Hairy Caterpillar Research Articles

Exploration of three native strains of entomopathogenic fungi against rice yellow hairy caterpillar, <i>Psalis pennatula</i> (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): An emerging pest of rainfed rice in Assam

Rice yellow hairy caterpillar Psalis pennatula Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) is an emerging pest of rice and an increased incidence is expected in different rice-growing areas of Assam in the coming years. The caterpillar is a voracious leaf feeder and can consume the whole leaves within a day. Keeping this in view, an attempt was made to evaluate the bio-efficacy of three important native isolates of entomopathogenic fungal strains viz. Beauveria bassiana (KR855715), Cordyceps javanica (OM321438) and Isaria fumosorosea (MH414514) against P. pennatula larvae under laboratory conditions during the Sali season of rice. All three EPF strains at different conidial dilutions (1x103, 1x105,1x107, 1x108 and1x109 conidia/ml) were found to be pathogenic to the 3rd instar larvae of P. pennatula. Among the tested fungal strains, the strain Isaria fumosorosea (MH414514) showed the highest mortality (100%) at 1x107 conidia/ml and Cordyceps javanica (OM321438) showed the lowest mortality (51%) at 1x107conidia/ml at 10th day of post-treatment. The tested fungal isolates could play a vital role as microbial biopesticides in suppressing the P. pennatula population in Assam and could be incorporated into IPM strategies.

First report of Eupterote sp. nr. gardneri Byrk, 1950 (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae) as a defoliator pest of banana in Kerala, India with notes on its biology

In this study, Eupterote sp. nr. gardneri Byrk, 1950 (=Eupterote geminata (Walker) ssp. gardneri Byrk, 1950) is recorded for the first time as a pest of banana in India. The outbreaks and crop damage caused by the hairy caterpillars of this species are documented with illustrated images. The banana cultivars Palayamkodan, Nendran, and Ney Poovan in the field, as well as cv. Popoulu in insect net house studies, were identified as preferred host varieties. Detailed morphological characteristics of the final instar caterpillar and adults, along with photographic illustrations, are provided. The biology of the pest and additional host plant records from Kerala are also discussed. Key words: First report of Eupterote sp, Eupterotidae, pest, defoliator, banana, economic loss, biology, host plants, India.

Seasonal Incidence of Insect Pests on Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] in Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh, India

The study investigated the prevalence of major insect pests and their natural enemies in Blackgram crops, focusing on leaf hoppers, whiteflies, Bihar hairy caterpillars, spotted pod borers, stem flies, coccinellids and spiders. Throughout the crop period, the population dynamics of these pests were monitored, revealing varying levels of infestation. The high population of 5.60 leafhoppers per plant and 3.50 larvae per plant of Bihar hairy caterpillar were recorded during 35th week of the crop cycle. The high population of 6.90 whiteflies per plant, 2.60 spotted pod borer larvae per plant and 60 per cent of pod fly infestation were observed during 36th, 37th and 38th week of the crop cycle, respectively. The highest populations of coccinellids 2.40 beetles per plant in 35th week and 2.00 spiders per plant in 36th week recorded duringthe crop cycle. The maximum temperature and relative humidity showed significant positive correlation and minimum temperature and rainfall showed negative non-significant correlation with the population of leaf hopper, Bihar hairy caterpillar, whitefly, stem fly, spotted pod borer and coccinellids. Relative humidity showed positive significant correlation and maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall showed negative non-significant correlation with population of spider.

Armoured Lepidopteran Caterpillars Preserved in Non-Fossil Resins and What They Tell Us about the Fossil Preservation of Caterpillars.

