Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Research Articles

Association Between University Students’ Reported Family History of Chronic Disease and Fruit and Vegetable Intake

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to explore the association between reported family history (FHx) of heart disease (HD), cancer, and/or diabetes, with fruit and vegetable (f/v) intake in college students.MethodsData were collected between 2006–21 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing, cross-sectional study conducted at a midsized, northeast university. Reported FHx data were obtained from a personal health history form; age, race, and gender were collected from an online survey. Three-day food records analyzed via online nutrient software (Diet&WellnessPlus) were used to calculate average f/v intake (cups/day). Anthropometric assessments (height, weight, body composition) were measured in duplicate after overnight fast. Mean f/v intake was compared between students with FHx and those without FHx via ANCOVA; daily calories, BMI, and gender served as covariates.ResultsAfter omission for missing data, the final sample (n = 8686) was 70.1% female and 94.3% white; the mean age was 18.9 ± .01 years. Overall, 84% of total sample reported having a FHx of at least one of the three diseases. Almost half (47%) reported FHx of heart disease, 46.2% reported FHx of diabetes, and 69% reported a FHx of cancer. Mean total f/v intake of subjects was 3.2 ± .02 cups/day. Those with a FHx of diabetes consumed slightly less f/v than those without a FHx (3.2 ± .03 vs 3.1 ± .03, p = .04) and those with a FHx of cancer also consumed less than those not reporting a FHx (3.2 ± .3 vs 3.1 ± .2, p = .04).ConclusionsFindings suggest most students were aware of FHx of at least one chronic disease, and only small differences in f/v intake were observed between those with FHx and without FHx. Increasing students’ awareness of risk factors for future disease including genetic predisposition may be important in the promotion of healthier diets and lifestyle behaviors.Funding SourcesNew Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1,010,738.

Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome Severity Scores in Emerging Adults

ObjectivesResearch suggests sleep duration can influence metabolic systems including fasting glucose, blood pressure, hormone regulation, nervous system activity, and total energy expenditure (TEE), all of which are related to cardiometabolic disease risk. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome severity scores (MSSS) in a sample of emerging adults (18–24 y/o).MethodsData were collected between 2012 and 2021 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing, cross-sectional study conducted at a midsized northeastern university. Anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical measures were obtained following an overnight fast and used to assess the prevalence if metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS severity scores (MSSS) were calculated using race- and sex-specific formulas. Sleep duration was calculated from the difference in self-reported bedtime and get-up time acquired though an online survey. ANCOVA was used to examine the relationship between sleep duration and MetS severity score while adjusting for covariates (age, sex, BMI, physical activity level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and major).ResultsMetS (>3 criteria) was present in 3.4% of the final sample (n = 3,893); 15.7% of students >2 MetS criteria. Mean MSS was −0.65 + 0.56 and reported sleep duration was 7.91 + 1.2 hours/day. MSS differed between for short sleepers (< 7 hrs) and long sleepers (>9 hrs) compared to the reference sleepers (7–8 hrs/day) (−0.61 + 0.21 and −0.63 + 0.13 vs. −0.7 + 0.15, p < .01).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that short (<7 h/d) and long (>9 h/d) sleep durations raise the risk of MetS in a sample of emerging adults. Further research is needed to elucidate the impact of improving sleep habits on future disease risk.Funding SourcesNew Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1010738.

Relationship between Binge Drinking and Diet Quality Scores Among College Students

ObjectivesDespite the negative impact on health, safety, and academics, research shows college students have high rates of binge drinking. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between binge drinking and diet quality among college students at a large university. MethodsData were collected between 2012–2021from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey (CHANAS), an ongoing, cross-sectional study, at a northeastern university. After excluding participants with missing data, the final sample (n = 4,519) was 66.5% female and 33.5% male. Via online survey, participants self-reported their drinking occasions during the past 30 days; binge drinking was defined as ≥ 5 drinks for men and ≥ 4 drinks for women per occasion. Binge drinking was further categorized into 3 groups: non-binge drinkers, moderate binge drinkers (1–5 times/30 days), and heavy binge drinkers (5–30 times/30 days). Diet quality was assessed using a modified Healthy Eating Index (HEI); scoring was based upon HEI-2005, -2010, and -2015. Differences in HEI scores according to binge drinking participation were evaluated using ANCOVA; gender, age, total perceived stress scores, and BMI served as covariates. ResultsMore than half (n = 2,624; 58.1%) of participants reported binge drinking within the past 30 days; 19.5% of participants reported binge drinking 6 or more times within the past 30 days. The mean modified HEI score was 64.8 ± .2. Heavy binge drinkers had the lowest HEI scores when compared to moderate and non-binge drinkers (63.8 ± .4 vs. 64.8 ± .3 and 65.5 ± .3, p = 0.05, p < 0.01). ConclusionsFindings show high rates of binge drinking. While many college students will benefit from reducing binge drinking habits data also suggests a modest relationship with dietary quality. This work adds to the evidence in the college population of the benefits of reducing alcohol intake. Funding SourcesNew Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1,010,738.

