Half Hour Research Articles

Impact of the Usage of Cell Phones and Social Media Among the Rural College Girl Students

The main problems of the study deal with prevalent in Government Colleges, every year 25% of college girls drop out of their higher education, and 10% of the girls are coerced into marriage by parents and continuing education. The study was conducted at the Government Arts and Science College for Women, Alangulam of Tenkasi District. It was purely an empirical study. This College offers 5 Degree Courses in Arts and Science, comprising 896 girls. One-eighth of the samples were taken for the present study. The main objectives of the study include studying how many hours cell phones are spent per day by female students on social media. ii, to examine whether it has been used for either academic purpose or personal purpose. iii.To provide effective supportive mechanisms to solve socialmedia addiction. The present study covers 100 college girlsstudents in art science. 80% of students have said that daily onehour using 2GP (Rs.250/- per month) for online courses incollege and more than one and a half hours using houses forpersonal uses. 60% of the of girl's students have reported thatapart from studying, they cell phones for chatting with friends,WhatsApp status, and reels. 25% of the girls students haveescaped from college education and eloped with lovers throughcell phone chatting.15% of the cell phones were snatched byparents and stopped their education.

Sex Education Training as Capacity Building Tool for Mothers and their Children with Intellectual Disability: A Qualitative Study

Sex is a biological need of human beings and the aspects of sexuality and sexual development are less discussed in people with intellectual disability (ID). Sex education training (SET) for persons with ID and their parents is pivotal in mitigating challenges and creating a safe and healthy space for expressing their sexual needs. The aim was (a) to see the effects of SET in the enhancement of knowledge and skills about sexual health among adults with ID, (b) To see the effect of mothers as an observer during SET on their perception, attitude and practice on sexual health for their children with ID. The sample consisted of 11 mothers and their children who were above 18 years with ID. Awareness of sexual health education for parents of intellectually challenged children and family life and sexual health assessment tools were used. A qualitative/descriptive analysis was done. SET was started for the period of three months, two sessions in a week, each session lasting one and half hours. It was done in a playful manner on self and social awareness, safe/unsafe touch, relationships, personal safety rules and sexual harassment of women at workplace (POSH). SET shows not only enhancement in the level of awareness, knowledge on sexual health but also improved communication skills and decision-making skills among adults with ID and their mothers. Mothers feel more confident and comfortable to have open discussions with their children on sexual health.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of in situ forming polyester implants for the extended release of carvedilol.

Polyester based in situ forming implants (ISFIs) are injectable long-acting drug delivery systems that offer a wide range of unique advantages. As a result of these advantages, two relatively highmolecular weight, ester terminated grades of poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) were evaluated for their ability (i) to form ISFIs loaded with carvedilol, and (ii) to control its release both in vitro and in vivo. At a polymeric concentration of 40% w/w, implant solutions were syringeable, injectable, and able to encapsulate carvedilol to a high degree (encapsulated drug% > 97%). When visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), implants were found to have a dense thin surface atop porous sublayers. As for their in vitro evaluation, PLGA and PLA implants were able to maintain drug release over the course of 49 and 84 days, respectively. On the other hand, in vivo drug release from both implants was almost identical and lasted for only 42 days. This may be due to the overriding effect of the similar host environment at the injection site that diminished the effect of polymeric physiochemistry on phase inversion and drug release. Lastly, while the polymer-free drug/NMP solution completely released its drug content within the initial half hour in vitro, the formulation extended drug release in vivo. This could be due to a yet to be investigated interaction between carvedilol and NMP under in vivo conditions. These results cement the significance of formulating carvedilol loaded ISFIs for the management of chronic conditions.

Single-dose 1cp-LSD administration for canine anxiety: a pilot study.

Anxiety affects 14-20% of dogs. Pharmacological treatments often fail. Psychedelics have shown to be useful for anxiety and depression in humans, but their veterinary use remains unexplored. We aimed to determine the effects of low-dose 1-cyclopropionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1cp-LSD) administered in a single dose to a dog, to observe the effect and establish the safety of the substance. The patient was a 13-year-old female dog, weighing 13kg, mixed breed, and spayed. A total of 5µg was administered orally, equivalent to 0.38µg/kg. The animal has had a history of separation related behavioral problems throughout her life. To objectively assess the degree of anxiety in the dog, a validated scale was utilized. The trial was scheduled at the house where the animal lives. The owner was present throughout the experience. Informed consent was obtained prior to the assay. The trial began at 12:15 p.m. on January 10, 2024, lasting for 5 and a half hours. The response to anxiety-inducing stimuli was equally anxious during the first two hours. From that point onwards, a significant change in the animal's behavior was observed, with no signs/mild signs of anxiety. The trial concluded without any adverse effects on the animal. The patient did not show signs of having a psychedelic experience. This is the first time that a study of this nature has been conducted and reported in the canine species. 1cp-LSD proved to be safe and exerted the desired effect on the animal's behavior, significantly reducing the patient's anxiety.

