Han-Nambu Quarks Research Articles

Electroweak Bosons, Leptons and Han-Nambu Quarks in a Unified Spinor-Isospinor Preon Field Model

The model is defined by a selfregularizing nonlinear spinor-isospinor preon field equation and all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound states o f the quantized preon field. In a series o f preceding papers this model was extensively studied. In particular for com posite electroweak bosons the Yang-Mills dynamics was derived as the effective dynamics o f these bosons. In this paper the first generation o f com posite leptons and com posite Han-Nam bu quarks is introduced and together with electroweak bosons, these particles are interpreted as “shell model” states o f the underlying preon field. The choice o f the shell model states is justified by deriving the effective fermion-boson coupling and demonstrating its equivalence with the phenom enological electroweak coupling terms o f the Weinberg-Salam model. The investigation is restricted to the left-handed parts o f the composite fermions. Color is revealed to be a hidden orbital angular momentum in the shell model and hypercharge follows from the effective coupling. The techniques o f deriving effective interactions is a “weak mapping” procedure and the calculations are done in the “low” energy limit.

Elementary particle states based on the Clifford algebraC 7

The lepton isodoublet (e−,v e ), the “bare” nucleon isodoublet (n,p), and their antiparticles are shown to constitute a basis of the irreducible representation of the Clifford algebraC7. The excited states of these doublets, i.e., (μ−,ν μ ), (τ−,ν τ ),..., and (s0,c+),(b0,t+) are generated by the products (e−,v e )⊗a and (n,p)⊗a, wherea≡2−1/2(e−e++v e v e ) has the same quantum numbers as the photon state. The bare baryonss, c, b, t carry the strangeness, charm, bottom, and top quantum numbers. These lepton and bare baryon states are in one-to-one correspondence with the integrally charged colored Han-Nambu quarks, and generate all the observedsu(3) andsu(4) hadron multiplets.

SU(3) gauge model of weak and electromagnetic interactions

An SU(3) gauge model of weak and electromagnetic interactions is based on the fundamental triplet ${({e}^{+},{e}^{\ensuremath{-}},{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e})}_{L}$. The Weinberg angle is predicted to be 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The extension of the model to hadrons requires the use of Han-Nambu quarks.

A search for integrally charged quarks

A search has been conducted for Han-Nambu quarks with charge + | e|, using a Van de Graaff accelerator. The upper limit per proton for such quarks in ordinary hydrogen is less than 5×10 −16 for the mass region below 1.86 amu.

Are theDMesons Diquarks?

The newly discovered mesons with mass near 1.87 GeV are speculatively identified with diquark states of integrally charged Han-Nambu quarks. The weak decays of diquarks are found to be similar but not identical to the decays of charmed mesons.

Meson Masses in the Modified Han-Nambu Model

sec) if these turn out to be colored bosons. In that case it will be necessary to count varieties of the Niu particles to distinguish between color and charm or SU ( 4), and some details of this are discussed. It is suggested that if the Niu particles are fermions, they might be free Han-Nambu quarks themselves; and in any case, above a threshold in the 4~5 Ge V region, e+ e- annihilation should lead to appreciable production of Niu particle pairs.

Scaling properties of a gauge theory with Han-Nambu quarks and charged vector gluons

A renormalizable gauge theory of strong and electromagnetic interactions with integrally charged quarks is constructed, and its scaling behavior is analyzed.

Comment on the octet rule in the Georgi-Glashow model with Han-Nambu quarks

Comment on the octet rule in the Georgi-Glashow model with Han-Nambu quarks

Determination of the Cabibbo angle

The ratio charm octet: charm singlet is determined for the left-handed charge-raising current in the gauge theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions with Han-Nambu quarks. Combining this ratio with previous work of Georgi and Glashow leads to a value for the Cabibbo angle which is in good agreement with experiment.

Neutral-current ratios in three-triplet and three-quarte gauge theories of the weak and electromagnetic interactions

The predictions of the ratios R = sigma ( nu + N yields nu + X)/ sigma ( nu + N yields mu /sup -/ + X) and R = sigma ( nu + N yields nu + X)/ sigma ( nu + N yields mu /sup +/ + X) in the Archiman model and the Beg- Zee model are examined and are compared with experimental results. In the Archiman model, Han-Nambu quarks are assigned to two left-handed doublets, five left-handed singlets, and nine right-handed singlets under the gauge group SU(2) x U(1). In the Beg and Zee model, quarks are assigned symmetrically to two left- handed and two right-handed doublets. It is concluded that if the Gargamelle events (Phys. Lett., 46B; 138 (1973)) are in fact neutral current proeesses, the models of Archiman and Beg and Zee are not consistent with the observed hadronic neutral current ratios. (LBS)

Formula omitted] rule in non-leptonic weak interactions with Han-Nambu quarks

Gauge theories of weak and electromagnetic interactions involving Han-Nambu quarks are constructed with the following features: small K L → μ μ amplitude and K L - K S mass-splitting; a non-leptonic effective Lagrangian ΔY = ± 1 leading to the usual soft-pion theorems and obeying a fundamental |ΔI| = 1 2 rule, with corrections of order θ 2 Cabibbo.

