Half-strength Hoagland Nutrient Solution Research Articles

Transcriptome Profiling and Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis Reveal Hub Genes and Pathways Involved in the Response to Polyethylene-Glycol-Induced Drought Stress of Two Citrus Rootstocks.

Agriculture faces the dual challenge of increasing food production and safeguarding the environment. Climate change exacerbates this challenge, reducing crop yield and biomass due to drought stress, especially in semi-arid regions where Citrus plants are cultivated. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in Citrus is crucial for developing adaptive strategies. Plants of two citrus rootstocks, Carrizo Citrange and Bitters (C22), were grown in aerated half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. Post-acclimation, the plants were exposed to a solution containing 0% (control) or 15% PEG-8000 for 10 days. Leaf malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content were measured to assess the reached oxidative stress level. Total RNA was extracted, sequenced, and de novo-assembled. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to examine the relationship between gene expression patterns and the levels of MDA and H2O2 used as oxidative stress indicators. Plant visual inspection and MDA and H2O2 contents clearly indicate that Bitters is more tolerant than Carrizo towards PEG-induced drought stress. RNA-Seq analysis revealed a significantly higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Carrizo (6092) than in Bitters (320), with most being associated with drought sensing, ROS scavenging, osmolyte biosynthesis, and cell wall metabolism. Moreover, the WGCNA identified transcription factors significantly correlated with MDA and H2O2 levels, thus providing insights into drought-coping strategies and offering candidate genes for enhancing citrus drought tolerance.

Bicarbonate-Dependent Detoxification by Mitigating Ammonium-Induced Hypoxic Stress in Triticum aestivum Root.

Ammonium (NH4+) toxicity is ubiquitous in plants. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity and bicarbonate (HCO3-)-dependent alleviation, wheat plants were hydroponically cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing 7.5 mM NO3- (CK), 7.5 mM NH4+ (SA), or 7.5 mM NH4+ + 3 mM HCO3- (AC). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that compared to CK, SA treatment at 48 h significantly upregulated the expression of genes encoding fermentation enzymes (pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) and oxygen consumption enzymes (respiratory burst oxidase homologs, dioxygenases, and alternative oxidases), downregulated the expression of genes encoding oxygen transporters (PIP-type aquaporins, non-symbiotic hemoglobins), and those involved in energy metabolism, including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and ATP synthases, but upregulated the glycolytic enzymes in the roots and downregulated the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle and elongation. The physiological assay showed that SA treatment significantly increased PDC, ADH, and LDH activity by 36.69%, 43.66%, and 61.60%, respectively; root ethanol concentration by 62.95%; and lactate efflux by 23.20%, and significantly decreased the concentrations of pyruvate and most TCA cycle intermediates, the complex V activity, ATP content, and ATP/ADP ratio. As a consequence, SA significantly inhibited root growth. AC treatment reversed the changes caused by SA and alleviated the inhibition of root growth. In conclusion, NH4+ treatment alone may cause hypoxic stress in the roots, inhibit energy generation, suppress cell division and elongation, and ultimately inhibit root growth, and adding HCO3- remarkably alleviates the NH4+-induced inhibitory effects on root growth largely by attenuating the hypoxic stress.

Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate (JA) promote metabolic regulation in Jacarandá-Pardo (Machaerium villosum Vog.) seedlings under PEG-induced water deficit