Alginate functionalized sugarcane cellulose-based beads to improve methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution

The study was carried out with the goal of synthesizing composite bead of cellulose, chitosan functionalized by sodium alginate using as an efficient and applicable adsorbent for methylene blue removal. Fabricating parameters of the material synthesis process like cellulose mass, sodium hydroxide concentration, immersing time and sodium alginate concentration were assessed in detail. The dye adsorption performance in water under the influence of pH, contact time, dye initial concentration, the material mass, shaking speed, temperature was also thoroughly evaluated. The results of advanced analyses showed that the beads were successfully synthesized with a rough surface and mesoporous structure. The adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics of dye adsorption process exhibited that the process was consistent with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating a favorable physical adsorption process with multilayer of the dye on the adsorbent surface. The intra-particle diffusion model showed the strong dye adsorption by the beads occurred during the first two and half hours. The adsorbent could maintain its adsorption performance of 86 % for three times of regeneration. Finally, this study provided a recyclable and effective adsorbent for dyes separation from water.

Effects of lead shielding on gamma radiation scatter energy spectrum during equine bone scintigraphy.

The main aim of this pilot study was to determine how the energy spectrum of scatter radiation emitted from horses after injection of the radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-methyl diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP), changed behind lead shielding of varying thicknesses (0.25 mm, 0.35 mm, and 0.5 mm Pb thickness), and if beam hardening occurred. The effect lead shielding has on the emitted gamma radiation energy spectrum has not been documented. In particular, the presence of beam hardening effects behind lead shielding was investigated, to determine whether or not it could discourage the use of lead shields during bone scintigraphy in horses. Horses were injected intravenously with 99mTc-MDP, and energy spectra emitted from horses without lead shielding were recorded initially to determine the emitted scatter spectrum. Thereafter, different combinations of lead shields of the various thicknesses listed above, draped over the horse and on simulated personnel, were recorded. The energy spectra were obtained at different anatomical locations of five horses on five consecutive days with a pulse height (multichannel) analyser two and a half hours post-injection. Energy spectra recorded from horses without lead shielding showed polychromatic energy spectra that encompassed a large portion of predominantly lower scatter energies (averaging around the 88-94 keV peaks). Higher 99mTc- MDP peaks averaging at 139-143 keV (useful for gamma camera acquisition) were consistently seen in all recordings but made up a very small part of the emitted spectra. With the application of lead shielding, peaks of 83-86 keV, which coincided with K-edges of lead, occurred. No significant beam hardening effects behind lead shields of varying thicknesses were observed. Thus, the wearing of lead shields during bone scintigraphy of horses is encouraged.

PENERAPAN KOMBINASI TERAPI BIRTHBALL DAN TEKNIK RELAKSASI NAFAS DALAM TERHADAP NYERI PERSALINAN

The treatment of non-pharmacological pain management is intended to lessen pain, particularly during the first stage of labor, pain management is more effective than pharmacological methods because it is cheap, simple effective, and without adverse effects. In the early stages, it is important to provide maternal care, which includes teaching relaxing techniques such as breathing and Birth ball therapy. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of birth ball and breathing exercises. This research methodology uses a case study approach and is a form of descriptive research. In order to reduce labor pain during the active phase I of labor, one mother in the sample used deep breathing exercises and a birth ball. Through the use of a numerical rating scale (NRS) on an observation sheet, the pain level was measured. When birth ball therapy and Deep Breath Relaxation Technique are combined, laboring mothers experience a reduction in pain. During the first half hour, the results show a decrease in pain level at pain score 6 (moderate heavy), and after the second half, the results show a decrease in pain level at pain score 4 (moderate mild). In summary During the active phase I of labor, the combination of birth ball and Deep Breath Relaxation Technique effectively reduces labor pain

