Hematology Autoanalyzer Research Articles

COMPARISON OF D-DIMER LEVEL AND PLATELET COUNT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA

Aim: This study aimed to assess the D-dimer levels and platelet count in sickle cell anaemia patients and compare with those of the control subjects. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross–sectional comparative study which enrolled 58 sickle cell anaemia patients (25 males and 33 females) in a stable state at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, as well as 25 healthy controls (11 males and 24 females). Venous blood (4.5 mL) was collected from both the patient and control into a vial containing 0.5 ml of 3.2% trisodium citrate. D-dimer levels was analysed using ELISA method. Platelet counts were determined (from 5ml venous sample collected with EDTA) using haematology autoanalyzer. Results: There was a significant rise in D-dimer levels in sickle cell patients, with mean values of 1771.86 ng/mL and 1986.00 ng/mL for males and females, respectively, in the steady state compared to the D-dimer levels of controls, with mean values of 199.24 and 322.21 ng/mL for males and females, respectively. Platelet count was significantly higher in SCA patients than in the control subjects. There is perfect correlation between D-dimer and platelet counts in both patients and control (r=1, n=57, P=0.000) and (r=1, n=30, P=0.000) Conclusion: This study showed the hypercoagulable state and thrombotic risk associated with SCA. The strong correlation between D-dimer levels and platelet counts suggests a potential interplay between platelet activation and coagulation activation in SCA, warranting further investigation into therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.

Study of Interleukin 6 in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Anemic Patients in Sudan

Rheumatoid arthritis is considered one of the most common, and particularly attacks the joint causing significant individual and community burden and resulting from immunological abnormalities. It has been found that IL-6 plays a key role in the development of this disease. Overall anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia are frequent causes of anemia in RA patients. This study to analysis serum IL6 and to detect frequency of anemia/non-anemia and Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and establish relationship between blood parameters and disease activity among Sudanese patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and deficiency anemia in Khartoum State. Methods It is a descriptive case-control study that involved 74 patients of both genders of RA, Anemia and non-anemic disease duration was two years. This study was conducted in Khartoum State. Complete Blood Count (CBC) was performed using the Auto Hematology Analyzer. Serum concentrations of IL-6, was measured in all patients and healthy individual using CLIA. The data collection was simple questionnaire and self-interview. Results The frequency of the RA within anemic and non- anemic patients was found higher in females 46(62.16%) than in males 28(37.83%). The overall analysis showed significant changes in most of blood parameters between the age groups. A statistically significant association was found between the WBCs, RBCs and MCH blood parameters with IL6 among RA/anemia's patients with Chi square p-value = 0.001,0.013 and 0.014, respectively. The statistic odd ratio was found 5.828 and 5.703 for WBCs and RBCs. This increase was highly significant among RA-Anemia patients in particular. Conclusion Our study reported the blood parameters isolates which harbored the IL6 and their association with rheumatoid arthritis and Anaemia which possibly cause the disease symptoms. Anemia is an important complication in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) which is associated with physical disability and increased mortality. Among various mechanisms, recent studies suggest the central role of hepcidin and IL-6 for the pathophysiology of Anemia.

Evaluation the Hematological Alterations in Females with Breast Cancer

Background: Cross-sectional research conducted in Baghdad province, women with breast cancer, both young and elderly, were evaluated alongside healthy persons to determine certain hematological parameters. This study aimed for evaluation the Hematological alterations in females with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The investigation was conducted in private hospitals, forty women diagnosed with breast cancer and ten healthy controls were randomly sampled between 2020 and 2022. From each female patient and control , three milliliters of venous blood were given, which was then dispensed into an EDTA container, in order to evaluate the hematological parameters. Additional analyses utilizing the (Auto Hematology Analyzer) were carried out on the EDTA samples, including PCV, WBC, RBC, platelet count, and lymphocyte count. Procedures followed in the handbook for the testing. Using the conventional Westergren technique, the ESR was calculated. Results: The current results showed that there was a significant difference between the examined population and the control group in terms of mean RBC, PCV, platelets count, WBC, and lymphocytes, with a p-value of less than 0.05. In contrast, the control participants had considerably lower mean ESR levels (p < 0.05) compared to the breast cancer patients. Conclusion: breast cancer can affect all blood components including RBC, WBC, platelets and its related parameters.

