Hall Effect Current Sensor Research Articles

TCAD Modelling of Magnetic Hall Effect Sensors

In this paper, a gallium nitride (GaN) magnetic Hall effect current sensor is simulated in 2D and 3D using the TCAD Sentaurus simulation toolbox. The model takes into account the piezoelectric polarization effect and the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) and Fermi–Dirac statistics for all simulations. The galvanic transport model of TCAD Sentaurus is used to model the Lorentz force and magnetic behaviour of the sensor. The current difference, total current, and sensitivity simulations are systematically calibrated against experimental data. The sensor is optimised using varying geometrical and biasing parameters for various ambient temperatures. This unintentionally doped ungated current sensor has enhanced sensitivity to 16.5 %T−1 when reducing the spacing between the drains to 1 μm and increasing the source to drain spacing to 76 μm. It is demonstrated that the sensitivity degrades at 448 K (S = 12 %T−1), 373 K (S = 14.1 %T−1) compared to 300 K (S = 16.5 %T−1). The simulation results demonstrate a high sensitivity of GaN sensors at elevated temperatures, outperforming silicon counterparts.

Three phase microcontroller based automatic change-over selection switch

The significance of electricity in a developed country cannot be underestimated because power instability problem affects the economy growth, productivity and infrastructure development. The issues of phase failure, losses and phase imbalance earth fault are main causes that lead to unstable and erratic power supply. Most homes and office complexes where single-phase supply is needed are supplied with three phases of power supply to allow change from one phase to another when there is fluctuation or complete outage of power supply on a particular phase. This operation is normally done manually and has caused a setback in terms of time wastage, strenuous operation, susceptibility to fire outbreak, electric shock and high maintenance frequency. When voltage supply on a phase is below 220V or above 415V, this system automatically disconnects the load from the phase and connects to another where the required condition is met. Therefore, this paper presents a Microcontroller Based Automatic Transfer Switching System which is made up of voltage sensing circuit, Hall Effect current sensor, relays, LEDs and LCD of PIC16F877A microcontroller. A system flow chart was developed, programmed with MikroC software and simulated using Proteus electrical software design. A 10KVA single phase generator was used as alternate power source. The load capacity of the design was determined by decoupling Maxwell’s Equations of 8KW and power loss using pointing vector equation as 0.25% of the peak load. The switch is tested to have function optimally within ±5% nominal voltage of 220 - 415V supply and produced approximately 20 seconds elapses during the entire process of power supply changeover. Hence this device is suitable for Industrial and Domestic use where 3-phase power supply is available with a stand-by power source.

Off-Design Operation and Cavitation Detection in Centrifugal Pumps Using Vibration and Motor Stator Current Analyses.

Centrifugal pumps are essential in many industrial processes. An accurate operation diagnosis of centrifugal pumps is crucial to ensure their reliable operation and extend their useful life. In real industry applications, many centrifugal pumps lack flowmeters and accurate pressure sensors, and therefore, it is not possible to determine whether the pump is operating near its best efficiency point (BEP). This paper investigates the detection of off-design operation and cavitation for centrifugal pumps with accelerometers and current sensors. To this end, a centrifugal pump was tested under off-design conditions and various levels of cavitation. A three-axis accelerometer and three Hall-effect current sensors were used to collect vibration and stator current signals simultaneously under each state. Both kinds of signals were evaluated for their effectiveness in operation diagnosis. Signal processing methods, including wavelet threshold function, variational mode decomposition (VMD), Park vector modulus transformation, and a marginal spectrum were introduced for feature extraction. Seven families of machine learning-based classification algorithms were evaluated for their performance when used for off-design and cavitation identification. The obtained results, using both types of signals, prove the effectiveness of both approaches and the advantages of combining them in achieving the most reliable operation diagnosis results for centrifugal pumps.