Conscious Sedation Using Nitrous Oxide and Midazolam for Dental Procedures in Pediatric Patients in Armed Forces Hospital – Our Experience

Abstract Background and Aim: Management of pain and anxiety associated with dental procedures in pediatric age group is a big challenge. In this part of the world, counselling has been the main modality for managing such patients. It is associated with mixed outcome. We share our experience of managing 23 patients using a combination of inhalational nitrous oxide- oxygen and intravenous midazolam with satisfactory outcomes. Material and Methods: Patients aged more than six years, American society of anaesthesiologists classification (ASA) I or II, procedure that could be finished within one hour like pulpectomies, root canal treatments, extraction and multiple restorations were accepted for conscious sedation. Complete blood count was done and pre-anaesthetic checkup (PAC) with written informed consent from the parent was taken for the dental procedure under conscious sedation. We placed the nasal mask of the Conscious sedation anesthesia machine and made the child inhale Oxygen/Nitrous oxide mixture. After inhaling variable concentration of nitrous oxide/ oxygen mixture in proportion increasing from 30:70 to 70:30, procedure was done. After completion of the procedure, the patient was administered hundred percent oxygen for five minutes. Results: We have done a total of twenty-three cases till now with ages between five to seventeen years. The duration of procedures ranged from 30 min to one and half hour. Two patients less than six years were found to be uncooperative for the procedure. Conclusion: Minimum age group that was suitable for conscious sedation was six years and above. Frequent meetings and counselling by the same team should be facilitated prior to taking up for the procedure.

Do forage production and ingestive behavior of locally adapted sheep differ from an irrigated silvopastoral system to an irrigated monoculture in the semi-arid region?

This study aimed to evaluate forage production and ingestive behavior of Morada Nova sheep in an intensive system with capim-tamani grass in both monoculture and silvopastoral irrigated systems in the Semi-arid region. Eighteen adult sheep, approximately 3 years old, with an average body weight of 26.8 ± 4.3kg, were allocated to treatments with capim-tamani grass cultivated in monoculture and in silvopastoral systems with Caatinga trees. The experiment followed a completely randomized complete block design with two plots and three replications. Forage production, consumption, and behavioral activities were the assessed variables. The animals remained in the pasture daily between 6 am and 6 pm. No effects of the monoculture and silvopastoral systems were observed on the structural and productive characteristics of the capim-tamani grass pasture. There were also no observed effects on body condition score, consumption, and disappearance rate of dry matter (DM) and other nutrients in both systems. However, there was an interaction between the time animals spent under shade in monoculture and silvopastoral systems. In general, the animals spent more time under shade where there were trees, except during the period between 2 pm and 4 pm, when the times were similar. On average, the animals spent approximately 15.6% (equivalent to 1.87h) of their total time in the artificial shade available in the monoculture system, whereas in the silvopastoral system, they remained under natural shade for approximately 40% (five and a half hours) of their time spent in the pasture during the day. The grazing frequency in both systems was approximately 70% (8.4h) in relation to the total time spent in the pasture. The capim-tamani grass pasture managed intensively with sheep in the silvopastoral system showed similar forage production and consumption compared to the monoculture system. There was a positive influence of trees on the duration of solar radiation exposure to the animals throughout the day. The results support the need to provide shade for sheep, as well as to promote these sustainable systems in semi-arid regions.

Self-Directed Learning Versus Traditional Teaching in Learning Gross Anatomy Among First-Year Medical Students: A Comparative Study.

