Hakodate City Research Articles

Economic evaluation of MSY-based fishery policy using input-output table: A case study of squid-related industries in Hakodate City, Japan

This study evaluates the regional economic impact of the MSY-based fishery policy on the squid industry, specifically in case of the Japanese flying squid (Todarodes pacificus) in Hakodate-city, Hokkaido Prefecture by coupling ecological-economic modeling. The results show that a 10-year MSY-based squid fishery in Hakodate would have an economic ripple effect of approximately −0.085 billion JPY in the case of normal recruitment, and 0.061 billion JPY in the case of low recruitment both in the present value with 4% annual discount rate. In the viewpoint of percentage, they are less than 0.3% of the economic ripple effects of the conventional fisheries, which indicates that the economic impact of MSY-based fisheries is not that significant. In addition, the decreased catch values during the first five years are so huge that the total present value of the MSY-based fishery is negative in the normal recruit scenario. This suggests that MSY-based fisheries are effective in dealing with the risks of low recruitment and requires long perspectives on policy implications. This study also recommends high-level bilateral dialogue between Japan and China on squid fishery management to decrease the uncertainty on the stock assessment.

北海道函館市における一棟二戸型住宅の残存状況と改変の実態

This study is aim to clarify the remaining condition and renovation of semi-detached house in Hakodate city, Hokkaido. The results are as follows; 1) We extracted 143 buildings as semi-detached house. 2)Among those we extracted representative 19 types by design characteristic of semi-detached house. 3)112 buildings has changed from the symmetrical appearance at the time it was built. 4)In the case of the owners of the building are different on the left and right, there was a tendency for the appearance of buildings to differ between the left and right.

A study on facade designs and distribution of House-Architecture in Hakodate City

A study on facade designs and distribution of House-Architecture in Hakodate City

Impact assessment and a fiscal recovery policy for tsunami risk: GIS and the general equilibrium approach in Hakodate city, Japan

Given Japan’s substantial exposure to many kinds of natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons, it has been a priority to invest in resilience, guided by evidence-based modeling. In 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami became the costliest natural disaster ever recorded. This study applied a geographic information system using assumed tsunami-affected data calibrated in a recursive computable general equilibrium model to perform an economic impact assessment and an estimated recovery budget. We simulated 100 years of tsunamis and a 10-year sectoral recovery package for the sectors related to the ocean economy, such as kelp, net fishery, squid, other fisheries, food processing, and recreation, with a capital-use subsidy policy regarding investment strategy. We found that the aqua sector is incredibly vulnerable and would not recover with the capital-use subsidy within Hakodate City’s financial capability. Nevertheless, the recovery policy could still ease output price changes. On the other hand, the recreation sector could recover to pre-disaster conditions, but at huge fiscal and social costs. Meanwhile, the food processing sector’s recovery could generate social benefits and have a spillover effect on other fisheries sectors. The application of geographic information system in tsunami-prone areas could strengthen the precision of economic analysis. Such evidence-based modeling could visualize the economic impact to assist policymakers and stakeholders in foreseeing disaster risk and implementing more effective building resilience measures.

Repurposing a traditional Japanese method of pest control for wintering pine moths, Komo-trap, for use against summer and winter populations of fall webworms.

BackgroundThe fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is a widespread invasive species. It is native to North America, ranging from southern Canada to northern Mexico. During and after the 1940s, this pest was accidentally introduced in many parts of Europe and Asia. It has now spread to more than 30 countries. The larvae feed on leaves of a wide range of tree species, including ones used as street trees in cities, causing an increase in urban management cost. Although several pest management methods have been employed, pest damage continues especially in newly invaded areas. In this study, we examined the effect and cost-effectiveness of the komo-trap, traditionally used in Japan to reduce the population of larvae of the pine moth Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). This trap, which is safe for people and ecosystems, has not yet been applied to trap the fall webworm.MethodsIn two seasons of 2017, we set komo-traps on street trees in Hakodate City, Japan. We counted the numbers of captured fall webworms compared with controls. We also monitored other species to evaluate any nontarget effects of the trap.ResultsOne komo, the material cost of which is about 1.10 USD, captured 43.8 fall webworms on average in summer and 27.2 in the fall. The values were significantly larger than those of the controls, which were 0.07 in summer and 0.14 in winter. Bycatch of other species was minimal in summer, whereas in the fall one komo, on average, caught 10.7 woodlice Porcellio sp. or spp. (Isopoda: Porcellionidae).DiscussionThe komo-trap is effective in capturing fall webworm. The cost performance of the trap is very favorable, and the nontarget effects can be reduced by using the trap in summer only. The komo-trap would complement other control methods such as tree pruning. Because its cost is low, we recommend that the komo-trap be introduced as a larger-scale trial.