Plant hormones are essential in regulating plant responses to water deficit. However, there is little information on their effects on the growth of Cerrado plants under water deficit. This study aimed to investigate how exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA), used separately, can minimize the effects of induced water deficit by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) in Machaerium villosum seedlings. The experiment had four treatments: 1) control: half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution; (2) PEG-water deficit: Hoagland's solution supplemented with PEG (−1.0 MPa); (3) PEG-water deficit + 100 μM ABA; and (4) PEG-water deficit + 100 μM JA. Seedlings of M. villosum were collected separately at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment. At the end of 14 days, the relative water content (RWC) substantially decreased by 29.69% in the PEG treatment, followed by 14.59 and 13.83% in the PEG+ABA and PEG+JA treatments, respectively. The PSII photochemistry quantum yield (Fv/Fm) differed significantly between control and PEG treatments at seven days. Oxidative stress was detected after three days of water deficit. The superoxide anion (O₂⁻) content gradually increased in the PEG and PEG + ABA treatments, while the PEG + JA treatment interacted positively with the suppression of O₂⁻ production. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production increased by 132.2 and 66.2% at seven days and 277.4 and 131.3% at 14 days in the PEG and PEG + ABA treatments, respectively. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that ABA and JA affected common water deficit-induced metabolic pathways. PEG and PEG + ABA treatments accumulated carbohydrates and some amino acids responsible for osmotic adjustment and energy production. Conversely, the PEG + JA treatment accumulated caffeic acid, vanillic acid, and quinic acid related to secondary metabolism, antioxidant compounds, and fatty acids, important membrane repair agents.

Phosphorus protects against cadmium-induced phytotoxicity by stimulating plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity

Proper plant nutrition can be an effective strategy to alleviate the phytotoxicity and damaging effects of Cd stress on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain. This study aimed to investigate effects of phosphorus concentrations, and pH levels in the nutrient solution on Cd uptake, growth, photosynthetic characters, total phytochelatins (PCs), and plasma membrane ATPase activity of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown in sand culture. Two successive experimental studies were carried out under controlled conditions. In the first study, 10-day-old sugar beet seedlings were irrigated with a half-strength Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution, adjusted to different pH (3.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, or 8.0), and containing 0, 0.15, or 0.30 mg Cd L−1 as CdCl2. In the second study, 10-day-old sugar beet seedlings were irrigated with the same nutrient solution (pH 6), but combined with different phosphorus concentrations (0, 10, 25 and 50 µg P ml−1 as KH2PO4) and Cd levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30 mg Cd L−1 as CdCl2). The first study revealed that pH had a strong influence on Cd uptake by sugar beet roots. Cd stress significantly decreased sugar beet growth and Mg2+-ATPase activity, whereas it increased total phytochelatins (PCs). Second study indicated an antagonistic effect between P and Cd. Furthermore, phosphorus had the potential to stimulate Mg2+-ATPase activity and synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and to promote growth of sugar beet seedlings. Cadmium induced phytotoxicity in sugar beet seedlings can be alleviated by a proper pH and phosphorus nutrition.

Iso-osmotic calcium nitrate and sodium chloride stresses have differential effects on growth and photosynthetic capacity in tomato

Calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] and sodium chloride (NaCl) are among the main salts used in cultivation and present in salinized soil, respectively. These salts at high levels would reduce photosynthetic capacity and eventually cause a reduction in tomato growth. To better understand the growth disruption caused by Ca(NO3)2 salt (from the fertilizer) and the other predominant salt NaCl in salinized soils, tomato plants were grown in half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution with three treatments. Through 7 days of salt stress and later 7 days of recovery, we investigated tomato seedling growth, nonstructural carbohydrates accumulation, antioxidant capacity, photosynthetic gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. We found that Ca(NO3)2 and NaCl stresses increased the levels of nonstructural carbohydrates, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and various antioxidant enzyme activities in tomatoes while lowering foliar photosynthetic capacity. Under iso-osmotic salt stress conditions, the disruption of photosynthesis by NaCl was greater than that brought about by the Ca(NO3)2 treatment, which was attributed to Na+ accumulation. Interestingly, Na+ increased the levels of nonstructural carbohydrates and disrupted the feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. In addition, Na+ inhibited the activities of antioxidant enzymes, leading to more ROS production that would disrupt the processes within various photosynthetic apparatus. Our study further revealed that foliar nonstructural carbohydrates played an important role in delaying the onset of photoinhibition and rapid recovery of photosystem damage after Na+stress.

