Half Meter Research Articles

DETECTION OF ROAD DAMAGES(CRACKS) IN IRAQ BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING

That research aims to develop road maintenance operations that include the road survey process to determine types of defects, knowing the type of proposed maintenance, solving the problem of reporting road problems, and also seeks to facilitate the process of road maintenance at the lowest possible costs To achieve these goals, a project is being designed that automates road maintenance and uses artificial intelligence to determine kind of defect in the way by using the libraries (tensorflow with Detection Object). The proposed study will reach a number of results, which are identifying the defect, knowing its type, , and conducting some engineering operations and calculations to determine the state of the roadway, as a final output. This study will use a deep learning-based object detection method to identify road cracks under different shooting, weather, and illumination scenarios. This makes it possible to identify any cracks in a very short amount of time and at a low cost. Images will take in different weather conditions, such as the intensity of brightness being high, medium or very low. They will also be taken in foggy, rainy and dark conditions. Pictures are also taken at different distances (such as one meter, half a meter, one and a half meters) to study the behavior of the pictures and the possibility of extracting defects from them in different circumstances.

A PPP kinematic application on historical GPS data: the reprocessing of the ITASE98-99 Antarctica mission height profiles

The analysis of altimetric profiles in Antarctica and their evolution over the years is a sensitive topic for the scientific community since it helps understand the effects of climate change that the continent undergoes. Different geomatic techniques, including the GNSS technology, can be employed to obtain altimetric profiles. However, the GNSS differenced approaches, such as the Post Processing Kinematic, are hardly usable to define long profiles in Antarctica because of the low number of CORS stations. In these conditions, the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) approach is a valid alternative to avoid processing very long baselines. The aim of this article is to define a standard procedure for the processing of historical GPS data, thanks to the availability of a dataset from the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition, which took place between 1998 and 1999 (ITASE98-99). This expedition focused on mapping the Antarctic territory, subdividing it by nations of influence, using geophysical and geodetic technologies, including GPS. The altimetric profiles had already been calculated in 2002 by the Geomatics group of the University of Bologna using the Gipsy-OASIS II software. In this work, the new version of the JPL software, GipsyX, is used to apply the newly implemented models and reprocessed products. The calibration of the processing parameters leading to the final PPP solution is described in the paper, including details on the implementation of a post-processing filtering procedure. The average a posteriori elevation error is 4.6 cm, while 99% of them are within 27 cm. The comparison of the new results to both the previous processing and the REMA elevation model shown that about double the number of solutions are now available, meter-level elevation spikes have been avoided, and a half meter bias is now reduced to a few centimeters. Given the almost 15 years difference between the 1999.0 expedition epoch and the REMA reference epoch, the obtained results can be used to study accumulation/erosion effects on the Antarctica ice sheet.

ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE FISHES IN BLUE NILE RIVER BELOW THE TISS ISSAT FALL, ETHIOPIA

In the present study we evaluate the relative abundance and species composition of fishes in Blue Nile River below the fall during the wet season (September-October 2010) and dry season (March-April 2011). Fish samples were collected by using monofilaments gillnets (5-55 mm) and multifilament gillnets, having mesh sizes of six, eight, ten, twelve and fourteen centimeter stretched bar mesh, having a length of twenty five meter and depth of one and half meter, on three sampling sites of the Blue Nile River below Tisisat Fall. Eight hundred fifty seven fish specimens that belong to a single class, Actinopeterygii (ray-finned fishes), four orders, and five families and 6 genera were collected. The most dominant species were Labeobarbus intermedius, Labeo forskalii and Mormyrus kannume. The site harbors large flock of L. intermedius population. Sefiana site had the higher diversity (average H'=3.02). Labeobarbus intermedius was the most dominant (39.67% by number) followed by Labeo forskalii (27.77%) and M. kannume (11.67%). The other species, L. nedgia, B. docmak, L. crassibarbis, C. gariepinus and O. niloticus were found in 9.57%, 5.13%, 3.50%, 1.98% and 0.70%, respectively. All fish species except C. gariepinus and O. niloticus were found in all sites. All the fish species except L. crassibarbis, B. docmak and C. gariepinus showed significant differences in abundance between seasons with overall catch composition of 39.67%, 27.77%, 9.57%, and 11.67% for L. intermedius, L .forskalii, L. nedgia and M. kannume, respectively. L. intermedius, L. forskalii, L. nedgia and M. kannume were the most important species in both seasons and in most of the sampling sites. The studied habitats are in danger being eroded and therefore catchment rehabilitation should be considered and the massive seasonal fishing by the local communities should be reduced

