Hairy Regions Research Articles

Reconstruction des sourcils par greffe folliculaire

The eyebrow is an aesthetic unit playing an important role in the balance and expression of the face. It consists of hairs whose different orientations make its complexity. The main causes of eyebrow alopecia are repeated eyebrow plucking, reduced density due to age, and post-traumatic alopecia. Follicular transplantation is a simple surgical technique that corrects most cases of eyebrow alopecia. This involves implanting hair follicles, taken from the scalp or, more rarely, from a hairy region of the body, into the bare or sparse area of the eyebrow.

Structural elucidation a complex galactosyl andglucosyl-rich pectin from the pericarp of immature fruits of Juglans mandshurica Maxim.

A glucosyl-rich pectin, JMMP-3 (Mw, 2.572 × 104g/mol, O-methyl % = 3.62%), was isolated and purified from the pericarp of the immature fruit of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. (QingLongYi). The structure of JMMP-3 was studied systematically by infrared spectroscopy, monosaccharide compositions, methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, and 1/2D-NMR. The backbone of JMMP-3 possessed a smooth region (→ 4GalA1 →) and a hairy region (→ 4GalA1 → 2Rha1 →) with a molar ratio of 2: 5. The substitution of four characteristic side chains (R1-R4) occurs at C-4 of → 2,4)-α-Rhap-(1→, where R1 is composed of → 5)-α-Araf-(1→, R2 is composed of → 4)-β-Galp-(1 → and β-Galp-(1→, R3 is composed of α-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-Glcp-(1 → and → 4,6)-α-Glcp-(1→, and R4 is composed of → 5)-α-Araf-(1→, β-Galp-(1→, → 4)-β-Galp-(1→, → 3,4)-β-Galp-(1→, → 4,6)-β-Galp-(1 → and → 2,4)-β-Galp-(1 → . In addition, the antitumor activity of JMMP-3 on HepG2 cells was preliminarily investigated.

Kamaszkori sinus pilonidalis: a localis kezeléstől a lebenyelforgatásig

The treatment of pilonidal disease (PD) is often challenging, due to the frequent recurrences and adverse events. The risk factors are well known: obesity, male sex, hairy sacral region, inactivity, inadequate hygiene. To diagnose the PD the physical examination is enough. The acute form is a local imflammation in the sacral region (cellulitis or abscess) and the chronic one can be “sacral pit(s)” or fistula(s). In case of abscess the local therapy with antibiotics or “off-midline” incision can be the best solution. In chronic PD the most important is to reduce the risk factors: weight control, epilation, to enhance the physical activity and local hygiene. If surgery cannot be avoid, the minimally invasive one must be chosen at first (trephination, PEPSiT). In case of complications, recurrence more complicated surgeries can be performed (ie. flap rotation). The surgery itself is not sufficient, the postoperative care (ie. hygiene, epilation) must be adequate.

Emulsification properties of sugar beet pectin: The synergistic effect of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ

In recent years, sugar beet pectin has been shown to exhibit excellent emulsifying properties compared to commercial citrus peel pectin and apple pectin, with emulsifying properties similar to those of gum arabic. However, due to the highly complex molecular structure, the emulsification mechanism of sugar beet pectin is still unclear. In this study, the RG-Ⅰ region of sugar beet pectin was successfully isolated and characterized by chemical composition, FT-IR, TG/DTG, XRD and 1H NMR analyses. In addition, multiscale characterization techniques showed that RG-Ⅰ could form a much thicker and more elastic interfacial film than HG. This highly elastic interfacial film is crucial for the long-term emulsion stability. Moreover, our studies also showed that HG and RG-Ⅰ alone could not form an interfacial film as elastic as that of sugar beet pectin. This indicates that the smooth HG region and hairy RG-Ⅰ region of sugar beet pectin molecules are both necessary to form a thick and highly elastic interfacial film, and thus obtain a long-term stable emulsion.