Multivariate characterization of biochemical and physiological attributes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes exposed to nickel stress: implications for phytoremediation.

Nickel (Ni) is an essential element for plants; however, excessive uptake of Ni causes phytotoxicity in plants. The phytotoxic effects of Ni onthe growth of quinoa and the underlaying mechanisms for Ni tolerance and phytoremediation are unknown. Hence, the present study investigated Ni tolerance and accumulation potential of two quinoa genotypes (Puno and Vikinga). Both genotypes were exposed to Ni (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400μM) in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution for three weeks. Results revealed that shoot and root lengths, biomass, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll contents were decreased with the increase of Ni concentration. Excessive uptake of Ni resulted in the limited uptake of K by root and its translocation to shoot. Ni caused oxidative stress in plants by overproduction of H2O2 leading to lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Genotype Puno showed greater tolerance to Ni than Vikinga based on tolerance index, lower bioconcentration factor, and translocation factor. Greater tolerance of Puno was mainly attributed to improved physiological responses and amelioration of oxidative stress by induction of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). It was revealed through multivariate analysis that Ni had strong negative correlations with growth and physiological attributes and positive associations with oxidative stress attributes. The study demonstrated genotypic variation in response to varying Ni concentrations and Puno performed better than Vikinga for phytostabilization of Ni-contaminated soils.

Biomass production and mineral composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) exposed to NaCl

The presence of excessive salts in the soil and irrigation water can change the growth and affect the metabolic functions of plants. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is often cultivated in arid and semiarid areas where irrigation with low-quality water and uneven distribution of rainfall may contribute to the accumulation of salts in the substrate. In the present study, coriander plants were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing 0.2, 0.6 and 1.2g NaCl L-1 to assess the effect of low concentrations of NaCl on biomass production and mineral nutrients accumulation (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P). The presence of 0.2, 0.6 and 1.2g NaCl L-1 slightly stimulated biomass production. The concentration of Na increased in coriander tissues (up to 4 times relative to control). However, concentration of K and Ca in leaves of plants treated with 1.2g NaCl L-1 was decreased with respect to control. Based on the findings, even though biomass of coriander, under applied NaCl concentrations, was slightly increased, the chemical composition of its vegetative organs was severely disrupted by present salt which is very important for the quality of coriander as a popular herb or spice plant.

Antioxidant and Mineral Composition of Three Wild Leafy Species: A Comparison Between Microgreens and Baby Greens.

Wild plants may play an important role in human nutrition and health and, among them, many are the leafy species. We hypothesized that the wild greens could be profitably grown as microgreens and baby greens, specialty products whose market is increasing. We compared three wild leafy species (Sanguisorba minor Scop., Sinapis arvensis L., and Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg.) harvested at the microgreen and baby green stages. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in a half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution under controlled climatic conditions. At harvest, the yield was assessed, and chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic index, nitrate, and mineral elements were measured in the two types of product. The potential contribution to human mineral intake was calculated, and the possible risk due to the presence of metals potentially detrimental for health was estimated. Results showed that micro/baby greens of the studied wild plants achieved competitive yields and could contribute to the dietary intake of macroelements, microelements, and non-nutrient bioactive compounds. On the other hand, the wild greens showed high amounts of nitrate and traces of some metals potentially detrimental for health, suggesting the need for caution in the use of wild species for producing microgreens and baby leaves.