Effect of mineral fertilizers on sorghum crop yields in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The results of studying the productivity of sorghum crops under different conditions of mineral nutrition on meadow-chernozem soil of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia are presented. The study was conducted in 2019–2022 in the Omsk region as part of a long-term stationary field experiment. The soil of the experimental plot is meadow-chernozem moderately deep heavy loamy soil. The arable horizon is characterized by neutral reaction of the soil solution (pH 7.0–7.2). The scheme of the experiment is two-factor, includes application of nitrogen (N0, 30, 60) and phosphorus (P0, 60) mineral fertilizers before sowing sorghum crops. The dynamics of moisture content in the meter soil profile is closely related to the hydrothermal conditions of vegetation periods. In the most wetted year of 2019, the soil profile had a more stable and uniform moisture content, especially in the second half meter. In subsequent years, the atmospheric moisture deficit was clearly manifested in the content of total moisture both along the soil profile and in time. Drying out of the meter profile even in the initial growing season was observed in 2022, which can be considered as a result of low residual moisture in the preceding, also dry, season. In the control, mineral nutrition was limited by the low content of mobile phosphorus. The studies have shown that in conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture, typical for the south of Western Siberia, it is advisable to cultivate sorghum crops with high responsiveness to the use of mineral fertilizers in field fodder production. In the average of two years, the maximum yield of green mass of sugar sorghum on intensive background was 21.07 t/ha, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid – 16.62 t/ha, which is higher than the control by 47.2 and 62.7%, respectively. The most effective was the complex application of mineral fertilizers, which provided an increase in dry matter content of sugar sorghum from 3.97 to 6.08 t/ha (53.0%), sorghum-sudangrasas hybrid – from 2.81 to 4.73 t/ha (68.3%).

Information-analytical technology for monitoring the flow of visitors to the university

In the 21st century, one of the most widespread problems in developed countries is the unraveling of complex tasks related to the security of citizens. An example is the need to conduct a security check at universities, when at one checkpoint there may be a need to let a thousand people pass within 5 minutes. Inspection of each (even a formal presentation of the document) will lead to the disruption of 4 classes; automated turnstiles will not ensure quality inspection + queues will be created (or will require many turnstiles that will actually be used for a short time). The Covid'19 pandemic only transfers the problem to another plane - a distance of one and a half meters + the risk of infecting the guard, who will turn into a source of infection. Military and, especially, terrorist events (when civil infrastructure objects with a large concentration of civilians become the targets of attacks) in Ukraine show the need to simultaneously ensure high throughput and for people and the safety of the object itself. The paper considers the concept of impersonal monitoring of the number of visitors. A safe approach is considered, when a recognition system based on the use of artificial neural networks allows checking and accompanying a large number of people impersonally at the same time. The system is implemented as a pattern recognition technology with statistical analysis. The system (visualization in the figures in the text) was tested on the video streams of the security cameras of the main building of the Lviv Polytechnic. The purpose of the work is the first phase of testing the hypothesis of the possibility of impersonal verification by using several impersonal classifiers. In the work, people are recognized not by their faces, but by a large set of parameters that allow classifying a person, but not identifying them.