The Effect Of Delaying Umbilical Cord Cutting On Hemoglobin Levels In Newborn Babies

AbstractIron deficiency anemia, commonly occurring in infants aged 6-24 months, can be prevented by delaying the cutting of the umbilical cord after birth. A quasi-experimental study conducted at the Mother and Child Clinic in Mojo Kediri involved 30 infants, divided into an experimental group (with delayed cord clamping) and a control group. Hemoglobin levels were measured using a Hematology Autoanalyzer, and the data were analyzed using a t-test. The intervention group, with a delay in cord clamping for 1 hour, showed an average increase in Hb levels from 15.444 g/dl to 19.800 g/dl after 24 hours. Meanwhile, the control group, without any delay, increased from 15.544 g/dl to 16.844 g/dl. Delaying the umbilical cord clamping significantly increased hemoglobin levels in newborns (p-value: 0.000). Infants with delayed cord clamping exhibited higher hemoglobin levels, better body iron reserves, and reduced risk of anemia. The higher red blood cell levels supported better cardiopulmonary adaptation and increased breastfeeding duration in early life. The research concludes that delaying the cutting of the umbilical cord for 2 minutes in newborns can enhance Hb levels after 24 hours compared to cord clamping at 15 seconds after birth. This highlights the importance of delaying cord clamping to support hemoglobin health and infant development.Keywords: Delaying Umbilical Cord Clamping, Hemoglobin Levels, Newborns

Distribution of Malaria Infection Among Different Genotypes in Three Senatorial Zones of Taraba State Nigeria

Malaria infection is recognized as a severe public health problem linked to most cases of morbidity and mortality in malaria endemic areas. The study was used to determine the distribution of malaria infection among the different genotypes in three senatorial zones in Taraba state. The study employed a community and laboratory based cross sectional study. The electrophoresis machine was used to determine the genotypes of the research subjects while Rapid diagnostic technique and the gold standard microscopy was used to determine the prevalence of malaria infection. The haematology auto-analyzer (Sysmex XTI 2000) was used to determine the haematological parameters of the subjects. A total of 3084 blood samples was obtained by venepuncture. The distribution of the genotypes are AA 1721 (55.8%), AS 966 (31.3%) and SS 397 (12.9%). The overall prevalence of malaria was 620 (20.1%). Malaria infection was highest in the southern senatorial zone (29.1%) than in the north and central zones (p<0.05). Infection was high with the males (21.2%), age-related malaria infection was significant (p<0.05) with age 1-10yrs recording the highest infection (28.0%). No significant difference (p>0.00) was recorded in the marital status of the patient with the widows/widower having 23.4% while degree of infection was significant for education-related infection (p<0.05) with the non-educated subjects recording highest infection (34.4%). Occupational related prevalence was significant (p<0.05) with high infection among traders (162 (28.7%). Significant difference was recorded in the marital status with the widow/widower recording a high prevalence of malaria 112 (23.4%). Our finding in the current study confirm that malaria remains a major challenge and there is need for periodic prophylactic administration of malaria drugs in the treatment regime of sickle cell anaemia patients. Keywords: Malaria infection, genotypes, distribution, senatorial zones, Taraba State, Nigeria

PREVALENCE OF MALARIA, THE EFFECT OF PARASITAEMIA ON BLOOD PARAMETERS AND IRON LEVEL OF INFECTED CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE IN ITU, SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA

Malaria is a devastating public health concern in Itu with varied haematological and biochemical implications. This study seeks to crystalize the prevalence of malaria, the effect of parasitaemia on some haematological parameters, and serum iron level of infected children under 5 in Itu Local Government Area, Nigeria. The study adopted a cross-sectional study involving 430 children. Blood samples were obtained from consented caregivers. Malaria prevalence and parasitaemia level were diagnosed microscopically. Haematology auto-analyzer was used to determine haematological parameters. Malaria prevalence of 41.08% was recorded in the study. The highest prevalence (42.86%) was reported among the female subjects. The difference in the infection rate between males and females was statistically significant (p<0.05). The infected children tended to have significantly lower mean haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cell level, lymphocyte, monocytes, and eosinophil count, (p < 0.005) and a higher mean neutrophil, as well as white blood cell count (p < 0.05) compared to the non-infected subjects respectively. A weak correlation between the level of parasitaemia and Hb (r= 0.108), PCV(r=0.247), RBC (r= o.074), and a weak negative with WBC (r = -0.063) was also reported. The study also recorded a higher mean serum ferritin level (648 ng/ml) compared to non-infected, lower mean serum transferrin (6.41 ng/ml) compared to normal, and mean serum iron (54.40 ng/ml) was higher than normal. It is essential to pay keen attention to the evaluation of haematological and biochemical parameters in the management of malaria infection in children living in malaria-endemic areas.

Reference intervals for reticulocyte count and derived reticulocyte parameters in a cohort of healthy adults.

Reticulocyte count and novel derived parameters provide insight into the effectiveness of erythropoiesis and may be useful tools in the classification and diagnosis of anemias. However, there is no standardisation, so we consider it necessary that each laboratory evaluates the parameters according to its own methodology and instrumentation and establishes its own reference ranges. Our aim was to establish the reference intervals (RIs) of reticulocyte profile provided by the Beckman Coulter DxH 900 haematological autoanalyzer in our reference population. One hundred and seventy-five healthy adults (18 to 62 years) were included. Subjects were collected from the blood donation centre of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (Madrid, Spain) upon informed consent. Whole blood was collected and assayed for 14 haematological parameters on the Beckman Coulter DxH 900 analyzer in the haematology laboratory of the Clinical Analysis Department. RIs were established as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute EP28-A3c guidelines using three different statistical approaches. RIs estimated using the non-parametric method and the Harrell-Davis bootstrap method were very similar. RIs estimated by the robust method were narrower. Gender partitioning was required for two haematological parameters (low haemoglobin density (LHD) and microcytic anaemia factor (MAF)). The rest of the parameters did not need to be partitioned according to Lahti's method. RIs have been established for 14 hematologic parameters of the reticulocyte profile for the Beckman Coulter DxH 900 haematology analyzer using a healthy cohort of adult subjects.

LEUKOCYTE PROFILE OF BROILER SLAUGHTERED AT A CHICKEN SLAUGHTERHOUSE IN JIMBARAN BALI

Currently, the poultry industry is trying to meet the demand for providing nutritious meat. Therefore, broiler health is a factor that determines the success of chicken cultivation, because the good health condition of the chickens that will be slaughtered will provide a sense of security that the meat produced is healthy and suitable for consumption. The study aims to determine the total and differential broiler leukocytes, and the differences between male and female broilers slaughtered at the Chicken Slaughterhouse in Jimbaran. This study used 20 broiler blood samples obtained from 10 female and 10 male broilers. Blood samples were taken randomly before the broilers were slaughtered via the brachial vein. Total leukocytes were counted using the Auto Hematology Analyzer Rayto RT-7600 for Vet. Differential leukocyte counting is carried out by examining blood smear preparations. The examination results showed that the average total leukocytes of female broilers (83.26 x 103/µl) were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of males (86.3 x 103/µl). Average differential of female broiler leukocytes: heterophils (23.74 x 103/µl), lymphocytes (53.01 x 103/µl), monocytes (4.11 x 103/µl), eosinophils (2.49 x 103/µl), basophils (0 x 103/µl). Average differential leukocytes of male broilers: heterophils (34.82 x 103/µl), lymphocytes (46.64 x 103/µl), monocytes (3.88 x 103/µl), eosinophils (1 x 103/µl), basophils (0.04 x 103/µl). Significant differences (P<0.05) were only found in heterophils. Morphological studies of broiler leukocytes slaughtered at the Jimbaran Chicken Slaughterhouse show that the types of leukocytes are in accordance with the reference. Further research needs to be carried out to determine the normal value and morphology of broiler leukocytes in Bali and in Indonesia in general.