Methods for grafting Arabidopsis thaliana and Eutrema salsugineum

BackgroundGrafting, an ancient agronomic technique, is an artificial mode of asexual reproduction in plants. Recently, grafting research has gradually shifted from modifying agronomic traits to the study of molecular mechanism. Grafting is an excellent tool to study long-range signaling processes in plants. And the grafting between species will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying contrasting differences between different species. Arabidopsis thaliana is a salt-sensitive model glycophyte and Eutrema salsugineum (previously Thellungiella salsuginea, salt cress) is a salt-tolerant model halophyte. Successful grafting of these two model plants will help further study the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in plants. The aim of this study was to demonstrate two sterile micro-grafting methods for Arabidopsis and salt cress.ResultsWe developed the methods for sterile grafting between A. thaliana and E. salsugineum; this is the first report on inter-generic grafting between Arabidopsis and Eutrema. The method involves cut-in grafting under sterile conditions. The grafted plant part was placed in half strength Murashige and Skoog medium with 1% agar and 1% sugar, and then cultured vertically with 22 °C/18 °C short-day/night cycles. The plants were then transferred to half strength Hoagland nutrient solution for hydroponics. The reported method is simple and easy to operate. Self-grafted Arabidopsis–Arabidopsis and Eutrema–Eutrema plants were used as controls, which were obtained with an improved hypocotyl-cutting grafting method. Ion contents in grafted plants were detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The results showed that the ion content in salt cress and Arabidopsis changed to different degrees after grafting.ConclusionsThe inter-species grafting technique described here makes it possible to study hybrid plants between Arabidopsis and Eutrema and will contribute to further understanding of long-distance communications in plants. This technique also provides a reference for improving plant varieties using grafting, such as gardening plants, as well as fruit and vegetable crops.

Effect of salt stress on concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in root and leaf of strawberry plant

In this study the effect of salt stress on the concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the leaves and the roots of two strawberry ( Fragaria vesca L.) cultivars (Camarosa and Sweet Charlie) was investigated on cold stored bare-rooted seedlings grown in buckets filled with coarse sand. The treatments consisting of no-NaCl control, 1760, 2400, and 3040 mg L -1 of NaCl in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution were applied to the plants for six months. During the experiment, leaf and root sampling were performed two times with five months interval. Roots and leaves of the plants were analyzed for Na, Cl, N and P. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures was performed in Three Factors Completely Randomized Design for plant analysis results. Additionally orthogonal comparison was applied to the significant salinity effects. Cultivar and sampling time affected N, P, Na and Cl concentrations of the roots significantly. Cultivar-sampling time and sampling time-salinity interactions were significant for the N, P and Na concentrations of the roots. Salinity solely affected Cl concentrations of the roots significantly. All the treatments affected the concentrations of P, Na and Cl of the leaves significantly. The N concentrations of the leaves were affected significantly by only sampling time. Cultivar-salinity and sampling time-salinity interactions were found significant in the leaf N concentrations of the plants. The results show that the cultivars probably have different strategies in arrangement of N and P composition under salinity.

Melatonin and resveratrol reverse the toxic effect of high boron (B) and modulate biochemical parameters in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.)

The objectives of this research were to test a possible involvement of melatonin (MEL) and resveratrol (RES) in restoring growth and to control boron (B) toxicity in peppers. The plants were subjected to four different nutrient solution treatments as following: 1) half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution (Control), 2) half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution+100 μM B (100 μMB), 3) half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution+100 μM boron+100 μMresveratrol (100 μMRES), and 4) half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution+100 μM B+1 μMmelatonin (1 μM MEL). Pepper plants subjected to B excess (100 μM) for 68 days (d) exhibited visible B toxicity symptoms, reduced rate of photosynthesis (Pn) and reduced dry weight (DW), while their leaf and fruit had the greatest increase of B concentration. The reduction of photosynthesis was restored, the reduction of DW was prevented, while the B leaf and fruit accumulation was moderated with the application of both 100 μMresveratrol (RES) and 1 μMmelatonin (MEL). Moreover, plants exposed to MEL and/or RES displayed no visible B toxicity symptoms. The present study revealed a novel role of MEL and/or RES in the adaptation of pepper plants to B excess based on plant growth, physiological and biochemical criteria.