Dinosaur tracks from the Sítio Pereiros ichnosite, Triunfo Basin (Lower Cretaceous) and the dinosaur diversity in the Rio do Peixe basins, Northeastern Brazil

The dinosaur tracks in the Rio do Peixe basins (Lower Cretaceous, Rio da Serra-Aratu stages) occur in at least 39 individual tracksites through approximately 98 stratigraphic levels in the western part of the State of Paraíba, Brazil. The Triunfo basin (one of the four Rio do Peixe basins) is a 480 km2 asymmetric graben, located in the counties of São João do Rio do Peixe, Uiraúna, Poço, Brejo das Freiras, Triunfo, and Santa Helena, controlled by a NE transcurrent fault system. To date, only four isolated footprints and two incomplete trackways have been identified in the Antenor Navarro Formation. Among the isolated footprints, three probably belong to theropods. One incomplete trackway consists of just two digitigrade, rounded digits, suggesting they were made by a small ornithopod. In this study we describe a new ichnosite, located at Sítio Pereiros, São João do Rio do Peixe county, Paraíba State. The one and a half meter thick succession of fine-grained sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and shales with ripple marks, climbing ripples and mud cracks of the Sousa Formation reveals a bedding plane with three trackways, with a total of 19 tridactyl, mesaxonic footprints. These trackways are interpreted as produced by theropods, two large and one smaller. In these beds there are also ostracods, spinicaudatans (conchostracans), and fragments of microvertebrates (fish scales, teeth and bones). The Sítio Pereiros ichnosite represents a deposition in a floodplain area, with temporary aerial exposure of the superficial sediments in which tracks were impressed. The ichnofauna from this locality increases knowledge of the theropod fauna from the Triunfo basin and the distribution of the dinosaur tracks throughout the interior basins of Northeastern Brazil.Description of these new theropod tracks permits evaluation of the behavior of these three theropods, including inferences about trackmaker speed and the type of gait of the three animals, and also of their possible size. This is the 40th ichnosite in the Rio do Peixe basins, extending analysis of the types of trackmaker associations present at such ichnosites, as well as the dinosaur diversity represented at each of them. New interpretations are presented about the environments, and the relationship between the various groups represented in this region during the Early Cretaceous.

СОСТАВ И СВОЙСТВА АГРОДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТЫХ ПОЧВ ПРЕДУРАЛЬСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ ЛЕСОСТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ

The paper presents the results of the analysis of materials of a large-scale soil and agrochemical survey, morphological structure and properties of agrodern-podzolic soils of the Mamadysh municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan located in the northern part of the Pre-Ural province of the forest-steppe zone. Statistical parameters of sod-medium podzolic soils accurately record the patterns of profile distribution of properties identified during the analysis of individual analytical information. Indicators of dynamic and stable properties of agrodernov-weakly podzolic heavy loamy soils are below their optimal parameters necessary for modern agriculture. Accordingly, they will be limiting factors in achieving the potential determined by the moisture availability of the territory. Agrodernovo-podzolic soils of the district in a layer of 0-20 cm on average contain 55.4 t/ha of humus reserves, in a half–meter thick – 81.1 t/ha, in a meter layer - 111.0 t/ha and 51.6; 79.3; 103.2 t/ha, respectively, in a slightly washed taxon. The degree of availability of mobile phosphorus varies according to the rounds of agrochemical examination within the limits of medium and high content. In the dynamics of potassium in the soils of the district, there is an increased content in all rounds of the agrochemical survey with a positive trend in recent years. The preservation of areas with an acidic reaction of the environment, despite the increase in liming volumes, was facilitated by erosion processes, deepening of the arable horizon, as well as the use of physiologically acidic mineral fertilizers. The actual yield of winter rye, depending on the year, has a range of fluctuations from 0.5 to 3.2 t/ha, with an average value of 2.49 t/ha and a coefficient of variation of 44.6%. Time series with the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium in soils and the yield of winter rye positively correlate with a correlation coefficient of 0.44 (mobile potassium) and 0.63 (mobile phosphorus). A reliable correlation was obtained between them. The obtained regression equations can be used to predict the yield of winter rye in the district. Soils of this type require the introduction of high doses of fertilizers and bringing the humus content of the arable horizon to its optimal values.

