Hair Motion Research Articles

Sag-Free Initialization for Strand-Based Hybrid Hair Simulation

Lagrangian/Eulerian hybrid strand-based hair simulation techniques have quickly become a popular approach in VFX and real-time graphics applications. With Lagrangian hair dynamics, the inter-hair contacts are resolved in the Eulerian grid using the continuum method, i.e., the MPM scheme with the granular Drucker-Prager rheology, to avoid expensive collision detection and handling. This fuzzy collision handling makes the authoring process significantly easier. However, although current hair grooming tools provide a wide range of strand-based modeling tools for this simulation approach, the crucial sag-free initialization functionality remains often ignored. Thus, when the simulation starts, gravity would cause any artistic hairstyle to sag and deform into unintended and undesirable shapes. This paper proposes a novel four-stage sag-free initialization framework to solve stable quasistatic configurations for hybrid strand-based hair dynamic systems. These four stages are split into two global-local pairs. The first one ensures static equilibrium at every Eulerian grid node with additional inequality constraints to prevent stress from exiting the yielding surface. We then derive several associated closed-form solutions in the local stage to compute segment rest lengths, orientations, and particle deformation gradients in parallel. The second global-local step solves along each hair strand to ensure all the bend and twist constraints produce zero net torque on every hair segment, followed by a local step to adjust the rest Darboux vectors to a unit quaternion. We also introduce an essential modification for the Darboux vector to eliminate the ambiguity of the Cosserat rod rest pose in both initialization and simulation. We evaluate our method on a wide range of hairstyles, and our approach can only take a few seconds to minutes to get the rest quasistatic configurations for hundreds of hair strands. Our results show that our method successfully prevents sagging and has minimal impact on the hair motion during simulation.

Exploring the role of nasal hair in inhaled airflow and coarse dust particle dynamics in a nasal cavity: A CFD-DEM study

This study presents a novel coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) model for simulating airflow and inhaled particle dynamics in the nasal cavity, considering the fluid-structure interactions between nasal hair and airflow, which are often overlooked in existing CFD simulations. The CFD-DEM model, based on a virtual nasal cavity geometry, represents nasal hairs as flexible fibers implanted on the inner wall of the nasal cavity. Inhaled air-particle transport dynamics were simulated in the presence of nasal hairs with three different diameters (40, 95, and 120 μm), and the results were compared with simulations without nasal hairs. Polydisperse particles with diameters ranging from 5 to 15 μm, aligning with global coarse dust statistics, were inhaled at flow rates between 216 mL/s and 630 mL/s, representing human nose breathing conditions from rest to exercise. The CFD-DEM simulation results indicate that the differences in deposition fraction predictions between cases with and without nasal hairs exceed 20% for particle size ranges corresponding to impaction parameter values between 3E+3 and 2E+4 μm2cm3/s. This emphasizes the importance of accounting for nasal hair interactions in accurately simulating inhaled particle transport dynamics within the nasal cavity. Thinner nasal hairs, more flexible than thicker ones, lead to more significant deformation and allow more particles to penetrate the nasal vestibule without being trapped. Additionally, thinner hairs occupy a smaller cross-section area in the nasal vestibule, resulting in lower filtration capability due to decreased particle deposition from interception and inertial impaction. Thicker nasal hairs trap more coarse dust particles (> 5 μm) effectively than thinner nasal hairs. Moreover, as the nasal hair diameter increases, particle deposition on the nasal cavity wall decreases. Nasal hairs demonstrate higher efficiency in trapping smaller particles. In conclusion, the CFD-DEM model, capable of modeling nasal hair motion, can serve as a next-generation in silico tool for investigating biofluid dynamics in the nasal cavity.

Analysis of aerodynamic and electrostatic sensing in mechanoreceptor arthropod hairs

We study the mechanics of mechanoreceptor hairs in response to electro- and acousto-stimuli to expand the theory of tuning within filiform mechano-sensory systems and show the physical, biological and parametric feasibility of electroreception in comparison to aerodynamic sensing. We begin by analysing two well-known mechanosensory systems, the MeD1 spider trichobothria and the cricket cercal hair, offering a systematic appraisal of the physics of mechanosensory hair motion. Then we explore the biologically relevant parameter space of mechanoreceptor hairs by varying each oscillator parameter, thereby extending the theory to general arthropods. In doing so, we readily identify combinations of parameters for which a hair shows an enhanced or distinct response to either electric or aerodynamic stimuli. Overall, we find distinct behaviours in the two systems with novel insight provided through the parameter-space analysis. We show how the parameter space and balance of parameters therein of the resonant spider system are organised to produce a highly tuneable hair system through variation of hair length, whilst the broader parameter space of the non-resonant cricket system responds equally to a wider range of driving frequencies with increased capacity for high temporal resolution. From our analysis, we hypothesise the existence of two distinct types of mechanoreceptive system: the general system where hairs of all lengths are poised to detect both electro- and acousto- stimuli, and a stimuli-specific system where the sensitivity and specificity of the hairs to the different stimuli changes with length.