Light availability drives tree seedling success in a subtropical coastal dune forest in South Africa

In subtropical coastal dune forests of South Africa, the microenvironment of tree seedlings is largely influenced by a pervasive understorey woody herb, Isoglossa woodii. We examined whether the additional shading by I. woodii explains the competitive response of tree seedlings from these forests. Seedlings of four common mid- to late-successional tree species (Diospyros natalensis, Euclea racemosa, Sideroxylon inerme and Apodytes dimidiata) were grown at three densities of I. woodii in a common garden experiment under greenhouse conditions. The seedlings were grown at 1.6% and 13.5% of full sunlight and supplied with 1% and 10% nitrogen in half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. Total biomass and biomass allocation parameters were used to measure the competitive response of the seedlings. Seedlings attained maximum biomass at high light and high nutrient levels and showed species- and light-specific responses to biomass of I. woodii neighbours. Seedlings' allocation to roots increased with increasing light levels but decreased at higher nutrient levels. The leaf mass fraction (LMF) response to light and nutrient levels was opposite to that shown by root allocation. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) decreased with increasing light conditions but were not responsive to manipulation of nutrients. The presence of I. woodii neighbours reduced LMF whilst the responses of SLA to neighbours depended on the light level and species. Leaf trait responses to manipulation of light conditions, I. woodii neighbour density and soil nutrient concentration are complex but overall demonstrate an overwhelming role of light in influencing seedling establishment in coastal dune forests. The competitive response of these seedlings to low irradiance reiterates the notion of phenotypic clustering at the seedling stage amongst shade tolerant tree species, which promotes seedling persistence and gradual transition into the tree layer. Our results highlight the role of additional understorey shading by the herb stratum in influencing tree recruitment dynamics and ultimately tree community structure in many of Africa's tropical lowland forests.

The effects of dopamine on antioxidant enzymes activities and reactive oxygen species levels in soybean roots

In the current work, we investigated the effects of dopamine, an neurotransmitter found in several plant species on antioxidant enzyme activities and ROS in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) roots. The effects of dopamine on SOD, CAT and POD activities, as well as H2O2, O2•−, melanin contents and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Three-day-old seedlings were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution (pH 6.0), without or with 0.1 to 1.0 mM dopamine, in a growth chamber (25°C, 12 h photoperiod, irradiance of 280 μmol m−2 s−1) for 24 h. Significant increases in melanin content were observed. The levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation decreased at all concentrations of dopamine tested. The SOD activity increased significantly under the action of dopamine, while CT activity was inhibited and POD activity was unaffected. The results suggest a close relationship between a possible antioxidant activity of dopamine and melanin and activation of SOD, reducing the levels of ROS and damage on membranes of soybean roots.

Comparative Physiological Analysis of Salinity Effects in Six Olive Genotypes

Changes caused by NaCl salinity on growth, gas exchange, chemical composition, and oxidative stress symptoms have been measured in six olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (Casta Cabra, Cornicabra, Frantoio, Ocal, Picual, and Picudo) grown in nutrient solution in a growth chamber pot experiment. Six-month-old plants were transplanted to a sand–perlite culture and irrigated with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing 0 and 200 mm NaCl for 12 weeks. Salinity significantly depressed growth and leaf gas exchange, but to a different degree in each cultivar, Picudo was the cultivar that showed less growth inhibition. The effectiveness of Na+ exclusion mechanism in the roots differed significantly among studied cultivars, working effectively in ‘Ocal’ and ‘Picudo’ and being less efficient in ‘Picual’. Furthermore, ‘Picudo’ showed the ability to maintain the concentration of leaf K+ under the stress condition. ‘Ocal’ accumulated phenolic compounds and did not reduce carotenoid or total thiol concentration under saline stress. Between the cultivars studied, ‘Picudo’ and ‘Ocal’ were the most tolerant.

