Halogen Bulbs Research Articles

Heat Emission from All Time Headlights On: A Comparative Analysis of 45W Halogen and LED Bulbs in the Context of Road Safety and Environmental Impact

Heat Emission from All Time Headlights On: A Comparative Analysis of 45W Halogen and LED Bulbs in the Context of Road Safety and Environmental Impact

A Noval Solar Simulator to Explore Envirnoment Impacts On Panel Efficiency

The paper provided a complete hardware design for a solar simulator for versatile environmental conditions. These conditions include shading, humidity, dust, and temperature. In this work, the solar simulator was designed and fabricated to analyze the performance of PV panels with and without air cooling mechanisms in indoor tests. The halogen bulbs with built-in reflector support by the steel structure holder act as natural sunlight. The challenge for a solar simulator is stable uniform solar radiation and illumination. The uniform solar radiation of 7,575 candela was measured in the test area. Several units of PV panels were tested on variable environmental conditions. The air-cooling mechanism with a speed of 200 km/h decreases the surface PV panels with an air-cooling mechanism decreased by 2.3 ˚C. This increases the efficiency of the panel by 6.11 % of the maximum power output based on different fixed solar radiation. They have also compared it by hardware and by simulation method. An overall method and procedure of the measurement by the solar simulator are discussed and proposed

Field-Deployed Spectroscopy from 350 to 2500 nm: A Promising Technique for Early Identification of Powdery Mildew Disease (Erysiphe necator) in Vineyards

This study explores spectroscopy in the 350 to 2500 nm range for detecting powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) in grapevine leaves, crucial for precision agriculture and sustainable vineyard management. In a controlled experimental vineyard setting, the spectral reflectance on leaves with varying infestation levels was measured using a FieldSpec 4 spectroradiometer during July and September. A detailed assessment was conducted following the guidelines recommended by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) to quantify the level of infestation; categorising leaves into five distinct grades based on the percentage of leaf surface area affected. Subsequently, spectral data were collected using a contact probe with a tungsten halogen bulb connected to the spectroradiometer, taking three measurements across different areas of each leaf. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) analysis yielded coefficients of determination R2 = 0.74 and 0.71, and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) of 12.1% and 12.9% for calibration and validation datasets, indicating high accuracy for early disease detection. Significant spectral differences were noted between healthy and infected leaves, especially around 450 nm and 700 nm for visible light, and 1050 nm, 1425 nm, 1650 nm, and 2250 nm for the near-infrared spectrum, likely due to tissue damage, chlorophyll degradation and water loss. Finally, the Powdery Mildew Vegetation Index (PMVI) was introduced, calculated as PMVI = (R755 − R675)/(R755 + R675), where R755 and R675 are the reflectances at 755 nm (NIR) and 675 nm (red), effectively estimating disease severity (R2 = 0.7). The study demonstrates that spectroscopy, combined with PMVI, provides a reliable, non-invasive method for managing powdery mildew and promoting healthier vineyards through precision agriculture practices.

Thermal Performance of Residential Roofs in Malaysia: Experimental Study Using an Indoor Solar Simulator

Previous researchers have detailed the problems in measuring the thermal resistance value of a whole roof assembly under hot conditions due to the uncertainty of the outdoor environment. Currently, no established method exists to experimentally investigate an entire thermal roof performance under a steady-state condition. This article details the properties of the indoor solar simulator and the research methods undertaken to measure the thermal resistance value of roof assembly. The indoor solar simulator utilizes 40 halogen bulbs to accurately replicate sun radiation. Thermocouples and heat flux sensors are installed at several locations on the roof assembly to quantify the heat transmission occurring through it. The thermal resistance value is determined by adding up the average difference in temperature across the external and internal roof surfaces and dividing the total amount by the total of all averaged heat fluxes. Subsequently, this study investigates the thermal efficiency of residential roof assemblies that comprise various insulation materials frequently employed in Malaysia, including stone wool, mineral glass wool, reflective bubble foil insulation, and radiant barriers. The analysis showed that the roof configurations with bubble foil reflective insulation produce superior thermal resistance values when coupled with enclosed air space or mass insulation, with thermal resistance values ranging between 2.55 m2K/W and 3.22 m2K/W. It can be concluded that roof configurations with bubble foil reflective insulation resulted in high total thermal resistance and passed the minimum thermal resistance value of 2.5 m2K/W under the Malaysian Uniform Building By-Law 38 (A) requirements. Furthermore, the radiant barrier produced a high thermal resistance value of 2.50 m2K/W when installed parallel to a 50 mm enclosed air space, emphasising the crucial function of an enclosed air space next to a reflective foil to resist the incoming heat radiation. The findings from this research can help building professionals determine the optimum insulation for residential building roofs in Malaysia.