Biokompatibilni lipidni nanonosači za poboljšanu isporuku fluocinolonacetonida u kožu - fizičkohemijske osobine i in vitro učinak

In order to improve the delivery of topical corticosteroids into inflammatory skin lesions while reducing the likelihood of adverse effects, lipid nanocarriers have received increasing attention. Hence, this study aimed to develop biocompatible nanoemulsions (NEs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as carriers for fluocinolone acetonide (FA) by carefully optimizing the formulation and process parameters. After an analysis of the relevant physicochemical parameters and stability testing, in vitro release and permeation tests were performed to evaluate whether the nanocarriers affected the penetration of FA into/through the skin compared to a conventional reference product (Sinoderm® cream). The developed NEs exhibited satisfactory physicochemical properties (droplet size <200 nm, PDI<0.2, ZP>|-30| mV, pH ~ 4.75) and long-term stability. Although the developed NLCs initially had satisfactory properties, gelation was observed within 3 months of storage, implying that further formulation testing is required to resolve the limited stability of these systems. In vitro release/permeation findings suggest that the developed nanocarriers (especially NEs) provide better delivery of FA into/though the skin compared to the Sinoderm® cream. Therefore, a lecithin-based NE with a 10% lipid phase (medium-chain triglycerides/oleic acid 3:1) is a promising strategy for improved delivery of FA to the inflamed skin, allowing for ease of application, especially to larger skin surfaces and hairy regions.

Investigating Textile-Based Electrodes for ECG Monitoring in Veterinary Clinical Practice

Abstract There is an increasing interest in long-term electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring in veterinary clinical practice. ECG is the most essential physiological signal in diagnosing and managing heart diseases both in humans and animals. Electrodes are the main components that affect the quality of the acquired signal. This study focuses on the development of silver-coated textile electrodes for veterinary ECG testing (particularly for dogs). Silver printed polyester, embroidered, and silver-plated conductive hook textile electrodes were used for ECG measurement in dogs. This is an important validation for the use of textile ECG sensors in combination with hairy skin. ECG signals were collected while the animal was in a static position and walking on a smooth surface. The ECG signals collected from the dog using the silver printed polyester and embroidered textile electrodes with slight skin preparation have identifiable P, QRS, and T waveforms and were comparable with signals from standard silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes. Results revealed that these textile electrodes can be used for ECG monitoring in a dog to avoid associated problems with commercially used crocodile clamps and standard Ag/AgCl electrodes. The hook electrodes show promising results when placed on the hairy regions of a dog without any skin preparation.

Red Orange and Bitter Orange IntegroPectin: Structure and Main Functional Compounds.

DRIFT, HPLC-MS, and SPME-GC/MS analyses were used to unveil the structure and the main functional compounds of red (blood) orange (Citrus sinensis) and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). The IntegroPectin samples show evidence that these new citrus pectins are comprised of pectin rich in RG-I hairy regions functionalized with citrus biophenols, chiefly flavonoids and volatile molecules, mostly terpenes. Remarkably, IntegroPectin from the peel of fresh bitter oranges is the first high methoxyl citrus pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation, whereas the red orange IntegroPectin is a low methoxyl pectin. C. aurantium IntegroPectin has a uniquely high concentration of adsorbed flavonoids, especially the flavanone glycosides hesperidin, naringin, and eriocitrin.

Relationships between the behavior of three different sources of pectin at the oil-water interface and the stability of the emulsion

In this study, structural characterization and chemical compositions of three pectins from different sources were studied, which showed that compared with apple pectin (AP) and citrus peel pectin (CPP), sugar beet pectin (SBP) has higher protein contents, feruloylated groups, acetyl groups and more hairy regions. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that HG domain was tiled on the oil-water interface, while RG-Ⅰ and RG-Ⅱ domains were adsorbed on the oil-water interface in a folded form, resulting in a thick viscoelastic film. Dissipative quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) and dilatational rheology studies showed that under high-concentration and acidic conditions, pectin molecules were adsorbed in multiple layers at the oil-water interface, forming a thicker viscoelastic film, which was crucial for the long-term stability of pectin-stabilized emulsions.

