Hair Dye Use Research Articles

Hepatocellular carcinoma antibodies preferably identify nitro-oxidative-DNA lesions induced by 4-Chloro-orthophenylenediamine and DEANO.

The widespread use of oxidative hair colouring cosmetics threatens public health. Phenylenediamine derivatives serve as the main pigment in permanent hair colours. They interact with biological macromolecules, altering their functional and structural physiology. The study aimed to investigate the effect of a typical synthetic hair dye pigment, 4-Chloro-orthophenylenediamine (4-Cl-OPD), under a nitrating environment of DEANO on the calf thymus DNA molecule. The results showed single-stranded regions, base/sugar-phosphate backbone alterations, molecular changes, and nitro-oxidative lesions. These modifications are referred to as neo-epitopes on the DNA molecule. IgGs from cancer patients with a history of permanent hair dye use were screened for the recognition of neo-epitopes on DNA molecules. Hepatocellular carcinoma IgG showed the highest binding with 56% inhibition in the competition ELISA. The immune complex formation was observed through electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In conclusion, synthetic hair dye users are likely to present with heightened immunological triggers under elevated nitric oxide levels. The study reports chronic hair dye exposure as one of the factors responsible for altering the intricacies of the DNA's microarchitectural structure and inducing neo-epitopes on the molecule. The physiological status of NO may define the susceptibility towards 4-Cl-OPD and humoral response in hair dye users. Persistent nitro-oxidative stress due to 4-Cl-OPD and NO may induce a heightened immune response against neoepitopes in the nitro-oxidatively modified DNA. Therefore, chronic hair dye exposure may be identified as a risk to human health. These findings may contribute to a better understanding and reinforcement of hair dye as one of the modifiable risk factors responsible for the pro-inflammatory carcinogenic environment.

Analysis and quantification of selected heavy metals and paraphenylenediamine in commercially available herbal black hair dyes in Sri Lanka

Currently, the use of henna-based herbal black hair dyes is widespread in the community. However, it is important to note that these dyes cannot be classified as completely natural due to the addition of various ingredients to enhance their effectiveness. Most black hair dyes use paraphenylenediamine (PPD) to get a black hue, however, PPD is widely recognized as a contact sensitizer. The toxicity of heavy metals is also prevalent in the cosmetics sector. These metallic elements can permeate the skin and provide widespread exposure throughout the body. Hair dye requires an alkaline pH value because of reactions that occur during the dyeing process, which is incompatible with scalp pH. The varying concentrations of these chemicals and their frequency of usage can result in diverse health issues. The present research implemented High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to quantify the concentrations of PPD and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Fe) in seven frequently used brands in Sri Lanka. The lead content in the examined samples exhibited variability, ranging from 0.04 ± 0.01 ppm to 0.28 ± 0.14 ppm. However, all the samples remained below the allowed level of 2 ppm according to the BVL standard. Regarding Cd, certain examined materials surpassed the acceptable thresholds, while others did not and varied between 0 ppm and 2.33 ± 1.92 ppm. Iron was found at a significantly higher concentration compared to the other two heavy metals. A significant quantity of PPD was detected, exceeding the allowable threshold of 6 % according to the European Union legislation. All the samples that were analyzed had a pH value within the alkaline range. The study indicates that herbal dyes generated from natural materials may contain harmful compounds, such as a high concentration of PPD in herbal black hair color potentially inducing sensitization.

Insights into hair dye use and self-reported adverse skin reactions in the Dutch general population: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study.

Hair dyes are widely used in daily life. However, data on self-reported adverse skin reactions are scarce. To estimate the proportion of lifetime hair dye use and self-reported adverse skin reactions in the Dutch general population, and to investigate the association between (adverse skin reactions to) hair dye use and contact allergy-related factors. This cross-sectional study collected questionnaire-derived data from the Lifelines cohort. Logistic regression analyses were conducted between (adverse skin reactions to) hair dye use and black henna tattoo use, reactions to henna tattoos, patch testing, hand eczema and an occupation as hairdresser or beautician. The proportion of hair dye use was 63.1% of 70 987 participants, of which 6.8% experienced adverse skin reactions, mostly mild (77.7%). Hair dye users and those with skin reactions were both positively associated (p < 0.05) with female sex, middle-age, (positive) patch test results and hairdresser or beautician occupations. Hair dye users were more likely to have had henna tattoos, and those with reactions to hair dye were more likely to have had reactions to henna tattoos. Hair dye use is prevalent among the Dutch general population and frequently causes adverse skin reactions, especially in females who had black henna tattoos.