Validation of new invasive digital hemoglobinometer for hemoglobin estimation as point-of-care device among pregnant women in a facility setting India

Background: Anemia poses a significant health challenge for pregnant women (PW), and accurate and timely diagnosis is essential for effective management. Objective: The objective was to assess the diagnostic validity of the new digital hemoglobinometer for hemoglobin against laboratory-based hematology autoanalyzer among PW. Methodology: The study was conducted at a secondary-level healthcare facility among 204 pregnant women to be sampled conveniently, their sociodemographic and iron intake data collected, and hemoglobin levels assessed using a digital hemoglobinometer (Device A) and a hematology analyzer. Specificity, sensitivity, PPV, NPV, diagnostic accuracy, and method agreement were evaluated via Bland-Altman analysis and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Results: The proportion of anemia using the Device A was 64.7% while the hematology analyzer reported a proportion of 52.9%. Device A showed a sensitivity of 97.22%, specificity of 80.30%, and diagnostic accuracy of 86.3%, with substantial agreement indicated by Cohen's kappa coefficient (kappa = 0.72) and the weighted kappa coefficient for different grades of anemia was 0.67. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a mean difference (bias) of -0.28 (± 0.5) between the two methods, with limits of agreement at -1.24 and 0.68. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of absolute agreement was 0.91. Conclusion: The DH showed high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy for anemia detection in PW, with substantial agreement with the hematology analyzer. It offers a convenient and rapid alternative for POC hemoglobin estimation in resource-constrained settings.

Evaluation of full blood count among plasmodium parasatized pregnant women, in general hospital Sabo Kaduna state, Nigeria

Background: Malaria poses a significant public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among pregnant women, where it contributes to a high burden of infection and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the impact of malaria on haematological and biochemical parameters among pregnant women attending the Antenatal Clinic at General Hospital Sabo Kaduna State, North-Western Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 70 pregnant women participated in the study, with subjects aged between 15 and 40 years. A total of 70 pregnant women participated in the study, 50 of which were malaria positive and 20 of which were malaria negative. Participants were recruited from Antenatal Clinic of General Hospital Sabo, Kaduna State. Socio-demographic characteristic and blood samples were collected and examine for malaria parasite, some haematological parameters (HCT, HGB, WBC, RBC and platelet count) were measured using the sysmex auto-haematology analyzer. Data generated was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical package. Results: Findings revealed that younger women, particularly those aged 21-25 years, constituted a significant proportion of the subjects, consistent with previous reports. Haematological analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB), red blood cell count (RBC), and platelet count among malaria parasitized pregnant women compared to controls (p<0.05). However, white blood cell (WBC) count remained within the normal reference range for both groups. Conclusion: These findings corroborate previous research indicating that malaria infection leads to alterations in haematological parameters, primarily attributed to mechanical destruction of parasitized red blood cells and splenic clearance. Furthermore, there should be an enhanced efforts to implement malaria prevention and control strategies, promote sanitation practices to reduce mosquito breeding sites, and prioritize the inclusion of malaria parasite investigation as a routine test in antenatal care for pregnant women.

Assessment of CD4, CD8 and White Cell Parameters Amongst HIV Seronegative Pregnant Subjects in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Pregnancy involves maternal immunological adjustments to accommodate the fetus and maintain a strong immune defense against potential pathogens. The present study evaluated the changes in CD4, CD8, white blood cell (WBC) and total lymphocyte count (TLC) amongst HIV seronegative pregnant subjects in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A total of 302 female subjects (18-39 years) were recruited for the study. They consisted of 205 pregnant subjects and 97 non-pregnant subjects which served as the control. All subjects were screened for HIV type 1 and type 2 using standard test kits. Total and differential white blood cell counts were determined using a haematology auto analyzer while the total lymphocyte count (TLC) was obtained by multiplying total white blood cell count (TWC) with percentage lymphocyte count. The CD4 and CD8 cell counts were analyzed using the automated flow cytometry analyzer while the CD4:CD8 cell count ratio was obtained by dividing the CD4 cell count value by that of CD8. The result of the study shows a statistically significant decrease in CD4 and CD8 cell counts, lymphocyte and total lymphocyte counts and an increase in neutrophil count in all the trimesters of pregnancy when compared to the non-pregnant control (p<0.05). Also, there was a significant increase in WBC during the third trimester and a similar decrease in monocyte count in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. The evidence from the present study concludes that pregnancy modifies the maternal immune response to ensure fetal survival and the protection of the mother from invading pathogens as reported in the increase in total WBC, neutrophil and monocyte counts and a reduction in TLC, CD4 and CD8 counts. The study recommends routine assessments of these crucial cellular immune markers for pregnant women during antenatal visits.