Family preparedness of children in dealing with a flood disaster in Paupanda II Village, Wewaria sub-district of Ende Regency Indonesia

Background: For almost ten years Wewaria Village, Wewaria sub-district of Ende Regency suffered a flood disaster. The flood occurred in 2008, 2012, and 2016. Paupanda II Village has a puddle up to one and a half meter every year. Flood emergencies can cause family panic in rescuing themselves or their children under five. Children are a vulnerable group in the health sector because they cannot help themselves, when floods. If family preparedness is low, then the child’s health threatened, increasing the child’s morbidity or mortality rate. Purpose: This study explains or explore the experience of family preparedness who have children under five dealing with floods. Method: it used Purposive sampling in selecting the first informant then using snow ball sampling for the next informant. The number of samples is 9 people taken from a family of 6 people, 2 policy stakeholders, and 1 health worker. The qualitative analysis used is triangulation of data sources. Results: Family knowledge is well, but preparedness is still low for children needs, flood early warning, flood emergency response preparedness, and resource mobilization deal with floods.

Water permeability and accumulation of moisture in the soil during its cultivation using the No-till technology

Relevance. Cultivation of crops using No-till technology in the Stavropol Territory and other regions of our country is becoming more widespread. However, the expansion of this technology is hampered by fears that without tillage Russian soils, mostly heavy in mechanical composition, can overcompact, which will lead to a deterioration in their physical properties and, as a result, a decrease in the yield of cultivated crops.Methods. In 2013–2020 on the experimental field of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Agrarian Canter, located in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol Territory, on ordinary chernozem studies were carried out, the purpose of which was to establish the effect of long-term use of the No-till technology on the water permeability and accumulation of moisture in ordinary heavy loamy chernozem of the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol Territory. In the experiment, a four-field crop rotation was studied: peas — winter wheat — sunflower — corn. In one case, all crop rotation crops were cultivated according to the technology recommended by the scientific institutions of the Stavropol Territory with tillage, in the other case, according to the No-till technology, in which the soil was not cultivated for two crop rotations (8 years).Results. During two rotations of crop rotation in the No-till technology, the water resistance of soil aggregates increases and, on average, over the years of the experiments, 30.4 pcs./m2 of earthworms lived in it, which is 4.0 times more than in the soil cultivated according to the recommended technology. The water permeability of ordinary chernozem in No-till technology after eight years of research (in autumn 2020) was 7.18, and in cultivated soil —5.17 mm per minute, which is 38.9% lower. These indicators ensured the accumulation and preservation of 133 mm of productive moisture in a one and a half meter soil layer by the time of flowering of spring crops and earing of winter wheat using the No-till technology, according to the recommended technology — 101 mm.

Study of the Cryosphere of the Zeravshan and Hissar Ranges (Tien Shan)

The paper presents brief results of studying the cryosphere of the Zeravshan and Hissar ranges. At the same time, the rate of change in the area of glaciers over the past almost a hundred years and the presence and degradation of permafrost during this time were considered. The actual description of the numerical method for estimating the depth of soil freezing based on data on the thickness of the snow cover and air temperature was also given. An example of the use of this numerical method for estimating the depth of soil freezing on slopes was given in order to map the cryolithozone of the Zeravshan and Hissar ranges. According to the calculations, the ground under the snow cover remains frozen on the Anzob pass from December to April. The power of the accumulated snow cover can reach one and a half meters or more. At the same time, the soil under the snow-covered surface freezes according to calculations by an average of 1.5 m. Thus, the proposed method for calculating the dynamics of the depth of soil freezing based on data on air temperature and the thickness of snow cover made it possible to assess the freezing of soil as a factor of soil stability during the construction of village and avalanche protection structures. Thus, the Anzob pass belongs to the area of seasonal freezing of rocks, taking into account the gradient of the average annual temperature of rocks, we can conclude that the appearance of permafrost rocks on the Hissar ridge can be expected at altitudes of more than 4,000 meters.