Acetyl zingerone methyl ether protects hair against oxidative damage incurred during and after treatment with permanent dyes and helps extend longevity of newly developed hair colour.

Use of permanent hair dyes causes unintended oxidative damage during the short time frame of the dyeing process that leads to perceivable changes in the feel, manageability and appearance of hair. Moreover, after hair has been dyed, regular exposure to the sun as a key environmental stressor continues to stimulate additional oxidative damage and to induce newly developed hair colours to fade prematurely or undergo changes in colour quality. To document the utility of acetyl zingerone methyl ether (MAZ) as a newly designed haircare ingredient to afford extra protection against oxidative damage and safeguard the integrity of hair colour. We demonstrate that MAZ is compatible chemically with the high alkaline conditions required for the colouring process and from theoretical calculations preferentially binds Fe and Cu ions relative to Ca or Zn ions. In model Fenton reactions MAZ effectively chelated active redox metals (Fe and Cu ions) in the presence of excess Ca+2 ions to inhibit the production of hydroxyl radicals, and in separate studies, MAZ neutralized singlet oxygen with greater efficiency than α-tocopherol by a factor of 2.5. When mixed into permanent dyes prior to hair tress application, MAZ significantly reduced combing forces, and SEM images led to substantial reductions in visual signs of surface damage. In a 28-day clinical study, relative to controls, mixing MAZ into hair dyes prior to application interfered neither with colour development nor with ability to cover grey hair and led to significant improvements in perceived attributes associated with hair's condition immediately following the dyeing process. Over a 28-day maintenance phase, especially between Day 14 and Day 28, continued use of shampoo and conditioner containing MAZ significantly preserved gloss measurements and hair colour in terms of longevity and colour quality as remaining desired and fresh compared to use of control shampoo and conditioner. This work establishes MAZ as a next-generation hair care ingredient for use in permanent dyes to attenuate oxidative damage and in shampoos and conditioners to promote longevity of hair colour and to maintain overall health and appearance of hair on a daily basis.

Hair Dye and Relaxer Use among Cisgender Women in Embu and Nakuru Counties, Kenya: Associations with Perceived Risk of Breast Cancer and Other Health Effects.

Despite widespread use of hair products globally, little is known about the prevalence and patterns of use in populations outside the United States. As some hair products contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and EDCs have been linked to breast cancer, which is increasing globally, in this study, we addressed key knowledge gaps about hair product use and practices, and perceptions of use among women in two counties in Kenya. Using community-engaged approaches in Embu and Nakuru, Kenya, we recruited women aged 15-50 years to complete a questionnaire that ascertained hair product use in the last 7-14 days, ever using hair dyes and chemical relaxers, and participants' perceptions or harm around hair product use. In multivariable-adjusted regression models, we evaluated associations between participants' sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions of hair product use in relation to if they have ever used hair dyes and relaxers. In our sample of 746 women (mean age, 30.4 ± 8.1 years), approximately one-third of participants reported ever using permanent and/or semi-permanent hair dyes, with approximately one-fifth reporting current use. Almost 60% reported ever using chemical relaxers, with a little over one-third reporting current use. Increasing age and having an occupation in the sales and service industry were statistically significant predictors of hair dye use (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02-1.06 and OR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.38-3.03, respectively) and relaxer use (OR 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06 and OR 1.93, 95% CI: 1.30-2.87). On average, participants reported moderate-to-high levels of concern about exposures and general health effects from using hair products, and relatively high levels of perceived risk of breast cancer related to hair product use. However, in contrast to our hypotheses, we observed mixed evidence regarding whether higher levels of perceived risk were associated with lower odds of ever using hair dyes and relaxers. These findings add new knowledge to the extant literature on hair product use among women in Kenya, where breast cancer incidence rates are increasing. Improving the understanding of patterns of use of specific products and their chemical ingredients-which may be hormone disruptors or carcinogens-and exploring the role of environmental health literacy are critical for developing interventions to reduce potentially harmful exposures found in these products.