Increasing RG-I content and lipase inhibitory activity of pectic polysaccharides extracted from goji berry and raspberry by high-pressure processing

The impact of high-pressure processing (HPP) extraction on the structural, rheological, and functional properties of goji berry and raspberry pectic polysaccharides were investigated under acidic and alkaline conditions. These properties were compared with those of pectic polysaccharides extracted by conventional hot-acid and cold-alkali methods. Extraction yield, molecular weight, rheological behavior, and antioxidant activity of pectic extracts depended on the source materials of extraction. The solvent pH was the driving factor for the degree of esterification, as revealed by NMR and FTIR analysis. Monosaccharide composition was the primary variable between the extracts. The hot-acid extraction led to the highest galacturonic acid (GalA) contents, 46.9% for goji berry and 65.2% for raspberry, indicating the prevalence of homogalacturonans (HG) regions. HPP-assisted acidic/alkaline extractions gave rise to higher rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) regions, pointing to the prevalence of hairy regions. The antioxidant activity of raspberry extracts was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than goji berry extracts. The higher amount of RG-I may determine the higher antioxidant activity of raspberry pectic polysaccharides. The correlation between structural parameters and the lipase inhibitory activity also revealed that the higher lipase inhibitory activity of pectic polysaccharides is mostly correlated with the higher content of RG-I (r = 0.9259, P = 0.00033). Thus, HPP-assisted extraction may intensify the lipase inhibitory activity of pectic polysaccharides by increasing their RG-I content.

Characterization of tissue‐specific differences in cell wall pectic polysaccharides of carrot root

This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of CWPs from epidermis, cortex, and stele of carrot. The CWPs extracted from cortex contained the highest content of galacturonic acid (GalA), as well as the highest degree of methylation. Compared to Na2CO3 extractable fraction (NEF) and water extractable fraction (WEF), chelator extractable fraction (CEF) contained higher GalA content, and it was identified with more linear homogalacturonan (HG). The highest amounts of Gal, Ara, and Rha were obtained in NEF extracted from cortex, suggesting that abundant side chains attached to pectic backbone of NEF and formed “hairy region.” In addition, gentle changes of the molar mass along with tissue zones were observed in different pectic fractions. However, the molar mass of NEF was always higher than WEF regardless of the tissues. According to FTIR, the configurations of all CWPs were similar and exhibited typical structural properties of pectic polymers. Practical applications Cell wall pectic polysaccharides (CWPs) are important macromolecules which highly correlated with food products qualities. The CWPs extracted from epidermis, cortex, and stele of carrot root were prepared and their physicochemical characteristics were evaluated. Detailed characteristics of tissue-specific differences in CWPs of carrot root could provide more fundamental information for carrot-related food processing.

Ultrafiltration isolation, structures and anti-tumor potentials of two arabinose- and galactose-rich pectins from leaves of Aralia elata

Two novel arabinose- and galactose-rich pectic polysaccharides, AELP-B5 (Mw, 4.25 × 104 g/mol) and B6 (Mw, 1.56 × 104 g/mol), were rapidly obtained from the leaves of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. with anion resin and sequenced ultrafiltration membrane columns. The structural backbone and branched chains of AELP-B5 and B6 were preliminarily elucidated by mild acid hydrolysis with HILIC-ESI−-MS/MS. The planar structures and spatial configurations were further identified using UPLC-QDa and GC–MS for compositions, Smith degradation and methylation analysis, FT-IR, NMR (1H/13C, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, COSY, NOESY and TOCSY) and SEC-MALLS-RID. (1) AELP-B5 possessed →4GalA1→ as smooth regions (HG) and a repeating disaccharide moiety of →4GalA1→2Rha1→ as hairy regions (RG-I) with a 1:5 molar ratio, whereas AELP-B6 had a distinguishing 1:1 molar ratio between the HG and RG-I; (2) complex side chains were constituted of T-α-Araf, 1,3-α-Araf, 1,5-α-Araf, T-β-Galp, 1,3-β-Galp, 1,4-β-Galp, 1,6-β-Galp, 1,3,4-β-Galp and 1,3,4,6-β-Galp connected at C-4 of the rhamnosyl units in RG-I of AELP-B5 and B6; and (3) both possessed highly branched and compact coil conformations. The CCK-8 assay illustrated that AELP-B6 possessed higher cytotoxicity against HepG2 and HT-29 than that of AELP-B5. Surface plasmon resonance showed the binding affinity of AELP-B6 to galectin-3 (6.488 × 10−5 M) was about 10 times stronger than that of AELP-B5 (4.588 × 10−4 M). The above findings provide a molecular structure and bioactivity basis for future potential applications of AELP in the food and medical industries.