Source of Pumice Deposits beneath Hakodate City, Southwestern Hokkaido: Examination from Petrological Features and U-Pb Ages

Source of Pumice Deposits beneath Hakodate City, Southwestern Hokkaido: Examination from Petrological Features and U-Pb Ages

Nut-cracking behaviour, by means of automobiles, by Carrion Crows in Hakodate City

Nut-cracking behaviour, by means of automobiles, by Carrion Crows in Hakodate City

Nut-dropping behavior of Carrion Crows in Hakodate City, Hokkaido

Nut-dropping behavior of Carrion Crows in Hakodate City, Hokkaido

Low genetic diversity in an isolated red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population on Mt. Hakodate, Japan, revealed by microsatellite analyses of fecal samples

Mt. Hakodate, Hokkaido, is a small mountain geographically isolated by the sea and urban area, and some red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) live there. In consideration of the specific geographical environment, we made a hypothesis that the fox population on Mt. Hakodate is small in size and isolated, and consequently its genetic variation is low, and then tested it. To investigate the genetic variation, we genotyped microsatellite loci using fecal samples collected noninvasively from 2009 to 2011. As the result, we successfully identified 35 foxes for the three years (12 in 2009, 11 in 2010, and 22 in 2011), and presumed eight of them were adults, indicating that the population size is extremely small. The genetic structures and degree of differentiations showed that the Mt. Hakodate population was genetically differentiated from those of the other populations. The urban area of Hakodate City could have played a role of a dispersal barrier for foxes. Additionally, the genetic diversity of the Mt. Hakodate population was lower than those of the other populations in Hokkaido. Our results suggested that the Mt. Hakodate population have low genetic diversity due to restricted gene flow and the small population size, supporting our hypothesis.

函館市中央図書館蔵「蠣崎文書」に見る松前藩士の音韻状況( 資料研究の現在)

函館市中央図書館蔵「蠣崎文書」に見る松前藩士の音韻状況( 資料研究の現在)

函館市内の4キリスト教教会における観光対象化にともなう教会活動の変遷

函館市内の4キリスト教教会における観光対象化にともなう教会活動の変遷

河川が都市の鳥類多様性に与える影響：函館市亀田川の事例

河川が都市の鳥類多様性に与える影響：函館市亀田川の事例

函館大火による被災樹および戦災樹の残存状況の把握と探索方法についての一考察

In Hakodate City, since 1869, many historical conflagrations have occurred, particularly during 1907, 1921, and 1934. They have resulted in massive damage, including damage by air-raids during WWII. Approximately 80 to 100 years have passed since the last conflagration; therefore, only a few physical and archived historical reminders in the form of photographs and books remain. Additionally, few old residents still personally remember the war. Thus, damaged trees are now valuable historical relics; however, their number and distribution are unknown. Therefore, we conducted research to address this concern and obtained the following results.1) We identified 10 conflagration-damaged trees, 17 requiring more evidence, and one war-damaged tree, mainly concentrated in public parks, roads, and on the edges of past burned out areas. Conversely, temple precincts contained few such trees. 2) The established method of identifying war-damaged trees also applies to conflagration-damaged trees. 3) Due to very little remaining physical evidence to guide the identification of damaged trees, regional historical books helped with identification. Thus, it is important to record, store, and manage plant regional historical databases, and we believe that providing open public access can facilitate the preservation of urban histories.

Continuous Development and Operation of a Regional Digital Archive System as Project-Based Learning

Future University Hakodate, in cooperation with Hakodate City Central Library, has developed a digital archive system. To maintain the archive within a limited budget and allow it to be used for research and education, students participated in the development and the operation of the archive. Activities related to the digital archives are particularly valuable for project-based learning. Skills that can be obtained through such activities include system development and project management. The former includes programming and system integration for business applications. The latter includes team management and stakeholder management.