Dynamic hair modeling from monocular videos using deep neural networks

We introduce a deep learning based framework for modeling dynamic hairs from monocular videos, which could be captured by a commodity video camera or downloaded from Internet. The framework mainly consists of two neural networks, i.e., HairSpatNet for inferring 3D spatial features of hair geometry from 2D image features, and HairTempNet for extracting temporal features of hair motions from video frames. The spatial features are represented as 3D occupancy fields depicting the hair volume shapes and 3D orientation fields indicating the hair growing directions. The temporal features are represented as bidirectional 3D warping fields, describing the forward and backward motions of hair strands cross adjacent frames. Both HairSpatNet and HairTempNet are trained with synthetic hair data. The spatial and temporal features predicted by the networks are subsequently used for growing hair strands with both spatial and temporal consistency. Experiments demonstrate that our method is capable of constructing plausible dynamic hair models that closely resemble the input video, and compares favorably to previous single-view techniques.

Bumblebee hair motion in electric fields

Bees have been observed to detect and learn the presence of weak electric fields in various behavioural experiments in the lab. The electro-sensitivity of bumblebees has also been suggested to be important for pollination. However, the structure and function of electro-sensory organs are yet to be described. Bees, like other arthropods, are known to have evolved various mechanoreceptors. Antennae and hairs have mechanosensory functions and have been shown to respond to weak electric fields. Current proposals posit that hairs and antennae can act as electromechanical sensors. To investigate this hypothesis, the mechanical response of bumblebee hairs stimulated by an electric field was measured using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry. Hair vibration velocity is shown to be proportional to charge triboelectrically deposited on the bee and the effect of polarisation charge is seen to be negligible. Hair motion due to acoustic stimuli is also measured and compared to hair electromechanical response. Preliminary results show that the electro-sensitivity of charged bee hairs is comparable to hair sensitivity to acoustic stimuli.

Ratchet effect for nanoparticle transport in hair follicles

The motion of a single rigid nanoparticle inside a hair follicle is investigated by means of Brownian dynamics simulations. The cuticular hair structure is modeled as a periodic asymmetric ratchet-shaped surface. Induced by oscillating radial hair motion we find directed nanoparticle transport into the hair follicle with maximal velocity at a specific optimal frequency and an optimal particle size. We observe flow reversal when switching from radial to axial oscillatory hair motion. We also study the diffusion behavior and find strongly enhanced diffusion for axial motion with a diffusivity significantly larger than for free diffusion.

Toward cell-inspired materials that feel: measurements and modeling of mechanotransduction in droplet-based, multi-membrane arrays

The droplet interface bilayer (DIB) was recently used to show that a 5 nm thick lipid membrane placed near a vibrating synthetic hair could transduce hair motion into electrical current. Herein, we study for the first time mechanoelectrical transduction of hair motion using multi-membrane DIB arrays formed with more than 2 droplets connected in series, and we introduce a transduction model to investigate how airflow across the hair generates current in a membrane-based hair cell. Measurements of sensing currents across every membrane in serial chains of up to 5 connected droplets demonstrate that perturbation of a single hair creates vibrations that propagate across several droplets, allowing for membranes that are not directly attached to the hair to still transduce its motion. Membranes positioned closest to the hair generate the largest currents, while those farther away produce less current due to energy loss from fluid damping. Inserting multiple hairs of different lengths into different droplets in the array yields sensing currents that exhibit multiple characteristic frequencies in addition to location specific current intensities, features that can be used to spatially localize mechanical perturbations. We also develop a transduction model that provides an order-of-magnitude approximation of the sensing current generated by a membrane in response to airflow across the hair. This model provides physical insights into how membrane-based materials can be used for sensing mechanical stimuli—just like nature does.