Factors Affecting Prevention Behaviors Against Covid-19 Infection Among Iranian Pregnant Women: Application of Protection Motivation Theory.

Considering the epidemic of corona disease in the world and the importance of paying attention to pregnant women as one of the most important vulnerable groups, it is felt necessary to conduct studies and properly teach them preventive behaviors. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors influencing the prevention of covid-19, based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), among pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2020 with the participation of 231 pregnant women who referred to the comprehensive health service centers of Langrod city, who were selected by simple random sampling. The tool of data collection was a questionnaire consisting of two sections of demographic information and PMT constructs. According to the results, 10.32% reported a history of Covid-19 infection. Carrying out protective behaviors, such as using a mask (94.4 percent), washing hands frequently with soap and water (88.8 percent), maintaining a distance of at least one and a half meters from other people (84.5 percent) in a favorable position and avoiding. The participation in the periods (71.4 percent) was relatively favorable. The result of linear regression analysis showed that perceived self-efficacy (β=0.450) and perceived response effectiveness (β=0.305) were predictors of protective motivation or intention to perform protective behaviors against Covid-19. Also, 66.7% of women were on the path of perceived risk. The PMT can be used as a framework in designing educational programs in order to perform preventive behaviors against infectious diseases such as Covid-19.

Retrobulbar neuritis associated with empty sella syndrome: A diagnostic challenge

A 35-year-old female presented with sudden diminution of vision to finger counting at half meters in right eye (RE) since 15 days. RE showed grade III RAPD. Rest of the ocular examination was normal. She had no significant past medical history. Neuroimaging showed empty sella. We suspected retrobulbar neuritis (RBN) as a cause of loss of vision since there was no evidence of acute change in morphology of sella turcica like hemorrhage, trauma or ischemia, furthermore there were no pathological findings in RE and visual cortex to explain acute visual loss. Therefore, we prescribed intravenous steroids followed by oral steroids. Vision in RE improved to 6/12 after 15 days. We found that RBN can be a cause of sudden vision loss in cases with empty sella syndrome (ESS) and can pose diagnostic challenge that whether the vision loss is due to ESS or RBN. RBN can be a cause of acute vision loss in patients with ESS and can create diagnostic confusion.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PILGRIMAGE TOURISM IN THE EXAMPLE OF JIZZAKH

This article discusses the development of pilgrimage tourism on the example of Jizzakh. The Jizzakh oasis has a long history, and the nature of the region fascinates at first sight. In particular, the Forish district of the region has a number of tourist attractions, where agritourism, ethno-tourism, water and pilgrimage tourism are developed. There is an ancient cave in the gorge. Stone images engraved on the eastern side of the monument at a height of two and a half meters indicate that people inhabited this area as early as the Bronze Age.

PolyCO in XRF analysis: Fundamental Parameter Method applied for Japanese Buddhist scroll studies

The quantitative evaluation of chemical elements from X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis still remains a strong hurdle in X-ray Spectrometry, mainly due to significant matrix effects involved in the processes. The Fundamental Parameter Method (FPM) is a valid tool for the calculation of analyte concentration unless the primary source comes from a Synchrotron Radiation facility or the experimental design is based on a confocal layout. The approximation of an infinitely thin sample represents a feasible way to apply the FPM approach along with dedicated X-ray optics implemented in the XRF apparatus to improve the performance of the primary beam (and also of the fluorescence signal reaching the detector). This is routinely available at the XLab Frascati of INFN-LNF thanks to the ”Rainbow X-ray” (RXR) facility, the μXRF station opened to users and optimized for most of X-ray analytical research fields. The basic principle of the station is in the use of various geometrical combinations of polycapillary optics for X-ray beam shaping (focusing/collimation) applied to specially designed laboratory units. The flexible RXR layout allows investigating specimens of the dimensions ranging from several millimeters up to half meter and weighting up to several tens of kilograms with the main advantage of having a detection system able to work separately both at high and low X-ray energies. The aim of the present work is to show the results obtained in quantitative XRF analysis by applying the FPM approach to the RXR experimental layout in a study of the pigments covering two different Japanese scrolls, n.142 838 (also known as Engi Jizo Emakimono) and n. 142 846, coming from the private Ragusa Collection presently stored at Pigorini Museum in Italy.