Ecotoxicity, Health Risks and Contact Allergy Due to p-Phenylenediamine in Hair Dyes and Tattoos: Female Students' Perspectives.

While the financial advantages of hair coloring and tattooing are widely acknowledged, environmental hazards and health risks linked to this trend due to their p-phenylenediamine (PPD) content have received less attention.Health education on hair-dying products is warrantedto enhance the public's awareness of hair-dying ingredients and their side effects. A cross-sectional study was thereforeconducted with 319 students to assess knowledge of ecotoxicity, health risks, and practices of hair dyeing and tattooing among undergraduate students. A random sample of 59 students was checked for any allergic morphology in the scalp and exposed areas of skin near the neck, ears, palms, and nails. Responses collected were used for data analyses using IBMSPSSStatistics for Windows, Version 17 (Released 2008; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Use of hair dye was significantly high among study participants 58.5% (n=187; p<0.05). However, their knowledge regarding the presence of PPD in hair dyes and associated environmental toxicity (37.8%, n=121) was very limited. The majority of participants did not do any allergy tests before applying hair dye (88.9%, n=283). The study revealed that the main reason for hair coloring was as a fashion statement (93.7%, n=299). Regarding tattooing practices, 96.9% (n=309) of study participants had never practiced tattoos, and hence, the prevalence of tattooing was 3.9% (n=12). These data confirmed that the practice of hair dyeing as a style statement was high among students. However, the majority were unaware of their PPD contentsand their potential ecotoxicity and health risks.

Para‐phenylenediamine hair dye and dry eye symptoms: A cross‐sectional study

Aims/Purpose: Para‐phenylenediamine is a common constituent in black hair dye which is well‐associated with irritant dermatitis. Ocular complications include blepharoconjunctivitis, dry eye disease and allergic eye disease (1), mostly reported in case studies. We conducted a cross‐sectional study to establish the prevalence of dry eye symptoms in black hair dye users, and its association with irritant dermatitis, sleeping position and frequency of hair dye use.Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted online among Facebook followers of an ophthalmology clinic based in Mauritius. 100 responses were gathered between November 2020 and May 2022. Participants included in the study were all users of black hair dye, over the age of 18 and of either sex. Patients with potential confounding causes of dry eye disease symptoms were not excluded from the study, but a separate analysis was conducted excluding them. Data was subsequently analysed using R statistical software.Results: Most participants were female (88%) and excluding those with confounding causes of dry eye disease, 57% of participants reported ocular symptoms, such as grittiness, blurry vision and red eyes. 34% of these patients also reported scalp dermatitis. Prevalence of ocular symptoms increased with duration of hair dye use. However, no association was found between either rates of irritant scalp dermatitis, sleeping position or frequency of hair dye use and ocular symptoms.Conclusions: We have found a high prevalence of dry eye symptoms among black hair dye users, compared to the prevalence previously described in the literature (28.2% by Golińska‐Zach et al.) (1), with a prolonged duration of hair dye use being a risk factor. Larger scale studies are needed to characterize the influence of para‐phenylenediamine hair dye on ocular surface disease, including assessment of tear film properties and meibomian gland dysfunction.Reference1. Golińska‐Zach A, Krawczyk‐Szulc P, Wiszniewska M, Nowakowska‐Świrta E, Świerczyńska‐Machura D, Tymoszuk D, et al. Sensitization to occupational allergens in hairdressing apprentices diagnosed already before entering vocational training. Med Pr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Apr 25]; 67(5): 567–75. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27819696/

Does hair dye use increase the risk of breast cancer?

Does hair dye use increase the risk of breast cancer?