Relationship between Dietary Quality and Cardiometabolic Risk in a College Population

ObjectivesEarly adulthood plays a key role in the development of healthy eating habits, however, the association between dietary indices and cardiometabolic risk is not well investigated in younger adults. This study assessed diet quality and its relationship with cardiometabolic risk of university students. MethodsBetween 2007–21 students (18–24 years) were recruited from a northeast university as part of the ongoing College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey. All participants were enrolled in a semester-long nutrition course. Students completed a 3-day dietary food record; nutrient intake was calculated using online analysis software. A modified Healthy Eating Index (mHEI) score was assigned (0–100) based on HEI-2005, -2010, and -2015 categories using daily intakes of fruit, vegetables, grains, meat and beans, fatty acids, protein, milk, saturated fat, sodium, and empty calories. After excluding cases with missing data and stratifying for sex, mHEI scores were grouped into quartiles. Chi-square analyses assessed the relationship between ascending mHEI quartiles (Q1-4) with prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and individual MetS criterion. ResultsThe final sample (n = 6,214) of students included mostly first- or second-year students (85%) but only 6% were nutrition majors (n = 455). About a third (29%) of students met 1 criterion for MetS and 14.5% met ≥ 2 (n = 1,167.) More men than women met 1 or 2 MetS criteria (43.3% vs. 35.5%, 17.1% vs. 12.9%, respectively, both p < .001). Mean mHEI score was 64.4 ± 12.6. Participants in mHEI Q1 vs. Q4 were more likely to meet ≥ 2 MetS criteria (22.7% vs. 15.0%, X2 = 30.0, p < 0.0001). Moreover, a higher proportion of mHEI Q1 v. Q4 met the criteria for fasting plasma glucose (7.4% v. 4.0%, X2 = 29.0, p < 0.001) and blood pressure (22.8% v. 19.1%, X2 = 8.8, p = 0.04). ConclusionsFindings support a relationship between dietary quality and cardiometabolic risk in the college population and suggest a need for further research on the dietary habits of young adults for disease prevention earlier in the life cycle. Funding SourcesNew Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1,010,738.

Relationship between Dietary Fiber and Allergy Prevalence in a College Population

ObjectivesTo characterize the relationship between dietary fiber intake and the prevalence of allergic diseases, seasonal allergies and asthma, in a college student population.MethodsData were collected from 2012–2021 through the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing cross-sectional study at a midsized, public New England university. Students (18–24 years; n = 4135; 67% female) completed a comprehensive, online demographic and health information survey, a 3-day food record, and an analysis of their average nutrient intake via an online program (Diet and Wellness Plus). After stratifying by sex, students’ fiber intake (g/day) were grouped into quartiles; differences in allergy and asthma prevalence across quartiles were evaluated via chi-square tests. Logistic regression was used to examine differences in allergy and asthma prevalence between low fiber intake and those with higher intakes after controlling for covariates BMI, smoking status, and alcohol consumption.ResultsOf the final sample, 37.6% and 19.2% reported a seasonal allergy and asthma, respectively, after exclusion of participants with missing data (4135 of 5093). Food records indicate only 18.2% of females and 12.2% of males are meeting recommended intakes of dietary fiber. Quartile fiber consumption was associated with seasonal allergy prevalence in males (X2 = 10.657, df = 3, P = 0.014) and females (X2 = 15.526, df = 3, P = 0.001). Females consuming the lowest quartile of fiber intake (<13.62 g/day) experience 1.39 times the odds of seasonal allergies (P < 0.001, 95% CI 1.164–1.651) when controlling for the covariates of BMI, smoking status, and alcohol use. No significant differences in asthma prevalence were identified between fiber intake quartiles.ConclusionsConsistent with previously identified associations, our findings suggest fiber intake is related to seasonal allergies but not asthma, with a stronger relationship among females. This study further emphasizes the need to investigate potential dietary risk factors for allergic diseases and to inform institutions on key dietary priorities for college student health.Funding SourcesNew Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1,010,738.

Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in College Students With and Without a Disability

Abstract Objectives To characterize the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its criteria in students with and without a disability. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected between 2008–20 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey (CHANAS), a comprehensive, ongoing study at a northeastern public university. The five individual criteria of MetS were evaluated after an overnight fast: triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), glucose (FPG) via fingerstick; waist circumference (WC) at the iliac crest; and blood pressure (BP) via automated cuff. Disability status was self-reported via an online questionnaire by an affirmative response to one of two items related to limited participation or use of specialized equipment. Chi-square analyses were used to identify differences in the prevalence of MetS and its criteria among students with and without a disability. Logistic regression was used to predict odds of MetS; age, BMI, physical activity, alcohol consumption, gender, smoking status, race, and disability status served as covariates. Results The sample (n = 6144) was 69% female, 94% white, and 18.9 ± 1.15 years old; 11.8% of students reported having a disability. Over half (55.3%) of students met at least one criterion of MetS, 18% had two or more, and 4.2% had ≥3 criteria of MetS. MetS was higher among students with a disability compared to those without (6.2% vs. 3.8%, P = 0.003). WC, HDL, and FPG metabolic syndrome criteria presented modestly higher in the disabled population compared to their non-disabled counterparts: WC (14.4% vs. 11.6%, P = 0.023), HDL (28.9% vs. 25%, P = 0.017), and FPG (6.3% vs. 4.6%, P = 0.042). Logistic regression indicates similar odds of MetS for students with a disability after inclusion of covariates (OR: 1.05 CI: 0.7–1.7, P = 0.83), compared to students without a disability. Conclusions College students with disabilities may have a greater risk for metabolic syndrome compared to students without a disability due to other confounding lifestyle factors. Results may inform organizations on campus to better direct targeted health promotion campaigns and inspire further research on the health status of students with a disability. Funding Sources The New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project.

Does Students’ Home Zip Code Relate to Food Insecurity on Campus? Implications of Home Demographics on Food Insecurity in College

Abstract Objectives To explore the relationship between students’ home zip code demographics and their food security status at a midsized, northeastern university. Methods Data were collected between 2018–2020 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing, cross sectional study at a midsized, public, northeastern university. As part of an online survey (Qualtrics) offered during the 3rd or 4th week of the semester, students completed the 6-item USDA Food Insecurity Questionnaire and provided the zip code associated with their primary residence prior to attending college. Students’ self-reported answers were used to categorize current food security status: food secure, low food secure, or very low food secure. A food security index was created from 13 unique sets of US Census data associated with zip codes. Each zip code was scored by sextiles for each census demographic and summed; final index values were assigned to each reported zip code and ranged from high to low risk of food insecurity (13–78). Results After exclusion of missing data, 687 students were included in the final analysis. The sample of predominantly female (62.0%), white (93.1%), first year (47.7%), and reported a zip code from the home state of the institution (39.9%). The mean food security index (±SD) of reported zip codes was 45.3 ± 8.9. In all, 18.8% reported food insecurity, (5.5% very low food security and 13.2% low food security), and 81.2% reported food security or marginal food security. Food insecurity was highest (21.8%) in students from zip codes most at risk for food insecurity based on the index, however, not significantly different from students from zip codes with the most food secure index score (18.8%). Conclusions Food insecurity among college students has been previously linked to poorer health, grades, and academic retention. More work is needed to elucidate the role of students’ prior place of residence to identify those at greatest risk of experiencing food insecurity on campus. Funding Sources The New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agricultural Hatch Project 1010738.

Dietary Quality of Bhutanese Refugee Adults Eligible for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Abstract Objectives To characterize nutrient intakes and identify key food sources among Bhutanese refugee adults eligible for SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) benefits. Methods We recruited a convenience sample of Bhutanese refugee adults (n = 54, mean age = 47 y, 83% female) residing in New Hampshire. Diet was estimated from foods recorded using three 24-hr recalls. Selected nutrients included vitamins C, D, E, and K, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, folate, B12, pantothenic acid, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and saturated fat. Participants were categorized based on meeting the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or Adequate Intake (AI) of selected nutrients. For sodium and saturated fat, meeting recommendations was defined as consuming &amp;lt;2300 mg/d and &amp;lt;10% of energy, respectively. Study visits were conducted by a trained bicultural and Nepali-speaking community health worker in partnership with a community-based organization. Results More than half of participants (68% to 90%) met recommendations for K, thiamin, niacin, folate, sodium, and saturated fat. However, a lower proportion (0% to 46%) consumed recommended amounts of C, D, E, riboflavin, B6, B12, pantothenic acid, calcium, and magnesium. Legume dishes and vegetable curries were leading contributors to C (40%), E (33%), B6 (21%), pantothenic acid (18%), and magnesium (25%) intakes. Milk and yogurt were primary contributors to riboflavin (23%), B12 (40%), and calcium (31%) consumption, and parboiled rice for B6 (28%) and pantothenic acid (24%). Conclusions In this descriptive study of low-income Bhutanese refugee adults, the prevalence of meeting guidelines was high for some nutrients, but others fell short of recommendations. Culturally specific foods were found to be key sources of inadequately consumed nutrients, which can inform the tailoring of dietary recommendations for this community. Funding Sources The New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.