Effect of yttrium on photosynthesis and water relations in young maize plants

Despite an increase in spectrum of industrial applications of yttrium (Y) and the fact that it is widely present in the soils and plants, some of which are agronomically important crops, its effects on plant growth and metabolism are still obscure. Therefore, the aim of this work was to examine the effect of different concentrations of Y on its accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic responses, water relations, free proline concentration and growth of young maize plants. The experiment was done with maize (Zea mays L., hybrid NS-640), in water cultures, under semi-controlled conditions of a greenhouse. Plants were supplied with half-strength complete Hoagland nutrient solution, to which was added either 0 (control), 10−5, 10−4 or 10−3 mol/L Y, in the form of Y(NO)3·5H2O. Each variant was set in thirteen replications, with six plants in each replication. Plants were grown for 21 d and they were at the stage of 3 and 4 leaves when they were analyzed. The presence of Y reduced maize growth and photosynthetic performance. Dimensions of stomata significantly decreased while their density significantly increased on both adaxial and abaxial epidermis. Plant height, root length, total leaf area and dry mass also declined. Concentration of photosynthetic pigments (chl a and b and carotenoids) and free proline decreased. Photosynthesis and transpiration were impaired in the presence of Y – their intensities were also reduced, and the same stands for stomatal conductance of water vapor, photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) and water content. Although the highest concentration of Y was found in maize roots in each treatment, Y concentration in the second leaf and shoot also significantly increased with an increase in Y concentration in the nutrient solution. Albeit Y concentration was much higher in roots than in shoots, shoot metabolism and growth were much more disrupted. The results demonstrated that young maize plants accumulated significant amount of Y and that this element, when present in higher concentrations, had unfavorable effect on physiological processes and therefore plant growth.

Phytotoxicity of aluminum on root growth and indole-3-acetic acid accumulation and transport in alfalfa roots

Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acid soils is a major constraint on crop production. The objective of this study of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was to determine whether Al-induced inhibition of root growth in alfalfa (M. sativa L.) is related to Al distribution in different root tissues, changes in endogenous level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in root tips, and the expression of key genes in IAA metabolism and translocation. Roots of alfalfa were exposed to 100μM Al3+ in half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. The inhibitory effects of Al on root elongation was more pronounced than on root and shoot biomass accumulation. Lumogallion, an Al specific stain, was used to monitor tissue locations of Al in the root. Lumogallion-Al was mainly detected in the root cap, epidermis, and stele of Al-treated roots. In the meristematic region of the root tip, Al accumulated mainly in the cell wall, intracellular membrane system and center of the nucleus. The similar distribution of Al ions in the root with that of auxin revealed that Al in roots may affect IAA levels. High performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that IAA levels increased in the base of the root and decreased in the root tips treated with 100μM Al3+ for 3d compared to that of the control (without Al). Reverse transcription and quantitative PCR showed that the expressions of three genes, auxin transporter-like protein, auxin efflux carrier component, and cationic peroxidase, were significantly higher in Al-stressed alfalfa roots than in the control while the expression of auxin conjugate hydrolase was significantly lower. These results suggested that Al-inhibition of root elongation could be associated with Al accumulation in apoplast and membrane system, and alteration of IAA transport in the root.

<b> Detection of genes providing salinity-tolerance in rice</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v36i1.15437

The present study aimed to identify salinity-tolerant genes in three cultivars (BRS-7 Taim, BRS Querência and BRS Atalanta) of Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica S. Kato and in three cultivars (BRS Bojurú, IAS 12-9 Formosa and Goyakuman) of Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica S. Kato. Ten days after emergence seedlings were transferred to a greenhouse and placed in a 15L vessel with half strength Hoagland nutrient solution, which was changed every four days, under controlled temperature and humidity. Plants were harvested 56 days after transfer. DNA extraction was carried out by CTAB method and salinity-tolerant genes SOS and CK1 were identified by in silico research. Amplification of gene sequence was performed with in silico primers. Bands were detected by agar gel electrophoresis and visualized under ultraviolet light after staining with ethidium bromide. Gene SOS1 fragments were present in all cultivars, except in BRS Atalanta, whereas CK1 gene was present in all evaluated cultivars. Results show that salinity-tolerant genes under analysis were identified in the two sub-species.