Alternatives to incandescent bulbs in Berlese funnels for detecting stored-product beetles in grain

We conducted a study to find alternative bulbs to use with Berlese funnels as a replacement for incandescent bulbs following widespread bans on their production and use. To do this, we measured the mean percent-recovery of adults and larvae of common stored-product beetles from 1-kg samples of wheat (12.5–14.5% moisture content) after 6 h using A19-style halogen bulbs and ceramic heat lamps, and compared them to recoveries using incandescent bulbs. We found that the 72W halogen bulb performed similarly to the incandescent bulb for all four species tested. Using this bulb, we recovered, on average, >85% of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzopertha dominica, and adult and larval Tribolium castaneum, as well as >70% of adult Sitophilus oryzae. Recovery of adult beetles using the heat lamp was similar to the incandescent bulb, but recovery of larval T. castaneum was significantly lower. The 43W and 53W halogens had significantly lower recovery rates compared to the incandescent bulb for adult C. ferrugineus (both bulbs) and adult and larval T. castaneum (43W halogen). Average recovery of larval C. ferrugineus was low for all bulbs (<70%). Grain moisture content did not influence average recovery across species or life stages. We also investigated whether an operating time shorter than 6 h could be used with an alternative bulb, but found that 6 h was still the minimum time required to maximize adult and larval recovery. We recommend using 72W A19 style halogen bulbs in place of incandescent bulbs because they have similar recovery rates as the incandescent bulb, and are cost-effective compared to ceramic heat lamps. However, some systems may not be able to handle the increase in power consumption and so we suggest assessing the system before running a full bank of lights.

Impact of Surgical Lights on the Performance of Fluorescence-Guided Surgery Systems: A Pilot Study.

Fluorescence-guided surgery can aid in the intraoperative visualization of target tissues, with promising applications in human and veterinary surgical oncology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of two fluoresce camera systems, IC-FlowTM and VisionsenseTM VS3 Iridum, for the detection of two non-targeted (ICG and IRDye-800) and two targeted fluorophores (AngiostampTM and FAP-Cyan) under different room light conditions, including ambient light, new generation LED, and halogen artificial light sources, which are commonly used in operating theaters. Six dilutions of the fluorophores were imaged in phantom kits using the two camera systems. The limit of detection (LOD) and mean signal-to-background ratio (mSBR) were determined. The highest values of mSBR and a lower LOD were obtained in dark conditions for both systems. Under room lights, the capabilities decreased, but the mSBR remained greater than 3 (=clearly detectable signal). LOD and mSBR worsened under surgical lights for both camera systems, with a greater impact from halogen bulbs on VisionsenseTM VS3 Iridium and of the LED lights on IC-Flow due to a contribution of these lights in the near-infrared spectrum. When considering implementing FGS into the clinical routine, surgeons should cautiously evaluate the spectral contribution of the lights in the operating theater.

The role of the γ subunit in the photosystem of the lowest-energy phototrophs

Purple phototrophic bacteria use a 'photosystem' consisting of light harvesting complex 1 (LH1) surrounding the reaction centre (RC) that absorbs far-red-near-infrared light and converts it to chemical energy. Blastochloris species, which harvest light >1000 nm, use bacteriochlorophyll b rather than the more common bacteriochlorophyll a as their major photopigment, and assemble LH1 with an additional polypeptide subunit, LH1γ, encoded by multiple genes. To assign a role to γ, we deleted the four encoding genes in the model Blastochloris viridis. Interestingly, growth under halogen bulbs routinely used for cultivation yielded cells displaying an absorption maximum of 825 nm, similar to that of the RC only, but growth under white light yielded cells with an absorption maximum at 972 nm. HPLC analysis of pigment composition and sucrose gradient fractionation demonstrate that the white light-grown mutant assembles RC-LH1, albeit with an absorption maximum blue-shifted by 46 nm. Wavelengths between 900-1000 nm transmit poorly through the atmosphere due to absorption by water, so our results provide an evolutionary rationale for incorporation of γ; this polypeptide red-shifts absorption of RC-LH1 to a spectral range in which photons are of lower energy but are more abundant. Finally, we transformed the mutant with plasmids encoding natural LH1γ variants and demonstrate that the polypeptide found in the wild type complex red-shifts absorption back to 1018 nm, but incorporation of a distantly related variant results in only a moderate shift. This result suggests that tuning the absorption of RC-LH1 is possible and may permit photosynthesis past its current low-energy limit.

