implemented in a 145 × 75 mm2 smartphone mainboard with MIMO configuration using polarization diversity. More than -21.1 dB isolation has been found between different ports. A good gain of as high as 6.59 dBi is observed for the MIMO in the band. Also, as MIMO performance, excellent envelope correlation coefficient of less than 0.0029 and minimum diversity gain of 9.9853 has been observed. The investigation has been further stretched by adding a liquid crystal display (LCD) for radiation performance and a hand phantom to assess the performance in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR). It is observed that the SAR value is as low as 0.887641 at 3.5 GHz. This design will motivate the researcher to develop high performance MIMO arrays for 5G smartphones.

In vivo neutron activation assembly design for quantification of trace elements using MCNP

Background: Trace and essential elements both play a crucial role in maintaining normal cellular and organ functions in human, while abnormal exposure to some of them is also potentially related to diseases, e.g. manganism. To study the association between elemental intake and health outcomes, accurate assessment of elemental uptake and storage in the human body is essential. Objective: Technology based on neutron activation analysis can be used for in vivo measurement of the trace elements given that the measurement system guarantees a low detection limit with an acceptable dose. This study aims to design and optimize a customized and portable deuterium–deuterium neutron generator-based irradiation assembly for the NAA of trace elements in vivo, using Monte Carlo simulations. Approach: The irradiation assembly includes a moderator, a fast neutron filter, a reflector, and shielding. The human hand phantoms doped with manganese (Mn) and potassium (K) are used to determine the respective elements’ system sensitivity and detection limit. Main results: The calculated detection limit is 0.16 μg Mn per gram dry bone (ppm) for Mn and 17 ppm for K, with an equivalent dose of 36 mSv to the hand for 10 min irradiation. Significance: This more sensitive in vivo neutron activation analysis system will detect trace elements in vivo.

Performing angiographic intervention with a femoral entry shield: Element analysis microscopy and hand dose reduction for interventional radiologist

To unveil and delineate the elements applicable to the radiation protection of a femoral entry shield, calculate its mass attenuation coefficient, and demonstrate its dose reduction efficacy for interventional radiologist performing transarterial embolization (TAE) of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC). The lead equivalency of the shield was firstly validated. Electron microscopy was used to confirm the femoral entry shield being lead-free and to analyze the elemental content, with which the mass attenuation coefficient of the shield was calculated. An adult phantom, irradiated at the upper abdomen to simulate the TAE of rHCC, was used together with a dosimeter attached to the palm of a hand phantom. The dose rates at the hand phantom were measured, with the rHCC clinical protocol, without and with the femoral entry shield placed over the right femoral access site of the adult phantom. Without using the shield, the average hand dose rate was measured to be 0.325 μSv/sec. While using the shield, it was determined to be 0.110 μSv/sec. There was significant 66% dose reduction to the hand dose of IRs performing angiographic intervention with the femoral entry shield.