Breastmilk cadmium levels and estimated infant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource-limited country

BackgroundDespite the undisputed benefits of breastfeeding, infants might become exposed to xenobiotics that could be excreted into breast milk following maternal exposure. This study was conducted to assess breastmilk cadmium levels among lactating women in Palestine, a resource-limited country. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium via breastmilk was also calculated and predictors of high breastmilk cadmium levels and high infant exposure via breastmilk were identified.MethodsThis multicenter study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical design. The lactating women were recruited from different maternity and public health clinics in all regions of Palestine. Demographic variables and exposure to sources of cadmium were collected in an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Foremilk samples (about 5 mL) were collected in polyethylene tubes using the hand-expression technique. The breast milk samples were collected in the period between December 2020 and March 2021. A pre-validated method using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify breastmilk cadmium levels. EDI values were calculated from the quantified breastmilk cadmium levels.ResultsBreastmilk samples were obtained from 256 lactating women. The mean breastmilk cadmium level was 0.34 (SD: 0.33) μg / L and the mean EDI of cadmium via breastmilk was 0.059 (SD: 0.058) µg / kg per body weight / day. Breastmilk cadmium levels were quantified in 92.6% of the breastmilk samples. Of the breastmilk samples, 13 (5.1%) had cadmium levels above those reported as “normal” by the World Health Organization (WHO). Multiple linear regression showed that higher breastmilk cadmium levels and higher EDI were predicted by being a smoker, living in a refugee camp, living close to an industrial area, living close to disposal of wastes, living close to paint shops, living in a house with peeling / chipping paint, frequent use of cosmetics, frequent use of hair dyes, and not using vitamins.ConclusionThe breastmilk cadmium levels and infant exposure were predicted by maternal exposure to sources of cadmium. The findings reported in this study are valuable to antenatal and postnatal healthcare service providers. More studies are needed to plan and implement measures to reduce breastmilk cadmium levels and infants’ exposure to cadmium via breastmilk.

Dermatological adverse effects of hair dye use: A narrative review.

Hair dyeing is a popular practice dating back to ancient Egyptian times. Initially, hair dye use was restricted to concealing grey and white hairs of the elderly population. However, in recent times, its use is common among the younger generation as a fashion statement. Hair dye contact dermatitis is a common dermatological condition encountered by dermatologists. It is a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction that commonly affects the scalp and the vicinity of hair line and neck. Para-phenylenediamine (PPD), a synthetic aromatic amine is the most common allergen specifically implicated in hair dye contact dermatitis. Para-phenylenediamine was announced as the allergen of the year in 2006 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Contact allergy to para-phenylenediamine can occur in 0.1-2.3% of the general population. Epicutaneous patch testing is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of hair dye contact dermatitis. However, para-phenylenediamine carries a risk of cross-sensitivity and co-sensitization to other allergens. Apart from contact dermatitis, hair dye use is also associated with various other cutaneous adverse effects such as pigmentary changes, hair loss, skin malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Due to the various adverse effects associated with hair dye use, it is prudent to look for safer alternatives to allergenic hair dyes. In this article, we review the epidemiology, cutaneous and systemic adverse effects associated with hair dye use, patch testing, preventive strategies to minimize the risk of hair dye contact dermatitis, and treatment aspects.

The effects of diet and beauty products on the uptake and storage of 14C in hair and nails: ramifications for the application of bomb pulse dating to forensic anthropological casework

Radiocarbon dating is a useful tool in the examination of unknown human remains. Recent studies have shown that the analysis of hair and nail samples can provide a highly accurate estimation of the year of death (YOD). However, little research has examined factors that may influence the uptake and storage of 14C in these tissues, such as diet, or the use of beauty products. This study measured the level of 14C in human hair and nail samples collected from living individuals to determine whether diet, and the use of hair dye or nail polish, has a significant impact on the estimation of YOD. The results of this study showed that diet did not appear to impact the radiocarbon content in human hair and nail, and thus should not be considered a limitation when analysing samples obtained from unidentified human remains. The use of nail polish, and in the majority of cases, hair dye, did not significantly impact the 14C concentration in nails and hair. While the results of this study are preliminary, they suggest that in most cases, both hair and nail can be successfully analysed using radiocarbon dating to estimate an individual’s YOD. However, best practice should involve the analysis of multiple tissue types, to minimise any error that may be introduced as a result of the decedent’s use of beauty products.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Dye: A Laboratory Scale Project