Thermal simulation for a lighting system

In this case study, the verification of thermal heat management during the development phase of automotive lamp has been done. Thermal management becomes necessary for a longer life and right material choice for a particular lamp. A Halogen bulb produces a light efficiency of close to 5–10% while rest converts into heat. With this heat source, it was important to study the airflow distribution within the lamp and the impact of it over the surface temperatures on the heat dissipating materials. In this Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation, a Halogen bulb as a heat source considered within the same domain with other taillamp components such as lens, license plate and the housing. The light output for TAIL and STOP functions for a bulb converted to heat using the efficiency and duty cycle. Numerical simulation performed for taillamp verified in terms of temperature distribution inside the CFD domain. Plastic material’s performance defined comparing the Heat Deflection temperature (HDT). A well validated numerical experimentation with the tests obtained by using Siemens NX thermal simulation software.

Efficiency improvement of PV module using a binary-organic eutectic phase change material in a finned container

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is a promising technology in solar energy conversion. There is plenty of solar energy available in tropical regions. However, increased PV module temperature during operation affects its performance in negative way. Thus, PV module cooling via passive cooling is of interest to overcome the problem and shows more attractive against active cooling techniques. In this work, phase change material (PCM) filled in a finned container is attached at the back surface of a PV module as for passive cooling. The PCM used is a novel organic eutectic PCM which is a mixture of Myristic acid and Stearic acid. Three proportions of these two acids, which are 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 %wt, are investigated for PV module temperature reduction. Light intensity of 900–1000 W/m2 is generated by tungsten halogen bulbs as an irradiation onto the PV module. The PV module performances are examined and compared to those without PCM cooling. The results show that the organic eutectic PCM can reduce the PV module temperature and thus, enhance the PV module performance. Among three proportions, the 60:40 %wt mixture gives best results which are 7.06 °C reduction, 0.454 W power increase, and 4.226% module efficiency improvement.

Simultaneous tailoring of pulsed thermography experimental and processing parameters for enhanced defect detection and sizing in adhesive bonds in carbon fibre composites

Thermographic inspection provides opportunity to tailor non-destructive evaluation to specific applications. The paper discusses the opportunities this presents through consideration of adhesive bonds between composites, such as those joining structural members and outer skins, where access is restricted to a single side. To date, literature focusses on the development of either an experimental procedure or data processing approach. This research aims to demonstrate the importance of tailoring both of these aspects to an application to obtain improved defect detection and robust quantification. Firstly, the heating stimulus is optimised to maximise the thermal contrast created between defect and non-defect regions using a development panel. Traditional flash heating is compared to longer square pulse heating, using a developed shutter system, compromising between experimental duration and heat input. A pulse duration of 4 seconds using two 130 W halogen bulbs was found double the detection depth from 1 mm to 2 mm, revealing all defects in the development panel. Temporal processing was maintained for all data using thermal signal reconstruction. Spatial defect detection routines were then implemented to provide robust defect/feature detection. Spatial defect detection encompassed a combination of image enhancement and edge detection algorithms. A two-stage kernel filter/binary enhancement method followed by the use of Canny edge detection was found most robust, providing a sizing error of 1.8% on the development panel data. This process was then implemented on adhesive bonds with simulated bond line defects. The simulated defects are based on target detection threshold of 10 mm diameter void found at 1–2 mm depth. All simulated void defects were detected in the representative bonded joint down to the minimum diameter tested of 5 mm. By considering the tailoring of multiple aspects of the inspection routine independently, an overall optimised approach for the application of interest has been defined.

As a case study, energy analysis application of a hotel business in private sector

In our study, a detailed energy study was carried out in a hotel business, which is a commercial building, energy saving potential was determined, measures that could be taken to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption costs were determined and recommendations were presented. As a result of the measurements of the hot water installation line with the thermal camera, heat losses in the valves and flanges were observed and insulation was recommended. When the investment determined for insulation is made, it is calculated that there will be a decrease of approximately 17% in the annual energy consumption for the water installation. After heating, booster and fire pump motors with efficiency class EFF2 were replaced with IE4 efficiency motors, it is seen there is a 6.9% increase in motor efficiency. As a result of replacing the IE1 class engine used in the cooling system with an IE4 class engine, the engine efficiency is expected to increase by 6.2%. As a result of the replacement of halogen bulbs in the business with LED luminaires, the annual total electricity savings were calculated as approximately 19158.12 kW/year.