Boundary handling and porous flow for fluid–hair interactions

We present a two-way coupling technique for simulating the complex interaction between hair and fluids. In our approach, the motion of hair and fluids is simulated by evaluating the hydrodynamic forces based on boundary handling techniques used in SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) fluids. Water absorption inside the hair volume is simulated with a diffusion process by treating the hair volume as porous media with anisotropic permeability. The saturation of each hair strand is then used in boundary density estimation as well as fluid–boundary force computation to greatly stabilize the simulation. We also utilize the saturation of hair to derive the adhesive force between wet hair strands. This enables us to simulate the formation of hair clumps dynamically without the need to employ post clumping processes. As a result, the proposed method realistically reproduces subtle fluid–hair interactions and can be easily applied to any SPH fluid as well as hair solvers.

Sensitivity and directionality of lipid bilayer mechanotransduction studied using a revised, highly durable membrane-based hair cell sensor

A bioinspired, membrane-based hair cell sensor consists of a planar lipid bilayer formed between two lipid-coated water droplets that connect to an artificial hair. This assembly enables motion of the hair caused by mechanical stimuli to vibrate the bilayer and produce a capacitive current. In this work, the mechanoelectrical transduction mechanism and sensing performance is experimentally characterized for a more-durable, revised hair cell embodiment that includes a cantilevered hair rooted firmly in the surrounding solid substrate. Specifically, this study demonstrates that the revised membrane-based hair cell sensor produces higher time rates of change in capacitance (0.8–6.0 nF s−1) in response to airflow across the hair compared to the original sensor (45–60 pF s−1) that did not feature a cantilevered hair. The 10-fold to 100-fold increase in the time rate change of capacitance corresponds to greater membrane bending and, thus, higher sensing currents. Membranes in the revised sensor exhibit changes in area due to bending on the order of 0.2–2.0%, versus 0.02% for the original sensor. Experiments also reveal that the bilayer displays highest sensitivity to mechanical perturbations normal to the plane of the bilayer, a membrane can transduce hair motion at frequencies below the hair’s characteristic frequency, and bilayers formed between polymerized hydrogel volumes exhibit a higher sensing currents than those formed between liquid aqueous volumes. Finally, measurements of sensitivity (5–35 pA m−1 s−1) and minimum (4.0−0.6 m s−1) and maximum (28−13 m s−1) sensing thresholds to airflow are performed for the first time, and we observe maximum electrical power (∼65 pW) in the membrane occurs for combinations of slower airflow and higher voltage. These results highlight that along with the dimensions of the hair and the compositions of the aqueous volumes, sensing performance can be tuned with applied voltage.

Dynamic hair capture using spacetime optimization

Dynamic hair strands have complex structures and experience intricate collisions and occlusion, posing significant challenges for high-quality reconstruction of their motions. We present a comprehensive dynamic hair capture system for reconstructing realistic hair motions from multiple synchronized video sequences. To recover hair strands' temporal correspondence, we propose a motion-path analysis algorithm that can robustly track local hair motions in input videos. To ensure the spatial and temporal coherence of the dynamic capture, we formulate the global hair reconstruction as a spacetime optimization problem solved iteratively. Demonstrated using a range of real-world hairstyles driven by different wind conditions and head motions, our approach is able to reconstruct complex hair dynamics matching closely with video recordings both in terms of geometry and motion details.

A reduced model for interactive hairs

Realistic hair animation is a crucial component in depicting virtual characters in interactive applications. While much progress has been made in high-quality hair simulation, the overwhelming computation cost hinders similar fidelity in realtime simulations. To bridge this gap, we propose a data-driven solution. Building upon precomputed simulation data, our approach constructs a reduced model to optimally represent hair motion characteristics with a small number of guide hairs and the corresponding interpolation relationships. At runtime, utilizing such a reduced model, we only simulate guide hairs that capture the general hair motion and interpolate all rest strands. We further propose a hair correction method that corrects the resulting hair motion with a position-based model to resolve hair collisions and thus captures motion details. Our hair simulation method enables a simulation of a full head of hairs with over 150K strands in realtime. We demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of our method with various hairstyles and driven motions (e.g., head movement and wind force), and compared against full simulation results that does not appear in the training data.