Unified Lepton-Hadron Symmetry and a Gauge Theory of the Basic Interactions

An attempt is made to unify the fundamental hadrons and leptons into a common irreducible representation $F$ of the same symmetry group $G$ and to generate a gauge theory of strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions. Based on certain constraints from the hadronic side, it is proposed that the group $G$ is SU(4\ensuremath{'}) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(4\ensuremath{''}), which contains a Han-Nambu-type SU(3\ensuremath{'}) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(3\ensuremath{''}) group for the hadronic symmetry, and that the representation $F$ is (4,4*). There exist four possible choices for the lepton number $L$ and accordingly four possible assignments of the hadrons and leptons within the (4,4*). Two of these require nine Han-Nambu-type quarks, three "charmed" quarks, and the observed quartet of leptons. The other two also require the nine Han-Nambu quarks, plus heavy leptons in addition to observed leptons and only one or no "charmed" quark. One of the above four assignments is found to be suitable to generate a gauge theory of the weak, electromagnetic, and SU(3\ensuremath{''}) gluonlike strong interactions from a selection of the gauges permitted by the model. The resulting gauge symmetry is $\mathrm{SU}{({2}^{\ensuremath{'}})}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{({3}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}})}_{L+R}$. The scheme of all three interactions is found to be free from Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomalies. The normal strong interactions arise effectively as a consequence of the strong gauges $\mathrm{SU}{({3}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}})}_{L+R}$. Masses for the gauge bosons and fermions are generated suitably by a set of 14 complex Higgs fields. The neutral neutrino and $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=0$ hadron currents have essentially the same strength in the present model as in other $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ theories. The mixing of strong- and weak-gauge bosons (a necessary feature of the model) leads to parity-violating nonleptonic amplitudes, which may be observable depending upon the strength of SU(3\ensuremath{''}) symmetry breaking. The familiar hadron symmetries such as SU(3\ensuremath{'}) and chiral $\mathrm{SU}{({3}^{\ensuremath{'}})}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{({3}^{\ensuremath{'}})}_{R}$ are broken only by quark mass terms and by the electromagnetic and weak interactions, not by the strong interactions. The difficulties associated with generating gauge interactions in the remaining three assignments are discussed in Appendix A. Certain remarks are made on the question of proton and quark stability in these three schemes.

Symmetry Breaking in O(3) Gauge Theories with 3-Triplet Models of Hadrons

SU(3)- and SU(3)\ensuremath{'}-symmetry breaking of the zeroth-order mass matrix is studied in a spontaneously broken O(3) gauge-invariant theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions in which Han-Nambu quarks are used to incorporate hadronic weak and electromagnetic processes. The lepton sector is the Georgi-Glashow model. O(3)-symmetry breaking is induced by a single triplet Higgs field. It is shown that various symmetries can be achieved, such as SU(3), SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(2)\ensuremath{'}, and parity, only if zeroth-order massless quarks are tolerated.

Weinberg's gauge model for weak and electromagnetic interactions with Han-Nambu quarks

A version of the Weinberg model is constructed using Han-Nambu quarks, in order to obtain the conventional classification of hadrons. The use of Han-Nambu quarks leads to a suppression of neutrinos coupled to the ΔS = 0 hadronic current, while the coupling to neutral leptonic currents remains as in Weinberg's theory.

SU(2)×U(1) Gauge Theories with Han-Nambu Quarks

Several SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) gauge theories of weak and electromagnetic interactions based on Han-Nambu quarks are presented which satisfy all known selection rules of semileptonic and nonleptonic weak interactions, excluding the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ rule.

Gauge Theory of Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions with Han-Nambu Quarks

The use of Han-Nambu quarks enables us to construct an SO(3) gauge theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions which is compatible with the naive quark model. The model is constrained by the requirements that ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ is suppressed and the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{S}$ mass splitting is small. This leads to a relation between the $W$ mass and the Cabibbo angle, which determines the $W$ mass to be near 35 GeV.