函館地区で発生したE型急性肝炎に対する臨床的，ウイルス学的，疫学的検討―函館4病院における症例探索から―

2007～10年の4年間に，函館市内4病院で診療した13例，函館市内で感染し札幌で発症した1例の計14例のE型肝炎ウイルス（HEV）感染者を対象とし，E型肝炎の臨床像，感染経路の解析およびウイルス遺伝子の系統解析を行った．道南地区における有症状の非A非B非C型急性肝炎のうちE型の頻度は24.2%であった．E型肝炎14（男8：女6）例中，4（男1：女3）例が重症化しそのうち3例は劇症肝炎を呈し2例は死亡した．13例から分離されたHEV RNAゲノムのORF 1 326塩基に対し遺伝子系統解析を行ったところ，3株はgenotype 3，10株はgenotype 4に属した．genotype 4の7株は既報のKitami/Abashiri strainに，2株は札幌圏小流行を起こしたNew Sapporo strainに属した．患者の職業，食肉嗜好，居住地等は共通点に乏しかった．感染源として，従来から指摘されている動物の内臓肉に加え，生の貝類が疑われた．

Processes of the consensus formation for the commencement of community bus and change of service A case study in Asahi neighborhood association Jinkawa area, Hakodate City

Processes of the consensus formation for the commencement of community bus and change of service A case study in Asahi neighborhood association Jinkawa area, Hakodate City

ソーシャル· キャピタルとしての地域環境意識が路面電車利用者の交通選択行動に与える影響分析

This paper discusses the structure of regional environmental consciousness (REC) for streetcar users with social capital (SC) . Nowadays, streetcars are known as a useful tool for climate change countermeasures in urban areas. On the other hand, SC improves citizen consciousness and changes travel behavior. This study focused on SC that reveals a unique public awareness for each region. The definition of SC used in this paper is from Putnam (1993) . "SC refers to features of social organization, such as trust, norms, and networks that can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions." Moreover, high car dependency depends on citizen behavior types. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the influence structure of REC for streetcar choice behavior as it relates to streetcar services and citizen behavior types.Two cities with different streetcar service levels were chosen as case studies. Hakodate City, Japan has a conventional streetcar service. Toyama City, Japan has a new streetcar service. A questionnaire survey was administered to streetcar users, and 558 valid samples were obtained. Structural equation modeling and the logit model were used to analyze the data. The results show the following REC influence structure: SC influences environmental and urban development consciousness, and the determinants of streetcar use intentions differ according to the streetcar service. Moreover, non car owners, pro-environmental consciousness and SC influence streetcar use intentions. Finally, the paper discusses several recommendations for the promotion of streetcar choice behavior by using REC.JEL Classification: R48, R58

北海道函館市南茅部におけるコンブ養殖業の地域差

本稿は，北海道函館市南茅部におけるコンブ養殖業について，養殖方法の地域差とその条件を明らかにした．1950年代以降，南茅部ではコンブの増産と養殖の導入が図られた．1966年の1年促成コンブ養殖試験の成功により，安定したコンブ生産が可能となり，以降，1年促成養殖は南茅部全域に急速に広まっていくが，天然コンブと同様に2年の成長期間を必要とする2年養殖も継続された．地区別にみると，天然コンブの価格序列である浜格差において，高く評価される尾札部地区では，浜格差の影響を強く受ける2年養殖が重要であるが，低位である大船地区では，浜格差の影響を受けずに地区独自の取引を行うことができる1年促成養殖への特化が認められた．以上から，南茅部におけるコンブ養殖業の導入は，既存の天然コンブ漁の状況に基づき，地区ごとに異なった養殖方法の選択的受容につながった．その結果，地区間のコンブの収益格差の解消に結びついたと意義付けることができた．

Process of Urbanization of Hakodate City from a Viw-Point of Ground Bearing Capacity

Process of Urbanization of Hakodate City from a Viw-Point of Ground Bearing Capacity

REGENERATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED COMMERCIAL AREA ‘NAKAJIMA-RENBAI’ IN HAKODATE

Recently, the city centre commercial area is losing attractions for people to shop. While urban regeneration in the central city area has been actively promoted, the revitalization of the communitybased commercial area has been left behind. The activation of Nakajimarenbai, one of the commercia area in Hakodate city, was progressed by the revision of the land readjustment project and the city planning road. This paper explores the process of creating the development plan for the commercial area to be activated, the project itself and the present situation.