Vigorous Activity and Perceived Stress in Overweight or Obese Female Students

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between reported vigorous aerobic exercise and perceived stress scores (PSS) among female college students with overweight or obesity. MethodsCross-sectional data were collected between 2012–2020 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing study at a public northeastern university. Measured height and weight by trained technicians were used to calculate BMI (kg/m2) and categorize students as overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Students completed Cohen’s 10-item Perceived Stress Scale and self-reported vigorous physical activity (days/past week) via online (Qualtrics) questionnaire. Mean differences between activity groups were examined via ANCOVA; age, major and taking anxiety medication served as covariates. ResultsA total of n = 622 female students with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 were included for analyses. Participants had a mean age of 18.8 ± 0.4 years and BMI of 28.1 ± 0.1 kg/m2. Most (95.1%) participants were white, and first year students made up the largest group (55.4%) of participants. Almost 1 in 5 students (17.8%) reported no days of vigorous activity, 15.3% reported one day, 12.8% reported 2 days, and 54% reported 3 or more days of vigorous activity. PSS scores were negatively related to # of vigorous activity days (P < 0.001). Those who reported no days of vigorous activity had higher perceived stress scores than those who participated in 2 days or 3 or more days of vigorous activity (19.7 ± 0.6 vs. 17.0 ± 0.7 and 16.3 ± 0.4, respectively, P < 0.01). ConclusionsFindings suggest engaging in increasing days of vigorous activity is related to lower perceived stress in female college students with overweight or obesity. These findings support the inclusion of physical activity recommendations to broadly support the health and wellness of university students. Funding SourcesThe New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project.

Associations Between Dietary Quality and Inflammation Among Bhutanese Refugee Adults Eligible for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

ObjectivesTo quantify the associations between adherence to U.S. dietary guidelines and inflammation among Bhutanese refugee adults who are eligible to receive SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) benefits. MethodsA convenience sample of Bhutanese refugee adults (n = 53, mean age = 47 ± 2 years, 83% female) residing in New Hampshire was recruited. A bilingual community health worker conducted study visits. We estimated diet using the average of three 24-hour recalls. Adherence to U.S. dietary guidelines was defined using the 2015 Healthy Eating Index (HEI), where a higher score indicates greater adherence to guidelines. A fasting blood sample was analyzed for inflammatory biomarkers, IL-6 and TNF-α. The HEI score and score components were expressed in tertiles, and related to biomarkers using ANCOVA. Food rankings were conducted to identify contributors to HEI components. ResultsOn average, participants lived in the U.S. for 7.8 ± 0.5 years, with a household size of 3.8 ± 0.2 members. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes was 82% and 41%, respectively. In multivariate adjusted models, individuals with higher HEI scores had significantly lower IL-6 concentrations (3.1 ± 0.5 pg/mL, 2.5 ± 0.4 pg/mL, and 2.0 ± 0.5 pg/mL by increasing HEI tertile, P-trend = 0.019). In examining the individual HEI components, greater consumption of total fruit (P-trend = 0.02) and whole fruit (P-trend = 0.017) was related to lower IL-6 concentrations, whereas refined grains was associated with higher values (P-trend = 0.036). We observed null associations with TNF-α. The top 5 contributors to fruit consumption were bananas (21.5%), apples (15.5%), mangos (15%), avocados (9.6%), and kiwis (8.8%); those for refined grains included parboiled rice (78.8%), white rice (6.1%), pasta (4.6%), crackers (1.3%), and white bread (1.3%). ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study of low-income Bhutanese refugee adults, greater adherence to U.S. Dietary Guidelines, particularly for fruit and refined grain consumption, was associated with lower IL-6 concentrations. Over 70% of fruit and 90% of refined grains were represented by only a few foods, which can inform cultural tailoring of SNAP Education interventions in this understudied population. Funding SourcesThe New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.