Gross anatomy is the first subject to be grasped by budding medicos before learning a long series of skills and competencies required to bloom as a physician or surgeon. In recent years, the teaching time for anatomy has been reduced. The number of anatomy teachers is much less in comparison to the increasing number of students. There is also a paradigm shift in medical education; it has become competency-based, learner-centric, and technology-based. So, anatomical education is also shifting to adopt blended learning strategies. Now, the onus of learning lies more with the students, which can be promoted through self-directed learning (SDL).Many first-year medical students are unprepared for SDL and need assistance understanding SDL. Structured SDL can successfully instill the habit of SDL in young medical students, who are supposed to be lifelong learners in their professional careers.The concept of structured SDL under the supervision of teachers is comparatively new in India. Very few studies are there to compare the effectiveness of SDL with those of traditional teaching methods. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of SDL in learning the gross anatomy of an important viscus, viz., the liver, and to compare it with the effectiveness of the traditional method of teaching by demonstration/prosection. This interventional comparative study was carried out at the department of anatomy of a government medical collegein Kolkata, India. Sixty willing first-year undergraduate medical students were included in the study. The students were divided into two batches (Batch A and Batch B) of 30 each. Students of Batch A were taught the viscus (liver) by the traditional method of teaching by demonstration/prosection for one and a half hours. Validated pre-test and post-test questionnaires were administered to evaluate learning outcomes. Students of Batch B had a structured self-directed learning (SDL) session under the supervision of teachers on the same topic, viz., viscus (liver), for one and a half hours. The pre-test and post-test questionnaires were given before and after the SDL sessions to evaluate learning outcomes. The results were statistically analyzed. It was observed that the mean post-test score after traditional teaching improved significantly compared to the mean pre-test score. Also, the mean post-test score after the SDL session improved significantly compared to the mean pre-test score. It was found that the mean post-test score after exposure to traditional teaching methods was slightly better than the mean post-test scores after exposure to SDL, but this difference was not statistically significant. It can be inferredthat structured SDL under the supervision of teachers was almost as good as the traditional teaching method by demonstration/prosection in learning the gross anatomy of an important viscus, viz., liver. In the context of the reduced number of anatomy teachers and an increasing number of students, this may open up an option of teaching some portion of gross anatomy, like a few viscera, by SDL. However, a more robust study with a larger sample size can be more conclusive.

Chewing Gum Versus Standard Care for Enhanced Bowel Recovery After Cesarean Section: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background and objective Cesarean sections (CS) are common and occasionally critical surgical procedures. Nausea, vomiting, and postoperative ileus (POI) frequently occur in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with regional anesthesia. These issues affect patient comfort, slow down wound healing, and prolong hospital stays. Studies have employed various strategies to address these challenges. Chewing gum post-surgery is a cost-effective approach to stimulate intestinal movement, promoting early initiation of oral intake, early mobilization, shorter hospital stays, and reduced overall hospitalization time. In this study, we aimed toinvestigate the potential benefits of chewing gum in thispatient population. Methodology We randomly assigned a total of 314 women scheduled for elective or emergency lower segment CS (LSCS) to either a gum-chewing group (Group A, n=157) or a control group receiving standard postoperative care(Group B, n=157). Participants in the gum-chewing group chewed sugar-free gum for one hour postoperatively in sessions lasting 15 minutes each, continuing until bowel sounds resumed, and were allowed to have oral sips of water. In contrast, the control group's bowel sounds were checked every half hour till they appeared, and women were allowed to have sips of water once the bowel sounds were heard. The primary comparisons between the groups focused on the timing of first bowel sounds, first passage of flatus, and first bowel movement. Secondary endpoints included time to mobilization, removal of the catheter, and subjective sense of well-being. Results The average age of women in both groups was 24 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the study and control groups concerning age, parity, occupation, type of CS, reasons for CS, skin incision, or intraperitoneal adhesions. In Group A, the mean time for bowel sounds to appear was 3.39 hours, compared to 6.91 hours in Group B. For flatus passage, the mean time was 12.74 hours in Group A and 20.51 hours in Group B. Stool passage took an average of 41.59 hours in Group A and 64.03 hours in Group B. Conclusions Chewing gum, a type of simulated eating, is linked to faster restoration of gastrointestinal function following CS. This study elucidates the mechanisms behind the benefits of chewing gum and explores its potential in diverse surgical populations. Ultimately, integrating chewing gum into postoperative caremay offer a valuable tool for enhancing patient outcomes and accelerating recovery, provided it is used in conjunction with comprehensive and personalized postoperative care strategies. It isa cost-effective approach that accelerates the recovery of intestinal movement post-surgery, decreasing the length of hospital stay and overall burden on patients.

Audience Evaluation of INEC Half Hour Programme on AIT and Voter Education: Focus on The 2023 General Elections

Audience Evaluation of INEC Half Hour Programme on AIT and Voter Education: Focus on The 2023 General Elections

Jennifer Duann talks about life as a masters’ degree student in genetic counseling

When we spoke, Jennifer Duann was in the midst of a move from Bloomington, Indiana, to Cincinnati, Ohio, two and a half hours away, so that she could complete clinicals for her masters’ degree in genetic counseling. We chatted by phone about her life as a student and balancing parenthood with coursework. Our conversation has been edited for clarity and length.

Shared e-scooters: A last-minute mode?