Hairy Region Concentrate of Pectin Strongly Stimulates Mucin Secretion in HT29-MTX Cells, but to a Lessor Degree in Rat Small Intestine

Pectin enhances mucin secretion in the rat small intestine. However, what structural features of pectin to stimulate mucin secretion remain unclear. The study aimed to clarify active constituents of pectin using a human goblet cell line, HT29-MTX. Various pectins at 100 mg/L commonly stimulated MUC5AC secretion, irrespective of their differences in molecular size, plant origin and degree of methoxylation, whereas other dietary fiber materials at 100 mg/L did not show any effects, except fucoidan. Hairy region concentrate (HRC) and its further fractions (F1-F3) were prepared by polygalacturonase treatment of citrus pectin and successive anion exchange chromatography. Neutral sugars, such as galactose and arabinose were enriched in these fractions. HRC and F1-F3 at 30 mg/L significantly increased MUC5AC secretion, which were 3 times more potent compared with a starting material (citrus pectin). Further, a dose-dependent study showed that F1 significantly increased MUC5AC secretion from at 0.3 mg/L, much stronger than that of mucin-secretagogue lipopolysaccharides. Rats consumed 5% apple pectin diet showed significant increases of luminal mucin contents and Muc2 expression in the small intestine, while the luminal mucin contents in rats consumed 1.5% HRC diet were increased by 24% compared to those in rats consumed control diet, but the difference did not reach significant. Thus, HRC is supposed to be active constituents of mucin-secretory effect of pectin in vitro. At present, however, the effect of HRC has not been verified in vivo.

Capturing Human Perceptual and Cognitive Activities via Event-Related Potentials Measured with Candle-Like Dry Microneedle Electrodes.

We demonstrate capture of event-related potentials (ERPs) using candle-like dry microneedle electrodes (CMEs). CMEs can record an electroencephalogram (EEG) even from hairy areas without any skin preparation, unlike conventional wet electrodes. In our previous research, we experimentally verified that CMEs can measure the spontaneous potential of EEG from the hairy occipital region without preparation with a signal-to-noise ratio as good as that of the conventional wet electrodes which require skin preparation. However, these results were based on frequency-based signals, which are relatively robust compared to noise contamination, and whether CMEs are sufficiently sensitive to capture finer signals remained unclear. Here, we first experimentally verified that CMEs can extract ERPs as good as conventional wet electrodes without preparation. In the auditory oddball tasks using pure tones, P300, which represent ERPs, was extracted with a signal-to-noise ratio as good as that of conventional wet electrodes. CMEs successfully captured perceptual activities. Then, we attempted to investigate cerebral cognitive activity using ERPs. In processing the vowel and prosody in auditory stimuli such as /itta/, /itte/, and /itta?/, laterality was observed that originated from the locations responsible for the process in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and magnetoencephalography experiments. We simultaneously measured ERPs with CMEs and NIRS in the oddball tasks using the three words. Laterality appeared in NIRS for six of 10 participants, although laterality was not clearly shown in the results, suggesting that EEGs have a limitation of poor spatial resolution. On the other hand, successful capturing of MMN and P300 using CMEs that do not require skin preparation may be readily applicable for real-time applications of human perceptual activities.