Comparison of Viral Load, CD4 and Hematological Parameters Amongst HIV, Patients on Tenofovir and Zidovudine-Based ARV Therapy in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

HIV is a global public health concern and people diagnosed with HIV are treated with Antiretroviral therapy. Until 2017, Tenofovir and Zidovudine-based ART were the two major first line drugs for PLHIVs in Nasarawa Nigeria. This study aims to compare the HIV viral load suppression amongst patients on these two ART combinations in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three (3) secondary health facilities in Nasarawa State using one hundred subjects selected randomly from the three facilities comprising 50 HIV Sero-positive individuals on Tenofovir-based ART and 50 HIV sero-positive individuals on Zidovudine-based ART. Ethylene diamine Tetra Acetic (EDTA) blood specimen was obtained from each study participant for Full blood count (FBC) using haematology auto-analyser (Sysmex K21N), CD4 count using Partec Cyflow Counter II and HIV viral load analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The demographic data of study participants shows that more females (72) were involved in the study making up 64% of the subjects on Tenofovir and 80% of those on Zidovuine and most of the subjects were within the ages of 26-35years. There was no significant difference (p=0.666) in the viral load of the subjects on any of the regimen. The red blood cells count (RBC) and platelet counts were significantly different (p<0.0001) amongst the subjects on the two ART regimen whereas CD4 count, white blood cells count, lymphocytes count, granulocytes count and Packed cell volume (PCV) were not significantly different within the two groups. Age affected some of the haematological parameters (granulocytes, PCV, RBCs and platelets) within the two groups at different ages. Sex only affected the PCV and granulocytes of subjects within the two different groups (p=0.0069), occupation, knowledge about HIV/AIDS disease and care, duration of ART treatment and year of initial diagnosis of HIV did not affect the haematological and immunological parameters of subjects on the two ART regimen. Conclusively, there is no significant difference in the virologic and immunological response of patients on the two ART therapy but some haematological parameters of subjects on Zidovudine were statistically different from those on Tenofovir.

Dissociation Phenomenon of Erythrocyte Agglutination and Its Application to Assay of Functional Activity of the Complement System in Clinical Laboratory.

The objective of the study was to validate the dissociation phenomenon of erythrocyte agglutination which is based on erythrocyte fragments and to apply it in the functional activity assay of the complement system. The dissociation-agglutination effect of erythrocyte fragments was validated by detecting the number of free erythrocytes after the action of erythrocyte fragments on agglutinated erythrocytes. The number of free erythrocytes produced after hemolysis of agglutinated erythrocytes caused by complements and complement activators(CAs) was detected by auto hematology analyzer and the results were indicated by mean hemoglobin concentration of erythrocytes (MCHC). We optimized the test conditions and validated the inter-batch stability, explored the resolution of the assay method, and assayed for the total complement activity (AC) and the CAs activated complement activity (ACA) in serum from patients and healthy individual groups. Erythrocyte fragments have a dissociative effect on agglutinated erythrocytes. The auto hematology analyzer was able to detect AC and ACA, where AC showed an inverse correlation with MCHC, and ACA demonstrated a positive correlation with MCHC. The inter-batch CV of AC, ACA, and ACA/AC was found to be 5%, 9%, and 11.7%, respectively, with good stability. The study found that serum samples from acute phase reaction patients showed significant differences in ACA compared with healthy individuals, with a p value of 0.018; serum samples from patients with nephrotic syndrome showed significant differences in AC, ACA, and ACA/AC compared with healthy individuals, with p values of 0.014, 0.002, and 0.041, respectively. Erythrocyte fragments have dissociation-agglutination effect. The complement system immunological functional detection method, based on this effect, has potential clinical application value due to its sensitivity and accuracy.