The effects of dopamine on root growth and enzyme activity in soybean seedlings

In the present study, we investigated the effects of dopamine, an allelochemical exuded from the velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens L DC. var utilis), on the growth and cell viability of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) roots. We analyzed the effects of dopamine on superoxide dismutase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cell wall-bound peroxidase activities as well as its effects on lignin contents in the roots. Three-day-old seedlings were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution (pH 6.0), without or with 0.25 to 1.0 mM dopamine, in a growth chamber (25°C, 12L:12D photoperiod, irradiance of 280 μmol m−2 s−1) for 24 h. In general, the length, fresh weight and dry weight of roots, cell viability, PAL and POD activities decreased, while SOD activities increased after dopamine treatment. The content of lignin was not altered. The data demonstrate the susceptibility of soybean to dopamine and reinforce the role of this catecholamine as a strong allelochemical. The results also suggest that dopamine-induced inhibition in soybean roots is not related to the production of lignin, but may be related to damage caused by reactive oxygen species.

An improved culture solution technique for Plasmodiophora brassicae infection and the dynamic infection in the root hair

We developed an improved solution culture technique that enabled clear and comprehensive observation of dynamic root hair infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Brassica oleracea seedlings were sown directly into 10 mL centrifuge tubes containing half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution. Seedlings were fastened in 1 cm thick foam in the tube top and tubes were wrapped with black tape to block light and prevent algal growth. Maximal root hair infection was observed under conditions of pH 5.5, temperature of 20 to 25 °C, and an inoculation concentration of 1 × 107 spores/mL. Infection efficiency was obviously higher in fresh nutrient. Under optimum infection conditions, plasmodia were found in the root hair 4 days after inoculation (DAI), with some undergoing cleavage and developing into round zoosporangia 3 days later. At ten DAI, the number of root hairs containing zoosporangia per root reached 208, and the cytoplasm within the zoosporangia began to cleave and form incipient zoospores. Most zoosporangia released the zoospores and became diaphanous at ten DAI. Root hairs became swollen during the experimental trial and small galls appeared clearly on the root at 20 DAI. In addition, sectioned specimens showed that some cortical cells contained resting spores. We sequentially tested the germination of the resting spores in tubes from 1 to 11 DAI and the temporal dynamics of germination corresponding to the infection. Zoosporangia were found in epidermal cells at the same time as in the root hair.

Use of hydroponics culture to assess nutrient supply by treated wastewater

The use of treated wastewater for irrigation is increasing, especially in those areas where water resources are limited. Treated wastewaters contain nutrients that are useful for plant growth and help to reduce fertilizers needs. Nutrient content of these waters depends on the treatment system. Nutrient supply by a treated wastewater from a conventional treatment plant (CWW) and a lagooned wastewater from the campus of the University of Balearic Islands (LWW) was tested in an experiment in hydroponics conditions. Half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution (HNS) was used as a control. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings were grown in 4 L containers filled with the three types of water. Four weeks after planting, barley was harvested and root and shoot biomass was measured. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Fe contents were determined in both tissues and heavy metal concentrations were analysed in shoots. N, P and K concentrations were lower in LWW than in CWW, while HNS had the highest nutrient concentration. Dry weight barley production was reduced in CWW and LWW treatments to 49% and 17%, respectively, comparing to HNS. However, to a lesser extent, reduction was found in shoot and root N content. Treated wastewater increased Na content in shoots and roots of barley and Ca and Cr content in shoots. However, heavy metals content was lower than toxic levels in all the cases. Although treated wastewater is an interesting water resource, additional fertilization is needed to maintain a high productivity in barley seedlings.