Single PCB sensor-based output current reproduction for three-phase inverter systems

This study proposes a practical output current measurement system in a three-phase inverter with a single printed circuit board (PCB) Rogowski coil sensor inserted in the bus between the DC-link capacitor and the power semiconductor module. This system demonstrates its advantage over conventional output current sensors, such as the Hall effect current sensors, in terms of the size, weight, operation temperature and cost. The system can be applied to 6-in-1 power modules as it does not require sensors in the inverter phase legs.In our previous works, we have developed a method called “envelope tracking”, which is used in this system as well. This method traces the switching current instead of the output current to reproduce the output current signal in real-time. Envelope tracking successfully reproduced the output current waveform for single phase inverters under certain conditions. However, a large error is observed in the three-phase inverter demonstration under a high switching frequency (narrow pulse) or when the switching of different phases overlap each other. These errors must be completely suppressed to implement the system for feedback control in three-phase inverters.In this study, a new analog basis output current waveform reproduction system is introduced to suppress the above mentioned errors. This system is implemented in a three-phase insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) inverter and successfully reproduces the output current with a single PCB sensor inserted between a 6-in-1 IGBT power module and DC-link capacitor, operating under a switching frequency of 3.5–7.0 kHz and output current of 6 A with DC-link voltage of 150 V.

Experimental evaluation of Hall-effect current sensors in BCD10 technology

A new version of the X-Hall broadband current sensor implemented in the BCD10 process by STMicrolectronics is experimentally characterized by means of static, magnetic, and thermal measurements. The results are comparatively assessed against the same topology implemented in a previous BCD generation as well as against a reference square-Hall sensor in the same BCD10 process and operated under the spinning current technique. The sensors realized in BCD10 technology are here presented for the first time. This experimental study demonstrates that the BCD10 technology generally improves sensor sensitivity for all the topologies under analysis. In particular, it offers a 10% increase of the current-to-magnetic field transduction factor, and almost a two-fold improvement of the current-related sensitivity for the X-Hall sensor.

Implementation of an electrical network monitoring system based on a non-contact temperature sensor and a current sensor based on the Hall effect

The safety of people and the environment is an important issue at any enterprise. One of the main threats in the production environment is the occurrence of fire and the failure of electrical equipment. Fire alarm systems provide immediate evacuation of people and fight the source of fire. The article describes implementation of an electrical circuit system based on a non-contact temperature sensor and a Hall effect current sensor, which is necessary for fire prevention. The experiment showed that the data obtained is sufficient for timely change of current level in the conductors and prevention of emergency situation. The article consists of an introduction, theoretical information about the temperature sensor and current sensor based on the Hall effect, description of Bluetooth Mesh network topology, development of a wireless network diagram for the electrical network monitoring system, conclusion.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CURRENT SENSORS OF 0.38 KV VOLTAGE CLASS IN THREE MODES OF OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL GRID

The operation of existing relay protection devices is based on the measurement of electrical network parameters (voltage, frequency, current) performed using sensors installed in the electrical network. Current sensors are subject to high requirements for output data in various modes of operation of the electrical network. As current sensors in the 0.38 kV electrical grid, the following are widely used: current transformers, transreactor sensors, resistive sensors, Hall effect current sensors. (Research purpose) The research purpose is experimentally studying current sensors of various types used in electrical networks of 0.38 kilovolts. (Materials and methods) Conducted laboratory studies on a prepared laboratory stand of various current sensors in three operating modes: steady-state mode, switching mode with initial magnetic flux, switching mode without initial magnetic flux. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that not all types of current sensors can be used as a source of reference data in the construction of high-speed current protection. It was determined that transformer-type sensors can introduce a significant error in the operation of relay protection for reasons of significant angular error, pronounced processes of magnetization and enticement in switching modes. It was found that sensors based on the types of transreactor and Hall effect have the lowest angular error and resistance to switching modes. (Conclusions) It was revealed that when choosing current sensors as a source of reference data, not only passport characteristics, but also laboratory studies should be taken into account. The necessity of taking into account the operational operating time and inductance of the current sensor, the angular error and the shape of the current curve of the secondary circuit was stated.

Analysis of Position Estimation Error in Signal-Injection Sensorless Control Induced by Inverter dv/dt-Based Current Measurement Noise

This article discusses position estimation error in signal-injection sensorless control (SISC) induced by the current measurement noise of closed-loop Hall effect current sensor, when it is installed in an inverter system. For the first step, an equivalent circuit modeling of the current sensor in the inverter system is proposed, which includes the parasitic capacitances between the inverter and sensor. The presented modeling can explain how the high dv/dt of the inverter switching generates the leakage current through the parasitic capacitances, resulting in the measurement noise. The noise is sampled with analog to digital conversion, and it affects the rotor position estimation signal with the SISC algorithm. As a result, it is revealed that considerable position estimation error occurs from the noise. The experimental results are provided to verify the proposed theory and confirm the noise effects on the SISC performance.

