Hairiness Meter Research Articles

Evaluating the surface hairiness of woven fabric belts with a yarn hairiness tester

Fabric surface hairiness has a decisive effect on the fabric processing performance and the resultant garment quality. In practice, current testing of fabric hairiness still cannot be conducted like the routine testing of yarn hairiness. With the aim of conducting fabric hairiness testing routinely, a novel method of testing woven fabric belt hairiness was proposed in this study, using a yarn hairiness meter. For practical experiments, a woven fabric sample was firstly slit and then the slit sections were connected as a continuous belt. A belt support and some belt guides were applied to guarantee the continuous feeding of the belt into a yarn hairiness detector zone, where the belt surfaces were vertical to the laser emissioner and the hairiness detector surfaces. Consequently, hairiness of both surfaces of the belt was projected and fully mapped on the detector surface. Experimental results showed that the fabric belt hairiness was successfully tested in terms of the hairiness length, number and distributions; fabric belts with different hairiness levels before and after hair-cutting could be effectively identified. In particular, the representative true hairiness of the woven fabric belt could be calculated by subtracting the tested hairiness value of 3 mm wide belt to that of 2 mm wide belt. Comparative analysis indicated that our method was more suitable for routine testing of woven fabric hairiness than other current methods.

A comparative study on yarn hairiness results from manual test and two commercial hairiness metres

The true hairiness (actual hair number and length) of ring, compact and rotor spun yarns was measured by means of a tedious manual method. The hairiness results were then compared with yarn hairiness results obtained from two commercial instruments (Uster tester and Zweigle Hairiness Meter). The comparative analysis between the measurement methods has revealed very significant discrepancy between the true hairiness results and that from commercial instruments, not only just in terms of the number of hairs, but also in terms of the hair-length distribution. The hair numbers obtained from manual method are much greater than that obtained from the hairiness metres, and the true hair-length distribution does not follow the well-known exponential decay. This study shows that the two existing hairiness measuring systems, while essential for rapid assessment of yarn hairiness, are not accurately measuring the true hairiness of spun yarns.

A Controlled Experiment on Yarn Hairiness and Fabric Pilling

This study focused on the hairiness of worsted wool yarns and how it affects the pilling propensity of knitted wool fabrics. Conventional worsted ring spun yarns were compared with comparable SolospunTM yarns and yarns modified with a hairiness reducing air nozzle in the winding process (JetWind). Measurements of yarn hairiness (S3) on the Zweigle G565 hairiness meter showed a reduction in the S3 value of approximately 46% was achieved using SolospunTM ring spinning attachment and a 33% reduction was achieved using the JetWind process. Interestingly, subsequent evaluation of the pilling performance of fabrics made from the SolospunTM spun yarn and JetWind modified yarn showed a half grade and full grade improvement, respectively over a similar fabric made from conventional ring spun yarns. This result suggested that a relatively large reduction in yarn hairiness was needed to achieve a moderate improvement in fabric pilling, and that the nature of yarn hairiness was also a key factor in influencing fabric pilling propensity. It is postulated that the wrapping of surface hairs by the air vortex in the JetWind process may limit the ability of those surface fibers to form fuzz and reach the critical height required for pill formation.

Reducing Yarn Hairiness with a Modified Yam Path in Worsted Ring Spinning

The spinning geometry of a ring frame plays an important role, and the twist triangle is the critical region in ring spinning. Changes in the spinning geometry may affect yarn properties. This paper examines the idea of ring spinning with a "diagonal" yarn path, and the effect of such a path on yam properties, particularly hairiness. Both "left diagonal" and "right diagonal" yam arrangements are tried on a 24-spindle Cognetex FLC worsted ring frame. The hairiness results obtained from the Zweigle hairiness meter show that the right diagonal yam path produces yams of lower hairiness than the conventional ring spun yarn in almost all the hair length groups. Yam evenness and tenacity are not as sensitive to the change in yarn path. The mean spindle speed at break is also tested, and there is some deterioration in spinning efficiency with the right diagonal yarn path, particularly at higher spinning speeds. Results from this study may help explain variations in yarns spun on poorly aligned ring frames.

Effect of grain size and abrasion duration on the state of textile fabric surfaces

During an abrasive wear process with emery paper, the influence of grain size and abrasion duration on the tribological behaviour of textile fabrics were studied with a rotative tribometer for fabrics and an optical hairiness meter, the latter measuring the hairiness quantity on the fabric surface. First of all, the effect of the abrasive material graining on the state of the worn fabric surface is shown. Using a fine grain size leads to a worn fabric at the microscopic scale (fibre). Using a coarse grain size shows that the state of the fabric surface is completely different, since the fibre surface is not worn. Actually, some fibres are partly pulled out from the fabric, then this is an abrasion at the mesoscopic scale (yarn). Afterwards, the results show a cyclic behaviour of the fabric friction relative to the time due to a cyclic change of the fabric surface. Thus, this study brings into light the non-linear surface wear of textile fabrics.