Control of vortex shedding on a circular cylinder using self-adaptive hairy-flaps

Experiments on separation control using flexible self-adaptive hairy-flaps are presented herein. The wake-flow behind a circular cylinder is investigated without and with flexible hairy-flaps at the aft-part of the cylinder. Flow dynamics and hair motion were measured by particle image velocimetry and image processing in a range of Reynolds number 5000 < Re < 31 000 . The experiments and POD analysis show, that the hairy-flaps alter the natural vortex separation cycle in such a way that the vortices do not shed in a zig-zag like arrangement as in the classical von Kármán vortex street but in line in a row with the cylinder wake axis. Thus, the wake-deficit is largely reduced. Furthermore, flow fluctuations are considerably reduced about 42 % in streamwise and 35 % in transversal direction compared to the reference case without hairy-flaps, too. The condition for this mode change is the lock-in of the vortex shedding with a traveling wave running through the flexible hair bundles in transversal direction at the aft-part of the cylinder. As a consequence, the vortex shedding frequency is increased, the length of the separation bubble is decreased and drag force is decreased, too. The lock-in appears as a jump-like change of the shedding frequency and a jump in the Strouhal–Reynolds number diagram. However, when the characteristic length for the normalized frequency is chosen as the length of the separation bubble instead of the cylinder diameter, the Str – Re dependence is regular again. This hints on the relevance of the resonator model as proposed by Sigurdson and Roshko (1988) [16] on vortex shedding mechanism when boundary conditions are changed such as in our case, where the hairy-flap bundle imposes a flexible wall with visco-elastic coupling in transversal direction.

A hybrid iterative solver for robustly capturing coulomb friction in hair dynamics

Dry friction between hair fibers plays a major role in the collective hair dynamic behavior as it accounts for typical nonsmooth features such as stick-slip instabilities. However, due the challenges posed by the modeling of nonsmooth friction, previous mechanical models for hair either neglect friction or use an approximate smooth friction model, thus losing important visual features. In this paper we present a new generic robust solver for capturing Coulomb friction in large assemblies of tightly packed fibers such as hair. Our method is based on an iterative algorithm where each single contact problem is efficiently and robustly solved by introducing a hybrid strategy that combines a new zero-finding formulation of (exact) Coulomb friction together with an analytical solver as a fail-safe. Our global solver turns out to be very robust and highly scalable as it can handle up to a few thousand densely packed fibers subject to tens of thousands frictional contacts at a reasonable computational cost. It can be conveniently combined to any fiber model with various rest shapes, from smooth to curly. Our results, visually validated against real hair motions, depict typical hair collective effects and greatly enhance the realism of standard hair simulators.

침입자 탐지용 인공 유동감지모의 응답 모델링

주위 매질의 움직임에 반응하는 섬유상 감지모는 대부분의 생물체에 존재하여 침입자를 감지하는 역할을 한다. 이 기능을 모방한 인공 감지모의 가능한 작동영역 및 응답특성을 파악하기 위하여 인공유동센서의 수학 모델에 대한 매개변수 해석을 수행하고 각 변수들의 영향을 고찰하였다. 진동성분을 갖는 복합 공기 유동장에서 감지모의 길이 및 직경이 기계적인 감도와 주파수 응답을 결정하는 주요 인자인 것으로 나타났다. 감지모의 길이에 따라 각속도, 각속도, 각가속도를 감지할 수 있는 주파수 영역이 달라질 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 항력 및 가상 질량에 의한 토크가 매우 작지만 감지모의 움직임에 매우 큰 영향을 나타냈다. 감지모의 길이 및 직경이 증가함에 따라 공진 주파수는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

Response of cricket and spider motion-sensing hairs to airflow pulsations

Closed-form analytical solutions are presented for the angular displacement, velocity and acceleration of motion-sensing filiform hairs exposed to airflow pulsations of short time duration. The specific situations of interest correspond to a spider intentionally moving towards a cricket, or an insect unintentionally moving towards or flying past a spider. The trichobothria of the spider Cupiennius salei and the cercal hairs of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus are explored. Guided by earlier work, the spatial characteristics of the velocity field due to a flow pulsation are approximated by the local incompressible flow field due to a moving sphere. This spatial field is everywhere modulated in time by a Gaussian function represented by the summation of an infinite Fourier series, thus allowing an exploration of the spectral dependence of hair motion. Owing to their smaller total inertia, torsional restoring constant and total damping constant, short hairs are found to be significantly more responsive than long hairs to a flow pulsation. It is also found that the spider trichobothria are underdamped, while the cercal hairs of the cricket are overdamped. As a consequence, the spider hairs are more responsive to sudden air motions. Analysis shows that while two spiders of different characteristic sizes and lunge velocities can generate pulsations with comparable energy content, the associated velocity fields display different patterns of spatial decay with distance from the pulsation source. As a consequence, a small spider lunging at a high velocity generates a smaller telltale far-field velocity signal than a larger spider lunging at a lower velocity. The results obtained are in broad agreement with several of the observations and conclusions derived from combined flow and behavioural experiments performed by Casas et al. for running spiders, and by Dangles et al. for spiders and a physical model of spiders lunging at crickets.