Hydrological assessment and management implications for the ancient Nabataean flood control system in Petra, Jordan

Evaluating the function and effectiveness of the Nabatean flash flood management system in Petra requires both insight into the nature and extent of the system as well as its hydrological information. Studies of runoff and flooding in semi-arid mountainous regions with high potential for flash floods, such as Petra, can be limited by the lack of any runoff measurements as well as low-resolution rainfall and terrain data. Wadi Hremiyyeh is a small catchment that flows into the Treasury Plaza and is responsible for much of the flooding that occurs there. Half meter spatial-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) was built for this catchment using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) surveying, which was useful in determining the exact sites of terraces built by the Nabataeans for flood management. Rainfall data from the nearby Wadi Musa station was supplemented with a new station installed through this project for continuous precipitation measurements at the site. New water level meters specifically designed for that purpose were installed within the main channel. Four of the ancient Nabataean and post Nabataean check dams were restored. Data collected from the 2019–2020 rainy season created an understanding of the rain-runoff conditions at the site and was utilized in constructing and calibrating hydrological models using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS software. The function and the effectiveness of the rebuilt terraces were evaluated. The models suggest that terraces are effective at delaying the flood peak time (up to 25-minute delay for an 18 dam setup) and at reducing the actual amount of water arriving downstream (13.5% volume reduction). Similar results can be observed for lower frequency flood analysis, in which the models also show effectiveness of these interventions. Modeling of a large dam, rather than the smaller terraces and check dams, shows that such an intervention would result in a reduction of 30.5% in peak flow but a delay of the peak of merely 14 min. While Petra was the venue for this work, its techniques and suggested parameters are applicable to cases of similar arid and semi-arid mountainous regions that are subjected to flash floods.

Social distancing in the time of COVID-19: A case study from Australia

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing has been encouraged to stem the propagation of the virus ( WHO 2020). In Australia where I live, wall posters and markers on the floor reminding us of social distancing and advising us to keep one and a half metres from each other have become ubiquitous, adding a new layer to the linguistic landscape. Yet, social distancing varies across countries . Indeed, in his seminal 1966 work The Hidden Dimension examining public and private use of space, anthropologist Edward Hall warned us of the cultural specificity of proxemics and distancing. Thus, using a small corpus of distance markers found in Australia, the present paper aims at exploring a few cultural aspects of social distancing, while presenting some of the ways in which the authors of the signs and their targeted audience are engaging with these signs.

Culture, Corona, Crisis: Best Practices and the Future of Dutch Museums

The consequences of the coronavirus and the physical limitations it imposes on museums and their visitors force museums to rethink cultural identity and to approach the exhibition of material artworks differently. Only a limited number of people are allowed to visit the museum at one time, booking time slots is mandatory, making it difficult to welcome visitors. As most Dutch museums are largely self-funded, the lack of tourists, visitors, educational programmes that generate income, together with the insufficient financial support of the Dutch government, have greatly impacted their policies. This report analyses the coronavirus’ effects on the role of museums within the Dutch ‘<em>anderhalvemetersamenleving</em>’ (one and a half meter society). This report offers an overview of the changes that have taken place in Dutch society due to the limitations of physical interaction with artworks and the museum space as well as the way Dutch museums have reacted to these consequences. Lastly, this report offers an analysis of the success of these new developments and the challenges that still need to be overcome. Thus, ways will be proposed in which Dutch museums can learn from these actions in maintaining their critical function in society.