College Students With Disabilities Report Higher Rates of Food Insecurity

Abstract Objectives To characterize the prevalence of food insecurity among college students with and without disabilities. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected between 2018–2020 at a mid-size, northeast public university as part of the ongoing College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey. An online survey collected self-reported data, including food security and disability status. Food security status was measured via the U.S Household Food Security Survey Module 6-Item Short Form, and categorized into very low, low, marginal, and high food security. Disability status was categorized into yes or no via affirmative answers to either one of two items related to limitations or use of specialized equipment. Chi-square was used to assess the differences in food insecurity prevalence among students with and without disabilities. Results The sample (n = 880) was 60.6% female, predominately white (94.3%), and had a mean age of 19 ± 1.2 years. One out of seven students (14.6%) reported a disability; 18.6% reported low or very low food security (13.2% and 5.5% respectively) and 81.4% reported high or marginal food security (67.6% and 13.8%, respectively). Students with a disability reported higher rates of food insecurity vs. those without a disability (35.9% vs. 16.0%, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Among students with a disability, 12.8% reported very low food security and 23.1% reported low food security, compared to 4.3% and 11.7%, respectively, among those students without disabilities. Conclusions College students with disabilities experienced far greater rates of food insecurity than students without disabilities. Further research, including qualitative work, can help to understand and develop better supports for this underserved segment of the college population. Funding Sources The New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1010738.

Perceived Stress and Diet Quality in College Females

Abstract Objectives To explore the relationship between perceived stress on the diet quality of college females, age 18–24. Methods Cross-sectional data from female students (n = 3113) were collected between 2012- 2020 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey (CHANAS), an ongoing study at a public New England university. Perceived stress was measured via online questionnaire using Cohen's 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) during the 3rd or 4th week of the semester; scores were used to create quartiles (low to high stress). Self-reported three-day food records were collected and analyzed to assess diet quality (DietAnalysis+). Calcium, fiber, potassium, and saturated fat intake were used to create diet quality scores ranging from 4–20; scores ≥ 13 were characterized as a healthy diet. The differences in diet quality between level of perceived stress was examined using ANCOVA with anxiety medication, BMI, major, and living arrangement as covariates. Results Participants had a mean age of 18.8 ± 0.2 years; 59% were first-year students and 94% were white. Thirty-four % of students in the final sample were classified as having a healthy diet. Mean PSS was 16.8 ± 0.1. Diet scores were higher among students in the lowest vs. highest and moderate/high PSS quartiles (12.3 ± 0.1 vs. 11.8 ± 0.1 and 11.8 ± 0.1, respectively, P &amp;lt; .01). Conclusions Our data show lower diet quality scores among college women with the highest perceived stress. Research in this area supports the role of wellness and nutrition education for young adults as they navigate the college environment. Funding Sources New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project.

Do Dietary Patterns Differ with Video Game Usage in College Men?

Abstract Objectives To assess the differences in fruit and vegetable (F/V), total dietary fat, saturated fat, sodium, sugar, and discretionary calorie consumption, as well as body fat percentage (BF%), body mass index (BMI), and iliac crest waist circumference (WC) between high, moderate, and non-video game users in a sample of male college students. Methods Data collected between 2012–2018 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing cross-sectional study at a public New England university, were analyzed. After exclusion of participants with missing data, our final sample sizes were n = 1095, n = 1060, and n = 786 for diet, BF%, and BMI/WC analyses, respectively. Daily video game usage (hrs/day) was self-reported and categorized as: non-users (NVG), &amp;lt;1hr/day users (MVG), and ≥1hr/day (HVG). BF% was measured via bioelectrical impedance; BMI and WC were measured in duplicate. Food and nutrient data were obtained from three-day food records. Group differences were examined via ANCOVA using total kilocalories, daily steps, and first-year status as covariates. Results College men reported varying levels of video game usage: 30.5% reported NVG, 39.4% reported MVG, and 30.1% reported HVG. Higher WC was observed in MVG compared to NVG (84.5 ± 0.5 cm vs. 82.4 ± 0.6 cm, P &amp;lt; 0.02); no differences in WC were seen between HVG vs. NVG (84.0 ± 0.6 cm vs. 82.4 ± 0.6 cm, P = 0.18). BMI and BF% did not differ between groups. Higher saturated fat consumption (30.1 ± 0.4 g and 29.9 ± 0.4 g, vs. 28.2 ± 0.4 g, P &amp;lt; 0.002, P &amp;lt; 0.02) and lower F/V consumption (2.96 ± 0.1 cups and 3.01 ± 0.1 cups, vs. 3.43 ± 0.1 cups, P &amp;lt; 0.001, P &amp;lt; 0.01) were observed in MVG and HVG vs. NVG. Sodium intake was higher in MVG vs. NVG (3957 ± 46 mg vs. 3701 ± 53 mg, P &amp;lt; 0.001) while discretionary calories were higher in HVG vs. NVG (759 ± 14 kcals vs. 693 ± 14 kcals, P &amp;lt; 0.003). No differences in total dietary fat, sugar, or alcohol consumption between groups were found. Conclusions Video game usage was associated with higher WC, saturated fat, sodium, discretionary calories, and lower F/V intake in college men. This knowledge can help to tailor nutrition education to male students; however, more robust, experimental studies in the college population are needed to confirm our observations. Funding Sources The New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1010,738.

Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Factors in College Students

Abstract Objectives Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet (MD) is related to a reduced risk of chronic disease, however, there is limited research related to the MD in young adults. Our objective was to examine MD adherence in a sample of undergraduate college students ages 18–24 and explore its association with cardiometabolic factors. Methods Data (n = 3117, 67% female) were collected between 2012–18 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an on-going, cross-sectional study at a midsized, northeastern university. Dietary and nutrient data were obtained from three-day food records; 2 items from an online questionnaire were used to evaluate fish and alcohol consumption. A modified MD scoring tool examined intake of 9 dietary components; scores ranged from low to high (0–9). MD scores were further divided into 3 categories (low, med, high MD). Anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical measures were obtained in the fasted state and used to examine cardiometabolic risk factors. Mean differences according to MD categories were evaluated via ANCOVA with the use of age, gender, year, semester, daily kcals, and BMI as covariates. Results Most students were categorized as consuming a low MD (40.4%) or med MD (40.1%); only 19.4% were categorized as having a high MD score. Modest but favorable differences in fasting glucose (87.6 ± .4, 86.9 ± .4, 85.5 ± .6, mg/dL P &amp;lt; .02) and diastolic blood pressure were observed (71.6 ± .3, 70.8 ± .3, 69.9 ± .5, mm Hg P &amp;lt; .01) with increasing levels of MD adherence categories, respectively. No differences in fasting triglycerides, HDL-C, waist circumference, or systolic blood pressure were observed between groups of MD adherence. Conclusions Our findings suggest the MD may be linked to some favorable health parameters in young adults. Understanding the relationship between different dietary patterns and development of chronic disease in this population will optimize interventions aimed at reducing disease burden. Funding Sources New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1,010,738.

Impact of Birth Control Use on Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Female College Students

Abstract Objectives Research suggests birth control (BC) use alters blood lipids in women. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in metabolic syndrome risk between birth control users vs. nonusers in a sample of female college students, 18–24 years old. Methods Data were collected between 2005–18 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing, cross-sectional study conducted at a midsized, northeastern university. Anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical measures were obtained in the fasted state and used to determine metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence. BC use was self-reported. Proportional differences between BC vs. non-BC users of MetS and individual MetS components were evaluated via chi-square tests. Results Forty-five % of the final sample (n = 6456) reported using BC. MetS (≥3 MetS criteria) was present in 3.9% of students; 16.7% of students had ≥ 2 MetS criteria. BC users vs. nonusers were more likely to have at-risk triglyceride levels (22.4 vs. 11.0%, P &amp;lt; .001) but less likely to have at-risk HDL levels (21.2 vs. 27.7%, P &amp;lt; .001) and abdominal obesity (14.3% vs. 16.4, P &amp;lt; .05). No significant differences were observed in prevalence of elevated blood pressure or glucose between BC users vs. nonusers. Overall, MetS prevalence did not differ between groups (3.8 vs. 3.9%, P = .85). Conclusions Our findings suggest BC use is common and impacts different MetS criteria in college females. College health providers and nutrition educators can utilize research findings to tailor information for female students at risk for MetS and chronic disease. Funding Sources New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1,010,738.