PENGUJIAN SENSITIVITAS DAN AKURASI SENSOR ARUS HALL EFFECT MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO-UNO

The sensitivity and accuracy of the hall effect current sensor is an important factor in its application considering that electric current is the main parameter in the study of electrical energy engineering, telecommunications and electronics. However, on the other hand, studies related to the sensitivity and accuracy of Hall effect current sensors are still rarely carried out. The method used in this research is an experimental laboratory study using the ACS712 sensor with a variation rating of 5A, 20A and 30A. The results show that the sensitivity is inversely proportional to the ampere rating of the ACS712 sensor where the greater the current rating of the sensor, the lower the sensitivity. While the accuracy is directly proportional to the ampere rating of the ACS712 sensor where the greater the current rating of the sensor, the more accurate the sensor is

Smart Solar PV Monitoring using Cloud Computing

Renewable energy sources are proven to be reliable and accepted as the best alternative for fulfilling our increasing energy needs. As technology is advancing, cost of renewable energy equipments is decreasing which has resulted in a massive increase in solar photovoltaic installations. Most of these installations act as auxiliary power source. A majority of these are installed in inaccessible locations – as close as a rooftop to as far away as a dessert. Hence, they require sophisticated systems for remote monitoring of these installations using wide area networks. The system described in this paper is capable of measuring the values of Solar PV voltage and current and temperature and sending them over on mobile networks to the internet for data logging and review by the user. In case of a deviation from normal specified values of current, voltage or temperature, the system is also capable of alerting the user via an IOT. The idea is to connect all sensors and devices on a common network i.e. internet through wired or wireless means so that the user can access the data and control the devices from anywhere around the globe with an internet connection. Along with this, the aim is to automate the process using pre-defined logic to reduce human intervention as much as possible. It has gained a lot of attention in recent years due to its diversified usage in the fields of consumer electronics, home automation, health care, smart car, smart city and security purposes. The Solar PV voltage is sensed by voltage divider circuit. Current is sensed using Hall Effect Current Sensor ACS712. The temperature and humidity is sensed using DHT11 temperature an sensor. A dedicated computer system is set up to store the data obtained for future reference and review. This data now can be viewed anywhere on the globe using an internet connection on an IP by an IoT module. As the conventional sources of electricity generation are depleting, mankind is in need of renewable sources such as solar and wind energy to sustain itself. Hence all we need is a good, up-to-date monitoring system which can perform major tasks automatically without human intervention and can provide data to the user whenever and wherever needed. IOT is the best solution for monitoring of solar installations. IOT based remote monitoring of the Solar PV installation will also save energy and man-labour.

Three-Phase Current Reconstruction for PMSM Drive With Modified Twelve Sector Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

To reduce the cost and size of the power converters, techniques of reconstructing three-phase current through a single current sensor have been employed in permanent-magnet synchronous motors. In existing studies, the reconstruction precision is largely affected by current reconstruction dead zones in the space vector pulsewidth modulation (PWM) plane, which requires additional algorithms to compensateeither by modifying PWM modulation strategy or by phase-shifting of PWM signal. In this article, a phase current reconstruction method for three-phase inverter with the modification of a twelve sector space vector pulsewidth modulation (TS-SVPWM) is proposed. By arranging a single current sensor on a circuit branch between two power switches, the proposed method can reconstruct the three-phase current of the voltage source inverter and avoid the dead zones located at the sector boundary region. This method can be realized not only with a single Hall-effect current sensor but also with a single shunt resistor, which can expand its application. The proposed method can be a fault-tolerance solution when there are phase current sensor faults. Beside, the three-phase current can be reconstructed when there are open-circuit faults in the power switches. Compared with previous methods, the proposed TS-SVPWM can reduce the phase current harmonics. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by experiments.