Optical characterization of the state of fabric surfaces

This paper presents the implementation of two optical methods for characterizing the state of fabric surfaces: a multidirectional roughness meter and a hairiness meter. A textile fabric has a complicated texture in that the relevant components (fibers) are not very small (usually at least 10 ?m in diameter), but in the fabric are partly ordered (in the yarn) and partly disordered (in the superficial hairiness). Hairiness is important in giving a textile fabric a characteristic surface. It makes the effective surface three-dimensional with many hidden areas. Thus, characterizing the state of a fabric surface requires special devices. On the one hand, the presented roughness meter measures essentially the fabric-reflected rays in all surface directions, because the fabric is rotated in its plane during the measurement. A Fourier temporal analysis of the reflected beam scanned across the fabric surface allows the fabric structure periods to be determined, because these periods yield peaks in the frequency spectrum. Two examples are given that show that the peak heights characterize the state of the fabric surface. On the other hand, the hairiness meter measures the hairiness of the fabric surface by an edge extraction method, which separates hairiness and structural information. The two devices are complementary and allow the processes that modify the fabric surface to be understood and controlled.

Studies of JetRing Spinning Part I: Reducing Yarn Hairiness with the JetRing

This paper introduces the concept of JetRing spinning, a new spinning technique that incorporates features of both ring and air-jet spinning systems. In JetRing spinning, a single air jet is used below the yarn-forming zone of a conventional ring spinning system; this jet acts in a way similar to the first jet in air-jet spinning. The swirling air currents in the jet wind the protruding fibers around the yarn body, thus reducing yarn hairiness. The air pressure applied to the jet in this study is 0.5 bar, which is much lower than the air pressure used in air-jet spinning. To evaluate the performance of JetRing spinning, ring spun and JetRing spun worsted yarns of 56 tex are tested for hairiness, tensile properties, and yarn evenness. The hairiness results from the Zweigle hairiness meter show that the JetRing spun yarn has much lower numbers of hairs than the ring spun yarn in almost all the hair length groups. The total number of hairs exceeding 3 mm ( i.e., the S3 value) for the JetRing spun yarn is nearly 40% less than that of the ring spun yarn, while both yarn types show little difference in evenness and tensile properties.

The Effect of Testing Speed on the Hairiness of Ring-spun and Sirospun Yarns

This paper examines the effect of testing speed on yarn-hairiness results. The number of hairs in different length groups and the S 3 values are considered in this study. The theoretical analysis shows that the projected hair lengths are influenced by fibre dimensions and rigidity, as well as by testing speed. For instruments such as the Zweigle G565 or G566 Hairiness Meter, the projected hair lengths are measured to provide information on the number of hairs in different length groups. Experiments were conducted, by using the Zweigle G565 Hairiness Meter and a separate yarn-driving mechanism, to measure the hairiness of both ring-spun and Sirospun yarns at speeds of 25, 50, and 100 m/min. The experimental data confirmed the effect of testing speed on the number of hairs in different length groups and the over-all hairiness readings.

The Hair-length Distribution of Yarns, Measured by Means of the Zweigle G 565 Hairiness Meter

Some features of the experimental hair-length distributions obtained when yarn hairiness is measured by means of the Zweigle G 565 apparatus are described. Tests were made on a population of 85 yarns from different fibres and blends and various spinning processes. It is found fundamentally that the distribution seems to be formed by two exponential mechanisms operating, respectively, for hairs shorter than 3 mm and for hairs longer than 3 mm in most of the cases. The first mechanism is valid below the unique theoretical exponential distribution, whereas the second one tends to be placed above this theoretical distribution. Other features studied are: the role of the type of fibre or blend and the spinning processes; the percentage of hairs exceeding 3 mm calculated over the total number of hairs counted; and the effect of a yarn self-rubbing action on the hair-length distribution and yarn-hairiness parameters.

A Note on the Parameters Measured by Means of the Zweigle Staff Tester and Hairiness Meter

A Note on the Parameters Measured by Means of the Zweigle Staff Tester and Hairiness Meter

The Hairiness of Cotton-spun Yarns. The Effect of Fibre Properties on Measurements Made with the Zweigle G565 Hairiness Meter

The Hairiness of Cotton-spun Yarns. The Effect of Fibre Properties on Measurements Made with the Zweigle G565 Hairiness Meter

Comparative Evaluation of Yarn Hairiness by Different Methods

Using a rapid yarn hairiness tester, the Shirley yarn hairiness meter, this work has confirmed that for cotton yarns, the statistical distribution of the number of protruding ends of different lengths is exponential. The study indicates that, compared to the other hair length settings available on the hairiness meter, the recommended 3 mm hair length is suitable and advantageous. Further there is a high correlation between the Shirley hairiness meter and two other hairiness indices, the modified Jedryka and the Digital fibrograph, considered in this work.