Development of a continuous-flow system for microwave-assisted extraction of pectin-derived oligosaccharides from food waste

This paper addresses the current lack of a scalable process for the extraction of “hairy” pectins to upcycle biomasses, by describing the design methodology, building and testing of a continuous microwave-assisted process for potato waste pectin extraction. Hairy pectins have been shown to present prebiotic activity. Conventional pectin extraction methods are not suitable to produce them, as they lead to degradation of hairy regions, in part due to long heating times. Microwave heating is considered an alternative due to its selective and rapid heating. The 2 kW single mode system developed in this study achieved good temperature control of ±2.5 °C, and a stable target temperature in ≈1 min processing time at a feed flow rate of 250 mL min−1. Pectin yields of 40–45% (indicated by the galacturonic acid content) were achieved, with a feed residence time of only 0.81 s followed by 20 min cooling-down under stirring. These yields were 59.75% higher on average than control experiments in batch conditions or under continuous heating. This indicates that a short heating time is sufficient to allow pectin hydrolysis, after which the rate limiting diffusion step can proceed during cool-down, minimising pectin degradation caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The presence of hairy pectin regions in the extract was confirmed by neutral sugar analysis. The high starch content in potato necessitated a de-starching procedure. A sieving procedure was implemented, which removed more starch than enzymatic de-starching, resulting in a higher purity pectin extract and the ability to collect starch as a separate value stream. This work proves the suitability of microwaves to be used as a fast heating method to extract pectin from biomass, avoiding degradation, using a scalable continuous mode of operation.

Dietary fibre profiles of Turkish Tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and hazelnut skin

Dietary fibre (DF) profiles of natural hazelnut, roasted hazelnut and hazelnut skin were analyzed. Insoluble (IDF) and soluble (SDF) DFs were examined for monosaccharide and glycosyl-linkage compositions using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Total DF contents of natural hazelnut, roasted hazelnut, and hazelnut skin were 17.8, 15.4, and 69.8%, respectively; majority of which (>96%) were water-insoluble. IDFs of natural and roasted hazelnuts were composed of cellulose (~49%), pectic polysaccharides (~30%), and xyloglucans (~15%), whereas that of hazelnut skin made up lignin (~55%) and fibre polysaccharides (cellulose, pectic polysaccharides, and xyloglucans, ~45%). Unlike the ones from other sources, pectic polysaccharides in IDFs had lower proportion of smooth region and higher proportion of hairy region that is heavily branched with arabinan and galactan side chains. Xyloglucans were also densely branched with monomeric and/or dimeric side chains. SDFs of the samples were composed of heavily branched heteromannans (~60%), slightly branched pectic polysaccharides (~25%), and xyloglucans possessing monomeric side chains (~5%). These results suggest that hazelnut is rich in DFs that have potential to improve large bowel function and hazelnut skin, a byproduct of hazelnut roasting process, could be utilized for the production of functional carbohydrates having prebiotic capacities.

Comparable studies of two polysaccharides from leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus: Structure and antioxidation

Two pectin-polysaccharides, ASP-B2 (Mw, 5.32 kDa) and B3 (Mw, 30.51 kDa), were obtained from Acanthopanax senticosus leaves. An HILIC-UPLC-ESI−-HCD-MS/MS technique was introduced for structural elucidations of skeletal structure of pectin-polysaccharides in addition to empolying SEC-MALLS, GC–MS, UPLC-ESI+-MS, methylation analysis, FT-IR and NMR methods. Skeletal structure of ASP-B2 was characterized by combining HG smooth region and RG hairy region with a 2:1 chain length ratio, wheres ASP-B3 had a distinguishing 3:1 chain length ratio (HG:RG). HG were defined as repeated →4GalA1→, and RG were featured by repeated →4GalA1 → 2Rhap1 → with branched points at C-3, C-4 and C-3,4 of rhamnosyl. Side chains mainly consisted of galactans, arabinans and arabinogalactans. Both showed a random coil conformation and no triple-helix conformation. ASP-B2 and B3 possess stronger DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, with a relatively low reducing power. Thus, two polysaccharides can be further explored as novel natural antioxidant.