Hall-Effect Current Sensors: Principles of Operation and Implementation Techniques

Isolated current sensing is fundamental in several contexts, including power electronics, automotive, and smart buildings. In order to meet the requirements of modern applications, current sensors should feature ever larger bandwidth and dynamic range, as well as reduced power consumption and dimension. Among the available current sensing technologies, Hall-based current sensors have gained an increased popularity owing to their advantages in terms of size, economic feasibility, low power consumption, high dynamic range, and integrability with standard CMOS technologies. This tutorial aims at providing a comprehensive insight into the interdisciplinary world of Hall-effect current sensors, encompassing the fundamental principles of operation, the design of the semiconductor device, the implementation techniques, as well as the methods for sensor modeling and characterization. In particular, this manuscript focuses on Hall-effect sensors realized on standard silicon technologies, and it reviews some typical architectures for the transduction of the measurand current into a magnetic field, as well as the electronic front-end. While this tutorial is mainly addressed to students and non-expert readers, specific design aspects and dispersion effects due to temperature and other external phenomena are also discussed.

Reluctance Network Model of Open-Loop Hall-Effect Current Sensor for Circuit-Type Simulation Software Analyses

The automotive industry progresses towards full electrification of cars. Therefore, more and more current sensors will be used in each car. These sensors must consume little electrical energy and be as cheap as possible due to the cost-sensitive automotive market. The latter leads to the use, where possible, of Hall-effect open-loop sensors composed of cheap magnetic materials, such as Fe-Si alloys for the magnetic circuit. Depending on the wide range of current and bandwidth of the different onboard electrical devices, each sensor has a different magnetic circuit that must be designed quickly but still accurately. This paper aims to facilitate the design work of engineers by providing them with a simulation model that can be easily used in a circuit type simulation software such as LTspice. This model can bring high-fidelity results in terms of sensor linearity and frequency bandwidth which allows the optimization of the sensor before proceeding to the prototyping step, reducing the time and costs of the design phase.

A New Technique for High Current Calibrations Using Low Voltage Reference Standards

In the electrical power industry, high current measurements have a fundamental importance. This necessitates the use of highly accurate, precise, and traceable techniques to calibrate measuring instruments in order to preserve the output quality. High current measuring techniques are being developed continuously to improve measurement accuracy and reduce uncertainty [1]. [2]. It is crucial to develop traceable strategies for calibrating high current sourcing instruments such that high current measurements can be traced to SI units, hence ensuring that the specifications and calibration procedures are in agreement with quality standards [3]. Calibrators combined with current coils are commonly used in high current measurements in industrial applications and laboratory measurements. Measuring high currents involves current clamps in both laboratory and industrial measurements as they provide safety due to their high insulation level [4], [5]. Clamp meters and clamp transducers that are based on Hall-effect current sensor are capable of measuring dc and ac currents [6]. Hall-effect sensors sense the magnetic field due to the flow of current, in terms of low voltage corresponding to the high current induced in the current coil [7]. Thus, the low voltage detected will facilitate the traceability of high current measurements to the SI units.

Electrical current visualization sensor based on magneto-electrochromic effect

Electrical safety is a major threat to public safety worldwide, with fires and explosions causing damage to property and loss of life. Detection and monitoring of the occurrence of destructive current spikes can provide valuable insights into system health and inform preventative maintenance. Current sensors based on the Magnetoelectric (ME) effect have been regarded as optimal solutions because of the low power consumption and high sensitivity of ME devices compared to conventional current sensors (current transformers, Hall-effect current sensors, etc.). However, none of the conventional sensing techniques can provide ex-situ recording or a means for a human-readable signal output. Development of a current sensor that can sense, visualize, and record a current level remains a challenge. Here, we report an electric current visualization sensor that uses a coupled magnetoelectric/electrochromic effect to transform environmental current energy into electrical signals, and subsequently to a color change readily interpreted by a human observer. The current visualization sensor uses a PZT piezoelectric microfiber composite (MFC) / FeSiB alloy (Metglas) laminate combined with a Prussian blue-based electrochromic device (ECD). Such a current sensor demonstrates high efficiency self-powered current sensing and non-volatile signal recording.