Resin is a plastic-like product of trees. Older occurrences of such resin are referred to as amber and are considered fossil resin. Younger resins are termed copals. Even younger ones have been dubbed defaunation resins. Non-fossil resins remain in a terminological limbo, often referred to as "sub-fossils". We report two lepidopteran caterpillars preserved in non-fossil resin: one from Madagascar, one from Brazil. Prominent hairs (=setae) and spines (=spine-like setae) of the specimens make it likely that they represent larvae of Erebidae (e.g., tussock moths and others). So far, most known caterpillars preserved in resins are either "naked" or bear protective cases; only few are armoured with spines or hairs. In particular, long-haired caterpillars such as the ones reported here are so far almost absent. Only one specimen with comparable setae has been reported from 15-million-year-old Dominican amber, but no significant details of this specimen are accessible. We briefly also review the record of caterpillars known from the Holocene, recognising that it is very sparse. The new specimens demonstrate that very hairy caterpillars can readily be preserved in resins in fine detail. Furthermore, the specimens increase the known size range of caterpillars preserved in resins, with one measuring more than 12 mm.

Current scenario of insect pests and mite on drumstick (Moringa oleifera) in south India and their management

Dynamics of insect pests play a crucial role in understanding their occurrence on a crop. Many insect pests infest on drumstick at various phenophase of the crop and limit the productivity. In the present study, the current scenario of insect pest as well as beneficial arthropods associated with drumstick was assessed and developed appropriate management strategies for major pests. The arthropods found on drumstick was leaf eating caterpillar (Noorda blitealis), aphids (Aphis craccivora), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii), bihary hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua), stem borer (Batocera rubus Batocera) and pod fly (Gitona distigma).The beneficial insects include coccinellid beetles, Cocinella septmpunctata Linnaeus, spiders: Oxyopes shweta Tikader (Oxyopidae), Thomisus spp (Thomisidae), Nescona sp and braconid wasp, Disophrys sp.; pollinators such aslittle bee-Apis florea Fab. and bumble bee, Bombus sp were recorded on drumstick. The information generated in the study would help in initiating the appropriate pest management strategies at right time to minimize  pesticide residue on the crop.Â

Effect of Weather Parameters on Population Dynamics of Bihar Hairy Caterpillar [Spilarctia (Spilosoma) obliqua Walker] in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

The present investigation revealed that Bihar hairy caterpillar was first recorded during 32nd standard week (1.92 larvae/plant) which reached to its maximum during 41st standard week (11.93 larvae/plant) and there after gradually decreased up to 1.33 larvae/plant during 44th standard week.
 The maximum temperature showed non-significant positive correlation, minimum temperature and relative humidity showed non-significant negative correlation while rain fall showed significant negative correlation with the population buildup of Bihar hairy caterpillar.

Post-mortem examinations of New Zealand birds. 3. Shining cuckoos (Chrysococcyx lucidus Aves: Cuculinae)

ABSTRACT I examined 107 shining cuckoos that died accidentally in the northern North Island, New Zealand, during 39 years. Birds arriving on migration in spring were all in adult plumage. Juveniles occurred mainly from January to March. The sex-ratio of adults was 1:1. In several measurements, females were slightly larger than males on average, and adults slightly larger than juveniles. Gonad size suggested readiness for breeding from September to January (inclusive). Ninety-one gizzards held a total of 3754 arthropod food items. Insects (10 orders) made up around 94% of items and just two orders accounted for 79% of food items: caterpillars (larval Lepidoptera, 55%) and beetles (Coleoptera, 24%). ‘Spiny’ caterpillars made up roughly 8% of total caterpillars. Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) made up 21% of beetles. Shining cuckoos ate small prey, mostly 1–10 mm long (44%) and 11–20 mm long (43%). By eating hairy caterpillars and ladybirds, shining cuckoos exert predatory control on insects that other birds avoid. By gorging (up to 258 insects per stomach) the cuckoo might dampen the impact of herbivorous insects (e.g. caterpillar infestations) on plants.

Trabala vishnou (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) : A polyphagous pest of forest trees in Jharkhand, India

The present work deals with the biology of Trabala vishnou (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) on forest trees. Regular monitoring of forest trees during April 2022 - March 2023 for pest occurrence revealed severe defoliation by this hairy caterpillar. Caterpillars feed heavily on the tender foliage causing severe defoliation. The members of this family are called lappet moth and tent caterpillars. Studies on the biological attributes reveal the important information about the life cycle, and the better management strategy. Life cycle was studied in laboratory under normal conditions.