Aim: This research was conducted to make the option for chemical-based semisynthetic and synthetic hair dyes to overcome the problems with the use of synthetic dyes and the acceptance rate by the public. The work involves the use of some novel natural ingredients with novel combinations. Methods: The herbal hair dye was prepared y using various natural agents reported to possess the desired properties. The plants were collected from the herbal garden of Dr. VedprakashPatil Pharmacy College, Aurangabad &amp; authenticated by the Dept. of Pharmacognosy. All ingredients were passed through sieves and mixed thoroughly to get a homogenous mixture; the mixture was dissolved in water and applied to the hairs for the evaluation of various parameters such as organoleptic physicochemical, patch test &amp; stability. Results: This Herbal hair dye prepared in the laboratory is made with all good quality materials. It was tested in the laboratory and was found to be very safe for the regular use of this herbal hair dye after several time intervals of time. All evaluation parameters were found to be within the limits as prescribed for the safe use of hair dye. Conclusion: The prepared herbal hair dye neither shows any side effects nor skin infections. It nourishes the skin on the scalp and hair. This herbal hair dye also aids in dandruff treatment by removing excess oil from the scalp. If such herbal dye is used frequently or regularly, it will give a manageable, fizz-free colored hair benefiting human as well as the industry. The formulation is natural in origin with effective benefits compared to the marketed formulation and cost-effective. : As the process is simple, small scale cosmetic industry can make use of the technique.

Some histological and biochemical evaluation on commercial hair dyes

The use of hair dyes as a means of beautification is currently increasing. This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of different commercial hair dyes on the histology of the skin and biochemical parameters of the liver of Albino rats. This study was carried out in the Pathology Department, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar and College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar between May, 2019 and October, 2019. Four different colours of hair dyes were obtained from a cosmetic store in Watt daily market in Calabar, Cross River State. Twenty male Albino rats with average weight of 55g were used for this study. The rats were randomly divided into five (5) groups of four (4) rats each. Group 1 to 4 served as the test groups while group 5 served as the control group. Different colours of hair dye were applied topically on selected area of the back of Albino rats daily for 30 days after which, the rats were sacrificed using chloroform inhalation procedure. The skin of the rat was harvested for histology while heart puncture was used to collect 5 milliliters of blood from each rat for biochemical analysis. Plasma Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined using Kind and King's method. Plasma Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and Aspartate Amino transferase (AST) were determined by Reitman and Frankel method. Serum protein (TP) was determined by Biurette's method while bilirubin was estimated using Powell's method. Liver tissues were processed using routine paraffin wax tissue processing method for histological analysis. The serum levels of ALP, AST, TP, Total bilirubin (TB) and conjugated bilirubin (CB) in all the test groups were significantly increased when compared with the control (P=0.001). Histological evaluations indicated evidence of cellular injury in all the test groups. Prolonged use of commercial hair dyes caused adverse effects to the skin and liver as seen in the Albino rat used in this study.

Contact sensitizers in commercial hair dye products in the Indian market: A consumer exposure study.

Hair dye is a concoction of various ingredients that can result in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) which is a common problem encountered by dermatologists. To find out the presence of potent contact sensitizers in commercially available hair dyes in Puducherry, a union territory in South India, and to compare the findings with similar studies conducted in different countries. Ingredients labels of 159 hair dye products from 30 brands that were manufactured and marketed in India screened for the presence of contact sensitizers. A total of 25 potent contact sensitizers were found in 159 hair dye products. p-Phenylenediamine and resorcinol were the most frequent contact sensitizer found in the study. The mean contact sensitizer concentration in a single hair dye product is 3.72 ± 1.81. The number of potent contact sensitizers in individual hair dye products ranged from 1 to 10. We observed that most of the consumer-available hair dyes contain multiple contact sensitizers. Also, an inadequacy in mentioning the p-Phenylenediamine content, and appropriate warning contents regarding hair dye use were not mentioned in the cartons.