Generation of a Charge Carrier Gradient in a 3C-SiC/Si Heterojunction with Asymmetric Configuration.

It is critical to investigate the charge carrier gradient generation in semiconductor junctions with an asymmetric configuration, which can open a new platform for developing lateral photovoltaic and self-powered devices. This paper reports the generation of a charge carrier gradient in a 3C-SiC/Si heterojunction with an asymmetric electrode configuration. 3C-SiC/Si heterojunction devices with different electrode widths were illuminated by laser beams (wavelengths of 405, 521, and 637 nm) and a halogen bulb. The charge carrier distribution along the heterojunction was investigated by measuring the lateral photovoltage generated when the laser spot scans across the 3C-SiC surface between the two electrodes. The highest lateral photovoltage generated is 130.58 mV, measured in the device with an electrode width ratio of 5 and under 637 nm wavelength and 1000 μW illumination. Interestingly, the lateral photovoltage was generated even under uniform illumination at zero bias, which is unusual for the lateral photovoltage, as it can only be generated when unevenly distributed photogenerated charge carriers exist. In addition, the working mechanism and uncovered behavior of the lateral photovoltaic effect are explained based on the generation and separation of electron-hole pairs under light illumination and charge carrier diffusion theory. The finding further elaborates the underlying physics of the lateral photovoltaic effect in nano-heterojunctions and explores its potential in developing optoelectronic sensors.

DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE LOW COST BLUE-GREEN LED PHOTOTHERAPY METHOD FOR NEONATAL JAUNDICE TREATMENT

Jaundice is an unusual situation in neonatal toddlers and is a scientific signal of excess conjugated or unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Phototherapy is the maximum broadly used treatment, and it has proved safe and powerful for over recent years. Compact fluorescent tubes, halogen bulbs, fiber optic blankets, and LEDs are commonly used light sources for phototherapy with varying efficiencies. In recent years, there are several studies reported blue-green LED phototherapy to be effective than conventional phototherapy in term neonates. This research aimed to develop the effectiveness of bluegreen LED phototherapy with a larger illuminated area and higher irradiance to conventional phototherapy methods. This lamp device was built with a blue-green LED light source composed of a matrix of 15 x 25 LEDs that generates 460 nm. This device is characterized by being a very compact source with an effective low cost, long life and low energy consumption phototherapy method. The results obtained were comparable with industrially synthetic devices, but being self-made, it grew to become out to be less highly-priced, consequently greater efficient in terms of fitness costs. In this research work conclude that high intensity blue-green LED device was much more effective than conventional phototherapy methods for jaundice photo degradation. Further studies will be necessary to prove its clinical efficiency.

Measuring aggregate electricity savings from the diffusion of more efficient lighting technologies

Increasing concerns about sustainability and energy conservation, coupled with the proliferation of incentives in the EU to achieve energy savings, suggest that significant improvements in energy efficiency should be realized. A policy measure that should have a direct impact on energy savings is the replacement of incandescent and halogen light bulbs by more efficient lighting technologies, which was implemented in 2009. Due to the lack of detailed data, it is not feasible to measure the effect of energy-efficient improvements on electricity consumption at the aggregate level using a bottom-up approach. To overcome this limitation, this paper analyzes hourly electricity demand in a very specific period of the day: the transition from day to night. In this short period, it is plausible that lighting is the main driver of changes in electricity demand, thus making it possible to estimate the increase in electricity consumption when lights are switched on and to analyze the effects of higher energy efficiency in lighting, if any. The results of the analysis for Spain show that during the periods 2009–2011 and 2015–2016, an estimated energy savings of 251 GWh can be attributed to a reduction in the magnitude of the lighting effect, which accounts for 20.3% of the observed decrease in electricity consumption during these two periods.

NDT of Composites Based on Active Infrared Thermography and Ultrasound Testing

Composite materials, such as glass and carbon reinforced ones, are characterized by inhomogeneous structure that requires non destructive testing based on uncommon evaluation methods. The presented approach is based on the active infrared thermography, supported by the A-scan ultrasound testing. The heat wave propagation induced by halogen or xenon bulbs, due to the differences in thermal conductivity, reveals material structure and anomalies. In our previous work we have developed several signal processing and depth evaluation methods, but the real engineering approach requires additional approval testing methods such as the A-scan ultrasound is. The A-scan ultrasound, based on the low frequency probe, enables approval of anomalies located by infrared thermography. The active infrared thermography, as a full field method, enables evaluation of the whole scanned area. The A-scan, as a point-wise method, does not provide the image of whole area of interest. By combining these two methods, robust and reliable approach to analysis of composite structure is enabled.