In this paper we assess whether shared e-scooters are being used in hurried situations to avoid arriving late, making trips we define as last-minute trips. We identify trip characteristics for last-minute trips using data from shared e-scooters in Stockholm. Trip arrival time patterns, distances, durations, and speeds are analyzed in relation to desired arrival times. We observe a peak in the number of trips ending before the full hour and a smaller peak of trips ending before the half hour of weekday mornings. These trips have lower average trip durations and higher average speeds, indicating a larger share of last-minute trips. Arrival patterns shift when the assumed preferred arrival time changes, and when the risk associated with arriving late increases. Furthermore, there is an increased share of trips that started close to public transportation around the full hour, indicating that a portion of last-minute trips may also be last-mile trips. Our results show that while last-minute trips are infrequent per user, they do make up a relatively large share of weekday morning trips. These results highlight an important market segment for shared e-scooter services and may also explain why some research reports e-scooter usage replacing walking.

Emodin suppresses mast cell migration via modulating the JAK2/STAT3/JMJD3/CXCR3 signaling to prevent cystitis.

This study aimed to determine the preventive effects of emodin on cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis and to explore the molecular mechanism. In vivo, mice were modeled by CYP. Before a half hour of CYP treatment, Jumonji domain-containing protein-3 (JMJD3)inhibitors (GSK-J4) and emodin were used to treat CYP model mice. Bladder samples were stained for hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue. Next, JMJD3 was quantified by immunofluorescence staining, RT-PCR, and Western blot. CXCR3 was quantified by Western blot and ELISA. In vitro, before stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), human bladder smooth muscle cells (hBSMCs) were transfected with pcDNA3.1-JMJD3 plasmids, shRNA-JMJD3 plasmids or pretreated with emodin. Collected cells to detect JMJD3 and CXCR3 ligands again; collected supernatant of culture for Transwell assay. Finally, as the JAK2 inhibitor, AG490 was used to pretreat LPS-induced hBSMCs. Western blot was performed to quantify proteins. Emodin inhibited mast cell migration and suppressed the expression of JMJD3, CXCR3, and CXCR3 ligands, not only in vivo but also in vitro. The pharmacological effects of emodin were similar to GSK-J4 or JMJD3 inhibition. In addition, emodin significantly downregulated the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3, and inhibited JMJD3/CXCR3 axis transduction like AG490. Emodin has a preventive effect on cystitis by inhibiting mast cell migration through inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3/JMJD3/CXCR3 signaling pathway.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Two Disinfection Processes on Bacteria Causing Nosocomial Infections in the Intensive Care Units of an Educational, Research, and Treatment Hospital in Semnan, Iran

Background: Disinfection is the process of killing pathogenic microorganisms on non-living surfaces. Selecting and using appropriate and standard disinfection methods can significantly reduce nosocomial infections. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the disinfection process on bacteria causing nosocomial infections in an educational, research, and treatment hospital located in Semnan, Iran in 2021. Methods: In 2021, 156 samples were collected and analyzed for microorganism growth in a suitable culture medium from the surgical ICU, CCU, and internal wards of men at Kosar Hospital in Semnan. Samples were taken during three work shifts (morning, evening, and night) from breakfast tables, suction devices, ventilators or biopsy equipment, and rods at the patient's bed. Results: Before the disinfection process, 81.8% (27 cases) of the samples tested positive for various microorganisms. The most commonly grown microorganisms were Klebsiella (33.3%) and Staphylococcus (18.2%). The highest percentage of microorganisms developed after disinfection with Sayasept and sodium hypochlorite were seen at two and a half hours (26.3%) and two hours (26.7%), respectively. Disinfection with sodium hypochlorite significantly reduced the number of microorganisms grown in the post-disinfection period compared to before (P-value = 0.042), whereas disinfection with Sayasept did not show a statistically significant effect (P-value = 0.132). Conclusions: Using sodium hypochlorite greatly decreased the number of microorganisms in the post-disinfection period, despite the high number of microorganisms present before disinfection in the analyzed wards. It is vital to implement hygienic policies that ensure proper disinfection of hospital surfaces and provide adequate training, particularly emphasizing the use of sodium hypochlorite.