Management of Bihar hairy caterpillar [Spilarctia (Spilosoma) obliqua Walker] in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)

The experiments were carried out at Students’ Instructional Farm of AcharyaNarendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya during Kharif 2018. Among the various treatments evaluated for management of Bihar hairy caterpillar (S. obliqua), T5 (Triazophos 40 EC @ 250g a.i./ha) treated plots showed highest reduction in Bihar hairy caterpillar population of 75.85% and gave highest crop yield of 11.50q/ha followed by T4 (Lambda cyahlothrin 5 EC @ 40g a.i./ha) treated plots with 65.46% reduction and 10.90 q/ha yield. The highest income and cost-benefit ratio of Rs. 21,183/ha and 1:28.93 was obtained from T5 (Triazophos 40 EC @ 250g a.i./ha) followed by T4 (Lambda cyahlothrin 5 EC @ 40g a.i./ ha) i.e., Rs. 17,043/ha and 1:23.93. Efficacy of the remaining treatments in order to their superiority were T1 (Indoxacarb 14.5 EC @ 75g a.i./ha)>T2 (Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 30g a.i./ha)>T3 (Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 40g a.i./ha)>T6 (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 3ml/L) respectively.

Seasonal occurrence of major defoliators of castor in Tamil Nadu

Castor is a non-edible oil bearing crop adapted to dry lands of tropics and semi-arid tropics. The seasonal occurrence of major defoliators viz., semilooper, Spodoptera and hairy caterpillars in castor was recorded continuously for last ten years (2012-2022) at Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur. The results revealed that Spodoptera litura was the major defoliator with a mean population of 4.3 larva/plant /year followed by semilooper and hairy caterpillar with 1.74 larva/plant/year and 1.44 larva/plant/year respectively. The maximum population of defoliators was recorded every year during 43rd to 49th standard weeks (October, November).

Field evaluation of Bt 127SC formulation for efficacy against Lepidopteran larvae infesting soybean under Manipur conditions

Bt 127 SC formulation supplied by the Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad was field tested at Imphal (Manipur) during kharif 2018 - 2020 against lepidopteran larvae infesting soybean.Two spray applications of Bt 127 SC formulation @ 3 ml/litre of water was observed to be less superior to commercial synthetic insecticides but at par with Bt commercial delfin in reducing bihar hairy caterpillar (BHC) and bean leaf webber and comparatively similar in efficacy with the synthetic insecticides in reducing tobacco caterpillar.

Pyramided transgenic jute (Corchorus capsularis) with biotic stress resistance and herbicide tolerance

Jute (Corchorus sp.) is a commercially important bast (stem) fibre–producing crop. The natural, long, lustrous, and strong jute fibres are globally popular for their domestic and industrial utility. Unfortunately, jute fibre production is under continuous threat from three major agricultural challenges: insect infestation (predominantly lepidopteran insects), fungal infection, and weed management issues. Creating jute plants that could themselves overcome these three challenges would be spectacular. Hence, multi–trait transgenic lines were developed by incorporating three genes—cry1Ab/Ac (encodes Bt δ–endotoxin for Lepidopteran insect resistance), chi11 (encodes chitinase for fungus resistance), and bar (encodes phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) for glufosinate herbicide tolerance)—into the white jute (C. capsularis) cultivar JRC–321 through Agrobacterium–mediated co–transformation. A bioassay–based event selection strategy was applied for the selection of the transformed jute lines. Each plant was tested through consecutive bioassays involving herbicide, insects, and fungus, followed by molecular and biochemical validation. The functions of the three genes, incorporated in the greenhouse–grown transgenic progeny plants, were confirmed for every generation (till the T2 generation). The plants were able to detoxify the glufosinate herbicide Basta®, resist the two devastating lepidopteran pests tested: hairy caterpillars (Spilarctia obliqua) and semiloopers (Anomis sabulifera), and recover from the stem rot–causing fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, without compromising agronomic characteristics or fibre quality. The white jute lines thus developed may be effectively used to increase the production of quality jute fibres, meet local and global demands, and minimise input cultivation costs.