Retrieving potassium levels in wheat blades using normalised spectra

This work explored potassium nutrient retrieval in wheat blades using reflectance spectra. Spectral data were collected from wheat blades at different growth stages, in different cultivars, and following different fertilisation treatments from 2016 to 2019 using a leaf clip and halogen bulb with an ASD spectrometer. Reflectance data from 350 to 2500 nm were collected, and data of 400 to 2400 nm were used in the retrieval. Using a leaf clip to measure the reflectance of a narrow blade can cause bias, which can be corrected using a normalisation method, i.e. the reflectance of each band was divided by the average reflectance of all bands. Three such methods were employed: vegetation index (VI), partial least squares (PLS), and random forest (RF). The approach yielded leaf potassium content (LKC, %) and leaf potassium per area (LKA, g/m2). The results showed that newly developed VIs outperformed previously published indices. The model using a modified ratio spectral index, mRSI(2275, 1875), yielded LKC with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.61 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.57%. Normalisation methods can eliminate multiplicative error in blade spectra, thereby correcting the underestimated reflectance of narrow blades, and improving the accuracy of potassium retrieval models. Among the three methods, PLS achieved the highest accuracy. The retrieval of LKC and LKA based on normalised spectra and the PLS method yielded R2 values of 0.74 and 0.65, respectively, and their corresponding RMSE values were 0.46% and 0.21 g/m2. LKC retrieval models had higher R2 values than LKA models. This comprehensive analysis of different methods revealed the importance of reflectance at 1883 nm and 2305 nm. In conclusion, it is feasible to retrieve wheat leaf potassium levels using spectral data.

Material Selection and Manufacturing of Halogen Based Headlamp for Two-Wheeler Vehicle Technologies

In the plastic industry, distinctive handling hardware like expulsion, infusion trim, Calendaring, and thermoforming are utilized to fabricate various products. This equipment is fundamentally the improvement of Standard Injection Molding in which Injection Molding is significant. This procedure is utilized for the assembling of the hollow section part and the part with thin wall thickness. This research aimed to develop a halogen-based Headlamp for a two-wheeler vehicle. The essential objective of an automotive headlight is to enhance safety and protection in low light and poor climate conditions. It is the first time that a halogen-based headlamp for a two-wheeler vehicle has been created for the first time in Pakistan. The product in our project consists of three major components, reflector, halogen bulb, and lens. Material selection and processing were the two major tasks in this project. The product was manufactured through injection molding, a high vacuum metallization process, and then finally assembling of parts. To determine the quality of the product, six tests were performed according to Japanese standard JIS-D5500.

Assessment of in-house build low cost solar panel simulator

It is well known that solar simulator is a very important equipment in solar panels research and development (R&D). Solar simulator is mainly used to assess the efficiency of solar panels. However, the cost to acquire such system is expensive and prone to malfunction when used repeatedly. The cost to repair solar simulator when malfunction is also expensive and time consuming. As an alternative, low cost solar simulator has been built independently by a group of researcher from Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology (FTKE), University of Malaysia, Perlis (UniMAP) using 88 GU-10 halogen bulbs. This paper presents the assessment of the in-house build low cost solar panel simulator. The simulator was tested in three separate experiments to plot the current-voltage (IV) curve. The IV curves obtained from these experiments were analysed to determine the irradiance input (in Wm −2) of the solar simulator. Results have shown that the in-house build solar simulator has an input of 350 ∼ 400 Wm −2 if solar panels are suspended 20 cm above the halogen bulbs.

A Low-Cost System for Moisture Content Detection of Bagasse upon a Conveyor Belt with Multispectral Image and Various Machine Learning Methods

This research aimed to propose an online system based on multispectral images for the real-time estimation of the moisture content (MC) of sugarcane bagasse. The system consisted of a conveyor belt, four halogen bulbs, and a multispectral camera. The MC models were developed using machine learning algorithms, i.e., multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR), artificial neural network (ANN), PCA-ANN, Gaussian process regression (GPR), PCA-GPR, random forest regression (RFR), and PCA-GPR. The models were developed using 150 samples (calibration set) meanwhile the remaining 50 samples were applied as a validation set. The comparison of all developed models showed that the PCA-RFR model achieved better detection with a higher accuracy of MC prediction. The PCA-RFR model showed the best results which were a coefficient of determination of prediction (r2) of 0.72, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 11.82 wt%, and a ratio of the standard error of prediction to standard deviation (RPD) of 1.85. The results show that this technique was very useful for MC rapid screening of the sugarcane bagasse.

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