Serum metabolomic profile of hair dye use

The International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that some chemicals in hair dyes are probably carcinogenic to those exposed to them occupationally. Biological mechanisms through which hair dye use may be related to human metabolism and cancer risk are not well-established. We conducted the first serum metabolomic examination comparing hair dye users and nonusers in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Metabolite assays were conducted using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The association between metabolite levels and hair dye use was estimated using linear regression, adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, and multiple comparisons. Among the 1,401 detected metabolites, 11 compounds differed significantly between the two groups, including four amino acids and three xenobiotics. Redox-related glutathione metabolism was heavily represented, with L-cysteinylglycine disulfide showing the strongest association with hair dye (effect size (β) = − 0.263; FDR adjusted p-value = 0.0311), along with cysteineglutathione disulfide (β = − 0.685; FDR adjusted p-value = 0.0312). 5alpha-Androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate was reduced in hair dye users (β = − 0.492; FDR adjusted p-value = 0.077). Several compounds related to antioxidation/ROS and other pathways differed significantly between hair dye users and nonusers, including metabolites previously associated with prostate cancer. Our findings suggest possible biological mechanisms through which the use of hair dye could be associated with human metabolism and cancer risk.

Dermal exposure and hair dye: Assessing potential bladder cancer risk from permanent hair dye

Hair dye products include a range of chemicals, depending on the type and color. A common primary intermediate compound used to achieve the permanent effect of hair dye is para-phenylenediamine (PPD). 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) has reportedly been found as a trace contaminant (presumably from the para-phenylenediamine [PPD] ingredient) in consumer permanent hair dye. While several regulatory agencies have designated 4-ABP as a human bladder carcinogen based on evidence in humans and experimental animals, only the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) have established a cancer risk value for 4-ABP of 0.03 μg/day based on liver tumors developed in mice. A hypothetical dermal risk assessment was performed to estimate the bladder cancer risk associated with exposure to 4-ABP from personal use of permanent hair dye potentially containing incidental 4-ABP. Previously published laboratory analyses characterizing 4-ABP concentrations in consumer hair dyes indicate the concentrations can range from below the limit of detection to 8120 ppb. Precautionary estimates of human scalp surface area, maximum skin adherence, hair dye retention factor, and percent dermal absorption were used to estimate the daily systemic exposure doses (SEDs) from dermal application of hair dye. The estimated SEDs ranged from 0.05 to 3000 pg/day. A margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as the ratio of the NSRL to the SED and ranged from 10 to 570,000. The results of this study suggest that there is no indication of increased risk of bladder cancer in humans from exposure to 4-ABP in consumer hair dye, especially as it is extremely unlikely that a consumer would use permanent hair dye on a daily basis (as this assessment models).

Pre- and postnatal maternal hair dye use and risk of wheeze and asthma in 5-year-old Japanese children: the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study

ABSTRACT The present study investigated the association between pre- and postnatal maternal hair dye use and the risk of wheeze and asthma in Japanese children aged 5 years. Study participants were 1199 mother-child pairs. Information on the variables under study was obtained using repeated questionnaires completed by parents. Prenatal maternal hair dye use was associated with an increased risk of current wheeze and ever doctor-diagnosed asthma; the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were 1.44 (1.02–2.02) and 1.51 (1.00–2.25), respectively. Postnatal maternal hair dye use was related to the risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma; the adjusted OR (95% CI) was 1.58 (1.03–2.40). Children who were exposed to maternal hair dye use both prenatally and postnatally had an increased risk of childhood current wheeze and ever doctor-diagnosed asthma; the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were 1.59 (1.03–2.42) and 1.76 (1.06–2.88), respectively. Our findings suggest that perinatal maternal hair dye use is associated with the risk of wheeze and asthma in children.

Association between hair dye use and cancer in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.