Seasonal Incidence of Insect Pests and Predatory Fauna on Toria (Brassica rapa) in West Central Tableland of Odisha, India

The present field investigation was conducted for two consecutive Rabi seasons of years 2021/22 and 2022/23 at the College of Horticulture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Chiplima, Odisha to record the seasonal incidence of major insect pests with the predatory fauna on toria (Brassica rapa) in relation to meteorological parameters. The occurring pest complex in both seasons constituted a total nine number of insects and three consistent predatory fauna.
 The highest peak population of pests recorded for 2021/22 were: mustard aphid (3.7 A.I plant-1 at 50th SMW), whitefly (25.9 whiteflies plant-1 at 50th SMW), painted bug (13.37 nymphs+adults plant-1 at 50th SMW), mustard sawfly (12 larvae plant-1 at 48th SMW), flea beetle (12.45 grubs+adults plant-1 at 50th SMW), diamondback moth (1.3 larvae plant-1 at 52nd SMW), leaf Webber (6.45 larvae plant-1 at 51st SMW), Bihar hairy caterpillar (29.3 larvae plant-1 at 50th SMW) and tobacco caterpillar (8.9 larvae plant-1 at 49th SMW. Similarly, the highest peak population of pests recorded for 2022/23 were: mustard aphid (3.82 A.I plant-1 at 51st SMW), whitefly (23.8 whiteflies plant-1 at 50th SMW), painted bug (13.7 nymphs+adults plant-1 at 51st SMW), mustard sawfly (15 larvae plant-1 at 48th SMW), flea beetle (13.45 grubs+adults plant-1 at 50th SMW), diamondback moth (1.2 larvae plant-1 at 47th SMW), leaf Webber (5.45 larvae plant-1 at 51st SMW) which coincided the abundance of natural enemies namely, coccinellid predators, syrphid fly and spider between 50th to 52nd SMW of the experimental year for both seasons.
 The correlation of insect pest density with weather parameters (Rabi, 2021/22) showed negative correlations with Tmax (mustard aphid, painted bug, flea beetle, leaf Webber, diamondback moth, Bihar hairy caterpillar), Tmin (all pests), rainfall (mustard aphid, whitefly, mustard sawfly, flea beetle, tobacco caterpillar), RH% at 7 hours (all pests), and RH% at 14 hours (mustard aphid, whitefly, painted bug, leaf Webber, diamondback moth, Bihar hairy caterpillar).For natural enemies, Tmax, Tmin, RH% at 7 hours, RH% at 14 hours, and wind velocity had negative effects on their population, while rainfall had a positive influence. However, in Rabi 2022/23, Tmax, Tmin, and RH% at 14 hours negatively influenced the pest population mostly except for wind velocity and RH% at 7 hours. For predators, wind velocity showed positive correlation with its’ population.

Role of Essential Oils of Spices and Herbs and Their Applications: A Review

Essential oils (EOs) are pure, fragrant, volatile liquids that are obtained from particular plants. Almost all plant organs, particularly the flowers, buds, leaves, seeds, stems, and fruits, produce essential oils [16]. Terpenes, phenolic chemicals, and alcohol make up the complex mixture of secondary metabolites that make up EOs [8]. EOs possess a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory ones. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory biological actions are only a few of the many biological properties that EOs have. EOs are utilised in sanitary products (fragrances for home cleaning products), cosmetics (perfumes and makeup products), agriculture (bio-pesticide and repellant), and aromatherapy as natural cures. The earliest, simplest, and most widely utilised techniques for extracting Eos include steam distillation and hydrodistillation [17].
 The antibacterial and antioxidant qualities of thymus, cinnamon and oregano essential oils intended for use in the meat sector. Chinese cinnamon and turmeric essential oils have been employed as additives in biodegradable coatings and films [21]. Some plants and EO, including clove, thyme, rosemary, oregano, cinnamon, and pimento, have been found to have strong inhibitory effects on a variety of bacterial pathogens. the essential oils of a number of plant species, including thymus, mentha, artemisia, limnophila, salvia, and rosmarinus, are effective against a variety of arthropod species, including the silverleaf whitefly, aphids, bihar hairy caterpillars, cabbage loopers, diamond back moths, and leaf rollers, which are major pests of horticultural and stored grain crops [45,46]. Patchouli essential oil has also been discovered to be a highly effective substitute for shielding skin from UV radiation. EOs used in shampoo formulations with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5, such as lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), may have synergistic effects.