Lake Heimtjønna at Dovre, Mid-Norway, reveals remarkable late-glacial and Holocene sedimentary environments and the early establishment of spruce (Picea abies), alder (Alnus cf. incana), and alpine plants with present centric distributions

Two and a half meters of sediments from Lake Heimtjønna in the Scandes Mountains reveal changes in the vegetation, climate, and sediment environment since deglaciation. The lake was deglaciated in the Late-Glacial (LG), perhaps as early as 16-18 ka cal BP. After deglaciation, the sediment environment at the Heimtjønna coring point was extraordinary and challenging to interpret. The genesis of the 1.7 m basal unsorted sediments including large stones is discussed concluding that the layer was rafted by lake-ice after the LG deglaciation. The Younger Dryas (YD) established a semi-perennial lake-ice that stopped the deposition of the ice-rafted stone-rich sediments. In the early Holocene, the unstratified and well-sorted clayey silt shows fluvial origin. In late Holocene, strong flood activity including the major flood disaster ‘Stor-Ofsen’ in AD 1789, caused a sediment hiatus at the coring point from ca 9.5 ka cal BP to ca 250 a cal BP. The LG interstadial warming initiated the succession from pioneer plants on mineral soils towards local dwarf-shrub heath. July temperatures reached at least 7–8 OC. In the LG and early Holocene, Papaver radicatum, Artemisia norvegica, and Campanula cf. uniflora today occurring at Dovre and with centric Scandinavian distributions, locally established. All have previously been connected to Weichselian survival on nunatak refugia. Continuous pollen curves of spruce (Picea abies) support the much-debated LG and early Holocene presence of spruce in the Scandes mountains. For the first time, it is shown that both grey alder (Alnus incana) and Armeria occurred in the Scandes in the LG and early Holocene. Due to dating errors, LG ages is exclusively based on stratigraphical correlations and considerations. The LG chronology must be thoroughly tested by future studies providing reliable AMS 14C-dates of terrestrial fossils.

WiFi and Vision-Integrated Fingerprint for Smartphone-Based Self-Localization in Public Indoor Scenes

Smartphone-based indoor localization systems are increasingly needed in various types of applications. This article proposes a novel WiFi and vision-integrated fingerprint (Wi-Vi fingerprint) for accurate and robust indoor localization. The method consists of two steps of fingerprint mapping and fingerprint localization. In the mapping step, the Wi-Vi fingerprints for all the sampling sites are computed by using EXIT signs as landmarks. In the localization step, a multiscale localization strategy is proposed, which includes coarse localization from weighted access points (WAPs)-based WiFi matching, the Gaussian weighted KNN (GW-KNN)-based image-level localization from holistic visual features, and finally, the metric localization for refinement. The proposed method has been tested in an indoor office building of 12 000 m2 and a mega-mall of 7200 m2 with different types of smartphones. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve 95% and 98% site recognition rates from image-level localization. The final localization errors after metric localization are less than a half meter on average.

Investigating the effect of fan coils on suspended particles and its Effect on Air Pollution in Educational Spaces of Bojnourd University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Considering that suspended particles are one of the main pollutants of air in cities as well as preventing of contamination beyond the standard level and the economic and health issues of employees and individuals involved in the enclosed environment is very important, the research team concluded that the effect of fan coils at the dispersion of suspended particles and its effect on air pollution in educational spaces. Methods: In this study using the device Haz Dust and NIOSH500 suspended particles were measured in two seasons in the spring and summer and at 128 points.The sampling device was fixed at the center of the room at a height of one and a half meters, and with an impactor of 10 and 2.5 and the Teflon filter the amount of contaminants was read on the device before the fan coil is turned on and after reading it turned on and data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software and the value of p-value was calculated and compared with the standard limit. Results: The level of pollution in educational spaces is lower than standard, and fan coils have an effect on the dispersion of PM10 particles, but in general, fan coils do not have a significant effect on the dispersion of particles in educational spaces. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the concentration of particles in the maximum time is less than standard, and the fan coil has no effect on the amount of contamination of educational spaces.