The use of hair dye for cosmetic purposes appears to be increasing worldwide. As 50-80% of women use hair dye throughout their lifetimes, the possible association between hair dye use and cancer is a public health concern. This systematic review was performed by retrieving studies from PubMed, Scopus, WOS, and ProQuest databases. The inclusion criteria were case-control studies evaluating the association between hair dye use and cancer in women. Women with cancer who have used any hair dye were the focus of our study. The present study combined 28 studies, to assess the association between hair dye use and cancer. The pooled odds ratio (OR) of hematopoietic system cancers among those who have generally ever used any type of hair dyes was 1.10 (95% CI:1.01-1.20) in 17 studies. In 11 studies investigating hair dye made before and after 1980 as a risk factor for cancer, the pooled OR for cancer was 1.31(95% CI:1.08-1.59). Likewise, in the 13 studies that evaluated the association of light and dark hair dye with cancer, the risk among those using dark hair dye increased by 9%, compared to non-users (OR=1.09; 95% CI:0.95-1.25). The present study suggests that, although the use of hair dye may increase the risk of cancer among users, a more detailed evaluation is required to assess the type of hair dye use in terms of guidelines and metrics.

Frequency of PPD (Para-Phenylenediamine) Allergy in Hair Dye Users in Faisalabad

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of PPD allergic contact dermatitis in hair dye users in Faisalabad district. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Dermatology Outpatient Department of District Headquarter Hospital, Faisalabad from 01-07-2018 to 31-12-2018. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out in Dermatology Outpatient Department and 135 patients were included. Male and female patients were included in this study with the age between Results: A total number of 135 patients were included in this study. Gendser distribution showed that there were 110 (81.5%) males and 25 (18.5%) females. The mean age of the patients was 38.04±4.96 years. The mean duration of hair dye use of the patients was 4±1.5 years. There were 92 (68.1%) patients between 30-40 years of age and 43 (31.9%) patients between 41-50 years of age. There were 80 (59.3%) patients between 3-4 years of duration of hair dye and 55 (40.7%) patients between 4-5 years of duration of hair dye. PPD allergic dermatitis was observed in 13 (9.6) patients. There was no association between gender (p=0.232), age (p=0.591) and duration of hair dye use (p=0.676) with respect to PPD allergic dermatitis. Conclusion: Para-phenylenediamineis the commonest cause of hair dye contact dermatitis. Patients can present with a variety of clinical manifestations, including severe reactions. Patch testing remains the gold standard method for confirming PPD allergy. Avoiding future contact with permanent and semi-permanent hair dyes is the standard preventative measure. Keywords: Allergy, Hair, Phenylenediamine, Para-Phenylenediamine.

Characteristics of Riehl melanosis in an ethnic Asian population: A comparative study according to age, sex, and hair dye use

AbstractBackgroundRiehl melanosis, characterized by diffuse brown to grey hyperpigmentation of the face and neck, affects middle‐aged women with dark skin phototypes. Riehl melanosis prevalence has increased in Korea, and a relationship with henna hair dye has been suspected. In this study, we aimed to evaluate clinical features and patch test results of Riehl melanosis patients and analyse them according to age, sex, and hair dye use.MethodsWe identified patients showing clinical and histopathological manifestations consistent with Riehl melanosis between January 2009 and December 2019 in our medical centre.ResultsOf 154 patients, 76.5% had positive patch‐test results, and the most common sensitizing agents were nickel, cobalt, and benzyl salicylate. Patients ≥50 years old were more likely to have spotty hyperpigmentation and less likely to have diffuse patterns, while lesions in the younger‐aged group were more commonly accompanied by erythema. Preceding erythema was found more often in female patients. Hair dye usage was more likely to be associated with aggravation of symptoms in females. Patients who developed Riehl melanosis after hair‐dye use more frequently had lesions on the forehead and were diagnosed an average of 14.1 months earlier as compared with other patients. Short disease duration, aggravation by hair dye (except henna), laser therapy, and longer follow‐up periods were related to good treatment responses.ConclusionsDetailed history taking regarding disease duration and aggravating factors as well as the length of the period of laser therapy can be important for the management of Riehl melanosis patients.