Characterization of entomotoxic and nematotoxic genes from indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis strains and their biocontrol potential

BackgroundThe gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner), Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua Walker), tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood) are the major insect pest and nematodes infesting mungbean, urdbean and other legumes. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a promising biocontrol agent that helps in managing the above pest. Deploying Bt biopesticides instead of chemical pesticides in legume cultivation enhances the soil health substantially. The present study envisages morphological, molecular cum biochemical characterization, entomotoxicity and nematotoxicity potential of four indigenous Bt strains (Ak2.IIPR, F8.IIPR, F5.IIPR and F6.IIPR) along with HD1 (standard check from BGSC).ResultsThe SEM micrograph analysis of above four Bt strains along with F1.IIPR revealed the presence of different combinations of insecticidal crystal proteins, viz. cuboidal crystal (CC), bipyramidal crystal (BC), spherical crystal (SC) and irregularly pointed crystal (IC). This was further confirmed by PCR amplification of Cry1, Cry2Aa, Cry2Ac, VIP3A and chi36 gene-specific primers and their phylogenetic analysis. F8.IIPR and Ak2.IIPR recorded the highest toxicity index against second-instar S. obliqua larvae (292.56 and 174.55), H. armigera (150.00 and 113.65) and S. litura (210.71 and 114.19) based on probit analysis. F5.IIPR (91.67%) and F8.IIPR (89.00%) recorded the highest juvenile mortality against M. incognita, followed by Ak2.IIPR (70.33%). The protein profiling of supernatant of terrific broth inoculated with F8.IIPR indicated the presence of VIP3A and Cry1I.ConclusionThe present study concluded that F8.IIPR and Ak2.IIPR were potential Bt strains isolated from Indo-Gangetic plains which is having both entomocidal and nematicidal properties. Further, these strains were deposited at national repository, ICAR-NBAIM with the following accession no.: NAIMCC-SB-065 and NAIMCC-SB-066, respectively. These strains can be formulated as microbial biopesticide.

Volatile organic compounds mediated non-preference for oviposition and feeding of hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in jute

Aim: To identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wild and cultivated jute species imparting varying degree of non-preference for oviposition and feeding to jute hairy caterpillar, S. obliqua Walker. Methodology: Different host species of S. obliqua viz., Corchorus olitorius, C. aestuans, C. pseudo-olitorius, C. fascicularis, C. tridens and C. trilocularis were used to find out the feeding and oviposition preference of S. obliqua. Headspace volatiles were collected from different genotypes of jute and the chemical analysis was done with Gas chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The chemical compounds of VOCs responsible for causing non-preference mechanism of host plant selection to S. obliqua. The chemical complexity and chemistry of volatiles from cultivated and wild jute species indicated significant variation. The VOCs identified in C. aestuans was comparatively more than cultivated species and were different from other cultivated and wild species of jute. Very low preference index for larval feeding and oviposition preference of S. obliqua was due to the possible deterrent effect of volatile organic compounds. Interpretation: The GC-MS analysis of VOCs from C. aestuans (WCIN-179) indicated strong repellent action on S. obliqua that makes it resistant due to non-preference mechanism resulting in less preference for egg laying and feeding. The uniqueness and novelty of C. aestuans confirmed on the basis of very unique VOCs profile which makes it resistant against S. obliqua through multiple mechanisms, i.e., antibiosis and non-preference recording least suitable for egg laying, biology and growth of insects. Key words: GC-MS, Hairy caterpillar, Jute, Oviposition, Volatile Organic Compounds

Characterization and field evaluation of Spilosoma obliqua nucleopolyhedrosis virus (SpobNPV) CRIJAF1 strain against jute hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) infesting jute, Corchorus olitorius Linn.