A Fluxgate-Based Current Sensor for DC Bias Elimination in a Dual Active Bridge Converter

A concern with the isolation transformer in a dual active bridge (DAB) dc–dc converter is the dc bias in magnetization. This article proposes a fluxgate-based current sensor to measure the dc component mixed with a large, high-frequency ac current. Compared with a commercial Hall effect current sensor, the proposed sensor significantly reduces measurement error. This article presents the working principle and design considerations. A prototype is demonstrated for dc bias elimination control in a DAB converter.

Korišćenje strujnog senzora ACS712 baziranog na Holovom efektu za merenje jačine elektične struje u kolima energetske elektronike

Current measurement in power electronic systems is a necessary part of the measurement process. There are different ways for current measurement like using current transformers or using the Rogowski coils which are not precise enough in many applications and not suitable for use in power electronic measurement systems. For that reason, the Hall effect-based sensor can be used as a very precise alternative with minimum external components. Presented in this paper is utilizing the Hall effect current sensor ACS712 for current measurement with a microcontroller system. The measurement with the Hall effect sensor is described with an appropriate comparison of the measurement values on a microcontroller system and multimeter and high precision power analyzer Chauvin Arnoux 8335.

Close-Loop Current Control With Current-Sensing Resistor for Electromagnet Driven by Full-Bridge PWM Inverter

The full-bridge pulse-width-modulation (PWM) inverter is wildly applied to drive the electromagnet and enables advanced technologies, such as the active magnetic bearing (AMB) and the permanent-electro magnetic suspension (PEMS). However, the characteristic relationship between the current through the electromagnet and the duty cycle of the PWM signal has strong nonlinearity around the zero current. Moreover, the electromagnet possesses the induction that results in the time constant and significantly hinders the change of the current. Hence, the open-loop control of the full-bridge PWM inverter cannot accurately or timely tune the current through the electromagnet, especially around the zero current. This work proposes a closed-loop current control approach by three steps: (1) inserting a current-sensing resistor into the middle of the electromagnet, (2) obtaining the current signal with an analog signal-processing circuit, and (3) generating the PWM signal with the bang-bang control circuit. The proposed approach innovatively arranges the current-sensing resistor to take advantage of the symmetry and to minimize the influence from the high-frequency switching of the inverter, so that the measured current signal is comparable to the hall-effect current sensor. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed closed-loop current control approach, though the weak charging capability of the full-bridge PWM inverter still hinders its performance.

Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in a Micro-grid Using Internet of Things and Blockchain

With advancements in renewable energy techno­logies, consumers are becoming prosumers, and renewable energy resources are being used in distributed networks. In an isolated distributed system, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is one of the most promising energy management solutions. In this paper, we propose a P2P energy trading method for micro-grids using open resources and technology. The proposed setup comprises an Internet of Things (IoT) server to transfer energy amongst the peers without human intervention, and an Ethereum based private blockchain is suggested for money transfer in the form of cryptocurrency. The IoT server enables the peers to control and monitor self-produced energy. Arduino UNO, ACS 712 hall-effect current sensor, and a relay are the main components used in the hardware setup. The current sensor data is sent in real- time to Arduino for onward communication to the IoT server. A user-friendly interface has been developed on the server to perform various energy trading tasks. Peers have the choice to access the server remotely to perform energy trading tasks. The energy trading events can be shared amongst peers through e-mail notifications. For financial transactions, we utilized Ganache graphical user interface (GUI) a private Ethereum blockchain eliminating the need for financial institutions. The proposed peer-to-peer energy trading model has been successfully tested for energy trading between two peers. This paper provides details of the proposed hardware and software setup and explains how low-cost P2P energy trading can be achieved.

CONTROL AND MONITORING OF A SOCKET SYSTEM

The purpose of this paper is to present the design and implementation of a system that combines the hardware with the software resulting in an intelligent system of sockets that can be controlled and monitored remotely. The Arduino Mega 2560 performs the basic function and provides the information gathered from the sensors (Hall effect current sensor, motion sensor, dual temperature and humidity sensor). General system information is displayed locally on an LCD screen. The system protects the connected equipment by disconnecting the power supply in case of hazard; but can also be controlled remotely via a web application by the user.