TRICHILEMMAL CYST: A POSSIBLY MALIGNANT RARE INJURY IN UPPER LIP - CASE REPORT

Trichilemmal cyst is rare cyst, with small incidence in mouth, which can affect both sexes; however, is more common in women, having the possibility to become malignant. Its pathogenesis is related to the sebaceous glands ducts obstruction leading to the retention of secretion, being filled by keratin. Its occurrence is more common in hairy regions or close to them. A 54-year-old man arrived with the main complaint of a little ball that moved back and forward in the upper lip. The physical examination reported the presence of nodule measuring 5 mm, which was mobile, painless, and covered with normal mucosa. After image and blood complementary examinations, an excisional biopsy with small safety margin was performed. The anatomopathologic examination result was trichilemmal cyst. The patient remains asymptomatic and without relapse signals. His prognosis is favorable.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and structural characterization of pectin from sweet lemon peel

The microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from sweet lemon peel (SLP) was optimized using Box-Behnken design. The highest pectin yield (25.31%) was observed under optimal condition (microwave power of 700 W, irradiation time of 3 min and pH of 1.5). The physicochemical, structural and some bioactivity of the SLP pectin isolated at optimum condition was evaluated. The SLP pectin was rich in galacturonic acid and galactose (87.2 mol%), high in molecular weight (615.836 kDa) and low in degree of esterification (1.2–35.1%). Furthermore, the SLP pectin was composed of 55.7% linear region (homogalacturonan) and 42.2% hairy region (rhamnogalacturonan-I). Also, the FT-IR and H-NMR results confirm the major presence of low methylated galacturonic acid rich structure in the isolated samples. In addition, SLP pectin showed good emulsifying and antioxidant properties. A pseudoplastic flow behavior was observed for SLP pectin solution at higher concentrations (1% w/v <). These results represent an inexpensive source for pectin extraction with high pectin yield and good properties.

Immune mechanisms in human and canine demodicosis: A review.

Demodex mites are saprophytic parasites of the mammalian skin, mostly found in or near pilosebaceous units of hairy regions. While they can be found in healthy humans and animals without causing any clinical manifestations, they were suggested to create pathogenic symptoms when they appear in high densities under favourable conditions (ie, demodicosis). Nevertheless, their role as the primary causative agent of the pathogenic conditions in humans is debated today. Canine demodicosis, which is highly prevalent in certain dog breeds, provides a valuable tool for studying the pathogenesis of human demodicosis. Canine and human demodicosis are caused by different Demodex species, and the clinical manifestations in former could be life-threatening. Nevertheless, current literature suggests similar immune responses and immune evasion mechanisms in human and canine demodicosis; cellular immunity appeared to have a central role in protection against demodicosis, and Demodex mites were shown to influence both innate and adaptive immune response to escape immune attack. The aim of this review is to summarize the relevant literature on demodicosis obtained from studies conducted on both organisms, and draw the attention to the effect of mite-associated factors (eg, microbiota) on the different clinical manifestations displayed during human and canine demodicosis.

Linear and Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of Polymer Micellar Assemblies Connected by Metallo-Supramolecular Interactions.

The linear and nonlinear rheology of associative colloidal polymer assemblies with metallo-supramolecular interactions is herein studied. Polystyrene-b-poly(tert-butylacrylate) with a terpyridine ligand at the end of the acrylate block is self-assembled into micelles in ethanol, a selective solvent for the latter block, and supramolecularly connected by complexation to divalent metal ions. The dependence of the system elasticity on polymer concentration can be semi-quantitatively understood by a geometrical packing model. For strongly associated (Ni2+, Fe2+) and sufficiently concentrated systems (15 w/v%), any given ligand end-group has a virtually 100% probability of being located in an overlapping hairy region between two micelles. By assuming a 50% probability of intermicellar crosslinks being formed, an excellent prediction of the plateau modulus was achieved and compared with the experimental results. For strongly associated but somewhat more dilute systems (12 w/v%) that still have significant overlap between hairy regions, the experimental modulus was lower than the predicted value, as the effective number of crosslinkers was further reduced along with possible density heterogeneities. The reversible destruction of the network by shear forces can be observed from the strain dependence of the storage and loss moduli. The storage moduli of the Ni2+ and Zn2+ systems at a lower concentration (12 w/v%) showed a rarely observed feature (i.e., a peak at the transition from linear to nonlinear regime). This peak disappeared at a higher concentration (15 w/v%). This behavior can be rationalized based on concentration-dependent network stretchability.