Surface force spectroscopic point load measurements and viscoelastic modelling of the micromechanical properties of air flow sensitive hairs of a spider (Cupiennius salei).

The micromechanical properties of spider air flow hair sensilla (trichobothria) were characterized with nanometre resolution using surface force spectroscopy (SFS) under conditions of different constant deflection angular velocities theta (rad s(-1)) for hairs 900-950 microm long prior to shortening for measurement purposes. In the range of angular velocities examined (4 x 10(-4) - 2.6 x 10(-1) rad s(-1)), the torque T (Nm) resisting hair motion and its time rate of change (Nm s(-1)) were found to vary with deflection velocity according to power functions. In this range of angular velocities, the motion of the hair is most accurately captured by a three-parameter solid model, which numerically describes the properties of the hair suspension. A fit of the three-parameter model (3p) to the experimental data yielded the two torsional restoring parameters, S(3p)=2.91 x 10(-11) Nm rad(-1) and =2.77 x 10(-11) Nm rad(-1) and the damping parameter R(3p)=1.46 x 10(-12) Nm s rad(-1). For angular velocities larger than 0.05 rad s(-1), which are common under natural conditions, a more accurate angular momentum equation was found to be given by a two-parameter Kelvin solid model. For this case, the multiple regression fit yielded S(2p)=4.89 x 10(-11) Nm rad(-1) and R(2p)=2.83 x 10(-14) Nm s rad(-1) for the model parameters. While the two-parameter model has been used extensively in earlier work primarily at high hair angular velocities, to correctly capture the motion of the hair at both low and high angular velocities it is necessary to employ the three-parameter model. It is suggested that the viscoelastic mechanical properties of the hair suspension work to promote the phasic response behaviour of the sensilla.

Modeling arthropod filiform hair motion using the penalty immersed boundary method

Crickets are able to sense their surrounding environment through about 2000 filiform hairs located on a pair of abdominal cerci. The mechanism by which the cricket is able to sense a wide range of input signals using these filiform hairs of different length and orientation is of great interest. Most of the previous filiform hair models have focused on a single, rigid hair in an idealized air field. Here, we present a model of the cercus and filiform hairs that are mechanically coupled to the surrounding air, and the model equations are based on the penalty immersed boundary method. The key difference between the penalty immersed boundary method and the traditional immersed boundary method is the addition of forces to account for density differences between the immersed solid (the filiform hairs) and the surrounding fluid (air). The model is validated by comparing the model predictions to experimental results, and then the model is used to examine the interactions between multiple hairs. With multiple hairs, there is little interaction when the hairs are separated by more than 1 mm, and, as they move closer, they interact through viscous coupling, which reduces the deflection of the hairs due to the air movement. We also examine the computational scalability of the algorithm and show that the computational costs grow linearly with the number of hairs being modeled.

Super-helices for predicting the dynamics of natural hair

Simulating human hair is recognized as one of the most difficult tasks in computer animation. In this paper, we show that the Kirchhoff equations for dynamic, inextensible elastic rods can be used for accurately predicting hair motion. These equations fully account for the nonlinear behavior of hair strands with respect to bending and twisting. We introduce a novel deformable model for solving them: each strand is represented by a Super-Helix , i.e., a piecewise helical rod which is animated using the principles of Lagrangian mechanics. This results in a realistic and stable simulation, allowing large time steps. Our second contribution is an in-depth validation of the Super-Helix model, carried out through a series of experiments based on the comparison of real and simulated hair motions. We show that our model efficiently handles a wide range of hair types with a high level of realism.

Hair motion cloning from cartoon animation sequences

This paper describes a new approach to create cartoon hair animation that allows users to use existing cel character animation sequences. We demonstrate the generation of cartoon hair animation acc...

Hair motion cloning from cartoon animation sequences

AbstractThis paper describes a new approach to create cartoon hair animation that allows users to use existing cel character animation sequences. We demonstrate the generation of cartoon hair animation accentuated in ‘anime‐like’ motions. The novelty of this method is that users can choose the existing cel animation of a character's hair animation and apply environmental elements such as wind to other characters with a three‐dimensional structure. In fact, users can reuse existing cartoon sequences as input to endow another character with environmental elements as if both characters exist in the same scene. A three‐dimensional character's hair motions are created based on hair motions from input cartoon animation sequences. First, users extract hair shapes at each frame from input sequences from which they then construct physical equations. ‘Anime‐like’ hair motion is created by using these physical equations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.