BackgroundSpilosoma (= Spilarctia) obliqua (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), once considered as a sporadic pest, is now considered as a major and polyphagous pest widely distributed throughout India. Recent outbreaks of this pest were manifested in both jute and sunnhemp. During a survey in and around adjoining villages of I.C.A.R-C.R.I.J.A.F, Barrackpore, an epizootic was observed in the field population of S. obliqua caused by a nucleopolyhedrosis virus. Hence, an attempt was made to isolate, characterize using electron microscopy and assess the efficacy of S. obliqua nucleopolyhedrosis virus under laboratory and field conditions.ResultsElectron microscopic studies revealed typical baculovirus occlusion bodies of type nucleopolyhedrosis virus with tetrahedral and triangular in shape with the size ranging from 2.55 to 2.90 µm, with an average size of about 2.72 µm. Bioassay studies showed the larval mortality at low concentration of SpobNPV, i.e., 2.42 × 104 POBs/ml. The virus-infected S. obliqua was identified through the amplification of polyhedrin, polh gene sequences with the available sequences in public database, GenBank, NCBI. The sequence data generated for the polyhedrin gene were deposited in GenBank, and accession number was obtained, MN648213. Field experiment revealed 50.52, 63.25 and 82.91% larval reductions, respectively, at 2, 4 and 7 days after spray of S. obliqua nucleopolyhedrosis virus.ConclusionThe present study revealed that foliar application of S. obliqua nucleopolyhedrosis virus was very effective in causing mortality against S. obliqua larvae and thus can be used as an effective microbial bioagent in the integrated pest management of the caterpillar, S. obliqua.

Seasonal Incidence of Insect Pests and Predatory Fauna in Black Gram

The succession and seasonal incidence of insect pests and predatory fauna in black gram were studied in a field experiment at the Agronomy farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during kharif 2019 and 2020. The results revealed nine species of insects (7 pests and 2 predators) from seedling to pod maturity stage. Besides, the peak incidence of whitefly, jassid, flower thrips, tobacco caterpillar, Bihar hairy caterpillar, and spiders were observed during 37th standard meteorological week (SMW); with spotted pod borer and coccinellids, maximum incidence was observed during 38th SMW, and the green stink bug during 35th SMW. Correlation coefficients revealed that tobacco caterpillar had a significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, morning RH and evening vapour pressure; and the incidence of spotted pod borer showed a significant negative correlation with bright sunshine hours and rainfall.

Ultrastructure on antennae and mouthparts in larvae of soybean hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia casigneta Kollar (Lepidoptera: arctiidae)

The present study deals with ultra-morphology of antennae and mouthparts of larvae of Soyabean Hairy Caterpillar i.e., Spilarctia casigneta Kollar with aid of scanning electron microscopy with particular focus on sensilla. This species is a serious pest of beans and causes a serious threat to rice bean as it attacks the lower surface of the leaves of rice bean. The antennae and mouthparts of all instars have been examined to study the distribution and morphology of sensilla. The antennae possess total eight sensilla referable to three types: a) 3 small basiconica on pedicel and 3 large basiconica on flagellum, b) 1 chaeticum on pedicel, c) 1 styloconicum on flagellum. The labrum bears six pairs of sensilla chaetica. Mandibles have 3 teeth and 2 sensilla chaetica each. Maxillae have a single sensillum chaeticum on both cardo and stipe. Each galea has a total of 6 sensilla: a) 3 sensilla trichodea, b) 2 sensilla styloconica, c) 1 central sensillum basiconicum. The distal segment of maxillary palp possesses clusters of 8 sensilla basiconica and 1 sesillum digitiformium. The metrical analysis of significant structures has been documented and the probable functions of these sensilla are concluded.

Use of Pheromone Lures for the Management of Red hairy Caterpillar Amsacta Albistriga in Rainfed Groundnut

Use of Pheromone Lures for the Management of Red hairy Caterpillar Amsacta Albistriga in Rainfed Groundnut