Comparison of Fitness Trackers in Predicting Daily Step Counts in a College Population

Abstract Objectives To determine the agreement of popular fitness trackers used by college students, age 18–24, compared to a validated pedometer in a free-living environment. Methods Data were collected between 2016–2019 through the College Health and Nutrition Assessment survey, an ongoing, cross-sectional study at a midsize, northeastern university. Students (n = 1034; 71% females; 51% first year) wore the Yamax Digi-Walker SW-200 Pedometer (PED) and another step tracking device of their choice for seven days. Agreement in the average steps between devices were examined via Pearson correlations and paired sample t-tests. Steps differences between PED and three common trackers were evaluated via ANCOVA using gender, semester, and year as covariates. Results Sixty-five % (1034 of 1683) of all participants provided step data via PED and an additional tracking device. Average daily steps recorded via PED = 9490 ± 108. Of those that provided tracker data, 8.3% (n = 86) used the Apple Watch (AW), 16.4% (n = 171) used a FitBit (FB), 48.5% (n = 501) used the Health iPhone application (HiPA), and 26.8% (n = 277) used other tracking devices. All three devices were strongly correlated to the PED (AW, r = 0.92, FB, r = .84, HiPA, r = .73; all P &amp;lt; .001). Both AW and FB overestimated steps (4.4 and 8.2%, respectively), while the HiPA underestimated steps (6.6%) as compared to PED. Average steps did not significantly differ between students who tracked activity via AW compared to the PED (9728 ± 374 vs. 9461 ± 355, P = .07). Conclusions Our findings show wrist-worn fitness trackers correlate well to a validated pedometer in free-living college students. Given the popularity of fitness trackers and mobile apps, these results may be important for researchers designing health interventions in the college population. Funding Sources New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1,010,738.

Does Perceived Stress Differ According to n-3 Fatty Acid Consumption in Undergraduate Students? (P18-041-19)

ObjectivesOmega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to have a beneficial effect on stress. As college students experience high levels of stress, our objectives were to quantify the relationship of n-3 FAs and fish consumption with perceived stress (PS) in undergraduate students (age 18–24) at a public New England university. MethodsData are from the College Health & Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 2012 - 2017 (68% women, age 18.8 years). Complete data were available on 2477 participants. Diet was assessed by three-day food records; n-3 FA intake was expressed as % of total energy and categorized by quartile. Participants self-reported intake of fish as servings per week over the past 30 days. Fish intake was categorized as <2 or ≥2 servings/week. PS was assessed via 10-item, online PS Scale questionnaire (PSS-10). Possible scores range from 0–40, with higher scores indicating more stress (mean 15.8 ± 6.7). Mean differences between n-3 FA intake and PS were analyzed using ANCOVA. Confounders included sex; BMI; academic year; semester; physical activity level; 1st generation student; hours of sleep; presence of disability; current smoker; total energy; and n-6 FAs, sugar, vegetable, sodium, and alcohol intake. ResultsMean intake of n-3 FA was 0.44 ± 0.21% and 38% consumed ≥ 2 servings of fish/week. Mean PSS-10 by n-3 FA quartile was 15.5 ± 0.3; 15.9 ± 0.3; 16.0 ± 0.3; 15.0 ± 0.3. No significant differences were observed in the sex and energy adjusted model. There was a trend towards significance between Q3 and Q4 (P = 0.08) in the fully adjusted model. In addition, the PSS-10 score was not significantly different between those consuming ≥2 vs <2 servings of fish/week in minimally or fully-adjusted models. Excluding those reporting fish oil supplement use (1.8%) did not alter our results. ConclusionsWe observed null associations of n-3 FA and fish intake with PSS-10 score among college students. Longitudinal studies in this population are needed to clarify the long-term associations. Funding SourcesThe New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1010738.

Associations of n-3 Fatty Acids and Fish Consumption with the Metabolic Syndrome in College Students (P18-022-19)

ObjectivesEvidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) and fish consumption may reduce the risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in older adults. We previously reported that MetS components are prevalent among college students. Identifying modifiable risk factors of developing MetS and its components in young adults will inform potential targets to reduce the risk of age-related health conditions. Our objectives were to measure the cross-sectional impacts of n-3 FA and fish consumption on ≥2 or ≥3 MetS criteria and individual criteria among college students. MethodsThe College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey is an on-going cross-sectional study at a public New England college. We examined data from Jan 2008 – May 2017. After excluding those with missing data our final sample size was n = 4271 for n-3 FA &n = 2072 for fish intake analyses. Diet was assessed by a 3 day food record; MetS criteria were collected in fasted state. We expressed n-3 FAs as g/1000 kcals/d. Servings of fish/week was obtained via an online survey. Individuals were categorized as consuming ≥ 2 servings/week or not. MetS was defined as meeting ≥ 3 criteria: elevated glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, waist circumference, and low HDL. Analyses were conducted by logistic regression. ResultsThe average n-3 FA intake was 0.4 g/1000 kcal/d ± 0.25 & 40% consumed ≥ 2 servings of fish/week. Prevalence estimates for meeting ≥ 2 criteria was 18.8% and 4.8% for MetS. In sex- and energy- adjusted models, n-3 FA consumption was inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.71) and ≥2 MetS criteria (OR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.49, 0.91). Associations were no longer significant after considering additional confounders. Fish consumption was not significantly associated with MetS or ≥2 criteria in any model. Further n-3 FAs and fish consumption was not associated with any individual MetS criteria. ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study among college students, n-3 FA and fish consumption were not significantly associated with MetS outcomes. Further research is needed in this population using longitudinal study designs to understand long-term impact of n-3 consumption on the development of MetS and associated cardio metabolic risk factors in young adults. Funding SourcesNew Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1010738.

Prevalence of Binge Drinking Episodes Among Male and Female College Students (P18-008-19)

ObjectivesTo examine binge-drinking trends among undergraduate university students (18–24 years) over a five-year span. MethodsData were collected between 2012–17 through an ongoing, cross-sectional health survey at a midsize, northeastern university. Students (n = 2759; 69% female; 59% first-year) self-reported binge-drinking activity over the past 30 days through an online questionnaire. Binge drinking was defined as consumption of ≥4 or 5 drinks on a single occasion for females and males, respectively. Heavy binge drinking behavior was defined as ≥4 episodes of binge drinking in the past 30 days. Proportional differences were analyzed through chi-square analyses. ResultsBetween 2012–17, binge drinking prevalence ranged from 65.1–75.4% among men and 53.9–65.9% among women. Overall, men reported higher rates of binge drinking compared to females (73.2% vs. 59.2%, P < 0.01). Collectively, 35.7% reported heavy binge drinking in the past 30 days. More males report heavy binge drinking over the past 30 days compared to females (49.1% vs. 29.6%, P < 0.01). Upperclass students reported a higher prevalence of binge drinking in the past 30 days compared to first-year students (68.3 vs. 60.3%, P < 0.01). Between 2012–17, binge drinking prevalence ranged from 65.1–75.4% among men and 53.9–65.9% among women. Overall, men reported higher rates of binge drinking compared to females (73.2% vs. 59.2%, P < 0.01). Collectively, 35.7% reported heavy binge drinking in the past 30 days. More males report heavy binge drinking over the past 30 days compared to females (49.1% vs. 29.6%, P < 0.01). Upperclass students reported a higher prevalence of binge drinking in the past 30 days compared to first-year students (68.3 vs. 60.3%, P < 0.01). ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with other studies in showing high rates of binge drinking among college students, especially among male students. Monitoring binge-drinking patterns on college campuses assists administrators and health educators to address the severity of the problem to identify and monitor prevention and intervention efforts. Funding SourcesNew Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Project 1010738.

Perceived Weight Status Among College Students and Its Relationship with Life Satisfaction (FS10-08-19)

ObjectivesAs mistaken body weight perceptions have been linked to less healthy diet and activity behaviors, accurate weight perception may help individuals set appropriate, health-related weight goals. However, some data link poor weight perception with negative mental health. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of body weight misperception and self-reported life satisfaction among undergraduate college students. MethodsData were collected from undergraduate students (18–24 years) participating in an on-going cross-sectional health survey at a midsize, northeastern university between 2010–18 (n = 3921). Students self-reported their described weight status and life satisfaction via online questionnaire; body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance in a fasted state. Proportional differences between men and women were evaluated using chi-square analyses. ResultsMore than a third (35.9%) of students misperceived their weight status. Among men (n = 1190), 31.7% misperceived their weight status. Among women (n = 2731), 37.6% misperceived their weight status. Compared with men, women had a higher prevalence of overestimating their weight status (31.7 vs. 11.1%, P < 0.01). Compared with women, men had a higher prevalence of underestimating weight status (20.7 vs. 5.9%, P < 0.01). No significant differences in life satisfaction were observed among individuals who correctly perceive their weight status versus those who misperceived. ConclusionsOur results show a high prevalence of undergraduate college students who misperceive their weight status; however, misperception was not associated with differences in life satisfaction. As misperception of weight status differed between genders, targeted interventions related to the promotion of healthy weight may consider sex-specific messaging in college students. Funding SourcesNew Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1010738.