Challenges of Thyroidectomy Anaesthesia for a Huge Retrosternal Goitre in a Jehovah’s Witness: A Case Report

In potential haemorrhagic surgical procedures, refusal of allogenic blood infusion poses a challenge to anaesthetists. This report is about a 65-year-old male, of the Jehovah’s Witness (JW) religious sect, known hypertensive, who presented with an anterior neck mass with retrosternal extension of three years. Laboratory investigations were normal, and the haemoglobin concentration was 13gm/dl. He consented to acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH). Therefore, two units of blood were drawn and replaced with isoplasma. The patient had a general anaesthesia relaxant technique. Intravenous tranexamic acid, morphine, and paracetamol were administered. A right-lobal thyroidectomy and sternotomy were performed. After securing haemostasis, the two blood units were infused, and the estimated blood loss was 1.5 litres. The surgery lasted for five and a half hours. After surgery, the patient was reversed of the neuromuscular blockade, extubated, transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), and monitored for 24 hours. He had supplemental oxygenation, analgesia, and other supportive care. He was discharged on postoperative day seven and had attended the outpatient clinic for two months.

Evaluating biases in Penman and Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration rates at different timescales

The Penman and Penman–Monteith equations are widely used for estimating surface evapotranspiration (ET) at regional and global scales. These nonlinear equations were derived from the turbulent transport of heat fluxes and, in theory, need to be applied to a temporal scale ranging from half hour to an hour. However, these equations have been frequently applied with hydrometeorological variables averaged at daily, monthly, and even decadal time intervals, resulting in biases due to their nonlinearities. In this study, we used global reanalysis data and Taylor expanded Penman and Penman–Monteith equations to explore their nonlinear components and the biases associated with the timescale mismatches. We found that global average biases for approximating Penman equation range from 0.72 to 1.31 mm day−1 from daily to annual timescales, which mainly stem from the temperature–radiation, temperature–vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and aerodynamic conductance–VPD covariances. For Penman–Monteith equation, the corresponding biases vary from 0.47 to 0.53 mm day−1, which may be associated with the addition of stomatal conductance–VPD covariances. As a reference, the global averages from Penman and Penman–Monteith at hourly timescale over one year are 7.1 and 1.7 mm day−1. Large biases also exist around the world across various climate zones, where one or multiple covariances between meteorological variables makes the first-order approximations of Penman and Penman–Monteith equations less accurate. This analysis serves as a reminder of nonlinearities in Penman and Penman–Monteith equations, hence the requirement of data at high temporal resolution for estimating potential or actual evapotranspiration.

Dynamic modeling and response characteristics of a solar-driven fuel cell hybrid system based on supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle

This study proposes and evaluates a solar-driven system coupled with a solid oxide fuel cell and the supercritical carbon dioxide cycle, aiming to fully utilize the potential of solar energy while ensuring the safe and stable operation of the energy system. The dynamic mathematical model is established by the lumped parameter method, with a maximum model error of less than 5%. This study analyzes the integrated system based on its harsh off-design conditions, with short-term (in seconds), medium-term (in minutes), and long-term (in hours) dynamic responses. Meanwhile, based on the second law of thermodynamics, a study is conducted on the irreversibility of the operation of heat exchangers. Finally, analyze the mismatch between supply and demand in the time scale caused by solar energy fluctuations. The results show that the system can meet 5 h of hydrogen production work in summer and only 2 and a half hours in winter. The transient entropy generation mainly occurs in the first 5 s, with the highest transient additional entropy generation ratio of 71.7%. The findings of this study provide useful information and a reference for ensuring the safe and flexible operation of renewable power generation systems.

Virtual leadership program for adolescents with muscular dystrophy: a process evaluation

ABSTRACT Children with muscular dystrophy go through the challenge of moving into adolescence compounded with the challenge of living with a debilitating muscle disease. This paper describes the process evaluation of a group leadership program for adolescents with muscular dystrophy. A five-day online program was conducted for 14 participants, 12 males, and 2 females, between 13 and 18 years, beneficiaries of Mobility in Dystrophy (MIND) trust, Kerala, India. The sessions, which lasted around one and a half hours each, focused on self-discovery through a participatory strength-based approach. The participants’ feedback was thematically analyzed. The process evaluation parameters, fidelity, dose delivered and received, reach, and context were found to be effective. The 100% attendance of the participants and their perceived improvement in self-confidence, self-awareness, friends circle, skills-set, and leadership were identified as positive outcomes. Psychosocial intervention programs through the online platform, with structured follow-ups for adolescents with life-limiting conditions would be beneficial.