The Influence of the Spinning Process, Yarn Linear Density, and Fibre Properties on the Hairiness of Ring-spun and Rotor- spun Cotton Yarns

Cotton–spun yarns from 34 staple stocks were manufactured by means of the ring–spinning process (34 yarns) and a rotor–spinning process (29 yarns) and tested for hairiness with the Shirley Hairiness Meter. For each spinning system, yarns were spun at two values of yarn linear density (15 and 30 tex for ring–spinning and 30 and 50 tex for rotor–spinning), but the twist multiplier was kept constant within the series for each spinning process. The higher hairiness of ring–spun yarns and an increase ln hairiness with the yarn linear density were confirmed. The effect of the fibre parameters on yarn hairiness explains only about 30% of the total effect for ring–spun yarns and 40% for rotor–spun yarns. Fibre length and its uniformity are the fibre properties having the greatest influence on the hairiness of both ring– and rotor–spun yarns, the Micronaire index having only slight influence on the hairiness of ring–spun yarn.

34—A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN OF THE YARN-WITHDRAWAL TUBE ON THE DIAMETER AND HAIRINESS OF OPEN-END-SPUN ACRYLIC-FIBRE YARNS

An investigation is reported in which factorial experiments were conducted to study the influence of the design of the yarn-withdrawal tube (or nozzle) on the diameter and hairiness of open-end-spun acrylic-fibre yarns. Three nozzle types, combined with three values of yarn linear density and five values of twist multiplier, were studied for four different (but equal-diameter) rotor types. lt is shown that the nozzle type has very little influence on yarn diameter but has a more significant effect on yarn-hairiness parameters. As the nozzle diameter increases, yarn hairiness also tends to increase, but, when the nozzle is grooved, an interaction is produced between yarn friction and the false twist generated that leads to a yarn that is less hairy when tested on the Digital ITQT Hairiness Meter. The principle of measurement of the apparatus used can lead to different results and trends when applied to this problem.

Diameter and Hairiness of Ring and Rotor Polyester-Cotton Blended Spun Yarns

Ring and rotor 50%-50% blended polyester-cotton spun yarns were studied for diameter and hairiness by comparison with 100% cotton and 100% polyester yams. Experiments were carried out with 25 mg/m yams with twists of between 574 and 814 t/m (ring spun yams), and 766 and 1,244 t/m (rotor spun yams). The ITQT digital hairiness meter was used for measuring results.

38—THE HAIRINESS OF MOHAIR AND WOOL WORSTED-SPUN YARNS: CORRELATION BETWEEN THE RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THE SHIRLEY HAIRINESS METER AND THOSE OBTAINED WITH THE DIGITAL ITQT APPARATUS

An investigation is reported of the correlation between hairiness values obtained with the Shirley Hairiness Meter and those obtained with the Digital Hairiness Meter developed by the Institute of Chemical and Textile Technology (ITOT). Twenty mohair yarns and 46 wool worsted yarns processed at SAWTRI were analysed with these two instruments. For mohair, very good correlations were obtained between the number of hairs per metre, as measured by the Shirley instrument, and the average hairiness and length data obtained with the Digital Meter (correlation coefficients between 0.95 and 0.99). For wool, the agreement between the two sets of results was not as good, the ITQT parameter correlating best with the Shirley measurement being the average length, followed by the maximum hairiness. For wool, the over-all correlation coefficients—without distinguishing between the different yarn linear densities—were 0.60 for the mean length, 0.47 for the average hairiness, and 0.40 for the average hairiness and maximum ...

11—A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE HAIRINESS OF ROTOR-SPUN YARNS BY MEANS OF THE DIGITAL HAIRINESS METER PART I: THE INFLUENCE OF THE ROTOR GEOMETRY AND OTHER SPINNING PARAMETERS ON THE HAIRINESS OF OPEN-END-SPUN ACRYLIC-FIBRE YARNS

A study of the hairiness of rotor-spun yarns by means of the ITQT digital hairiness meter demonstrates the influence of the rotor geometry and other parameters on the hairiness of rotor-spun open-end-spun yarns from acrylic fibres. The rotor geometry influences yarn hairiness; the effect of twist is of little importance for man-made fibres, and the linear density of yarns influences the hairiness of rotor-spun yarns in a manner similar to that for ring-spun yarns.

26—A NEW HAIRINESS METER FOR YARNS

The fundamental principles on which a new electronic digital hairiness meter is based are described; an example is included to show its application to the study of the hairiness of a cotton yarn.

46—NEW FEATURES OF YARN-HAIRINESS STUDIES

This paper is the fifth contribution to the series begun twelve years ago in which the literature on yarn hairiness is surveyed. The review of the literature is brought up to date at the time of writing, and an outline of a new electronic hairiness meter at present being developed closes the report.

The Efficiency of the B-V Electronic Hairiness Meter for Cotton Yarns

The Efficiency of the B-V Electronic Hairiness Meter for Cotton Yarns