Neutrophil/Lymphocytes Ratio and Haemoglobin Electrophoretic Pattern in an Undergraduate Student’s Population Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a very cheap and accurate method of accessing inflammation and is fast emerging as a prognostic biomarker in many diseases. This study determines the Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and haemoglobin electrophoretic patterns in an undergraduate student’s population at Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) undergraduate students aged between 17 and 30 years old were recruited for the study. Five millimeters (5ml) of venous blood was collected from each participants into ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) vacutainer bottle for the determination of haemoglobin genotype using cellulose acetate electrophoresis method while the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was calculated from neutrophil and lymphocyte values obtained from BC 5000 Mindray Hematology Auto-Analyzer. The results obtained showed that the mean±SD value of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio was 1.21 ± 0.07 for male and 1.14 ± 0.06 for female participants with both within normal reference ranges and with no significant difference (p=0.4692). 100 (66.7%) subjects had haemoglobin genotype AA (HbAA) out of which 48 (32%) male, 52 (34.7%) female while 50 (33.3%) participants had haemoglobin genotype AS (HbAS) of which 24 (16%) male, 26 (17.3%) female. No haemoglobin genotype SS/SC (HbSS/HbSC) traits were seen in the study population. Furthermore, results also showed that haemoglobin genotype and sex had no effects on the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p=0.05). This study shows a 66.7%, 33.3%, and 0% expression for HbAA, HbAS, and HbSS/HbSC, respectively, and that the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio is within the normal reference range. Further studies to include other haemoglobin variants such as haemoglobin SS (HbSS) and haemoglobin SC (HbSC) is recommended.

Can Immature Granulocyte Counting be Utilized in the Selection of Samples for Flow Cytometric Enumeration of Stem Cells?

This study aimed to compare the IMG counting by an auto hematology analyzer with the flow cytometric enumeration of CD34+ cells. All data from 124 samples submitted to the hematology laboratory for CD34+ cell counting in 2019 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Whole blood samples were taken into EDTA tubes and assayed within 2 hours. The numbers and percentages of WBC and IMG were determined by using Mindray BC6200 hematology analyzer, while the same were determined for CD45 and CD34+ cells by using Beckman Coulter Navios flow cytometer. The performance of the new method was determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Out of the 124 samples, 94 were collected from healthy individuals and 30 were collected from patients. A significant correlation was found between IMG and CD34+ cell counts in all patients (r = 0.71, p = 0.000) at the cutoff values of > 20/µL and > 50/µL. The Bland-Altman analysis of all patients showed that there was an agreement between the two methods. When the cutoff value of 20/µL for CD34+ cells was used in the ROC analysis, the sensitivity and specificity were calculated as 100 (96.1 - 100) and 96.77 (83.3 - 99.9), respectively, for the IMG count of > 900/µL. An IMG count of 900/µL can be used as the cutoff value in the analysis with the Mindray BC6200. The IMG counting cannot replace the flow cytometric CD34+ cell enumeration but can be used in the selection of the samples for stem cell enumeration by flow cytometry.

Utility of World Health Organization Haematological Toxicity Scale in the Assessment of Smokers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Introduction: This study was aimed at evaluating some haematological parameters among smokers in Port Harcourt, Rivers State and to ascertain if the effect of smoking can be assessed using the World Health Organization Haematological toxicity scale. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study which involved 100 individuals (50 smokers and 50 non-smokers) within the ages of 20-45 years was used. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture into an EDTA anticoagulant bottle for haematological analysis of selected haematology parameters. The samples were processed using haematology auto analyser- SYSMEX KX-21. Statistical analysis was done using Graph Pad prism version 8.02 for windows. Comparisons of mean and standard deviation were made for the various parameters using student’s t-test. Results: The mean values of haemaglobin for smokers (14.50 ± 1.773 g/dL) was significantly elevated when compared with 11.74 ±1.15 g/dL in non-smokers. (p≤ 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean values of leucocyte count in smokers compared to non-smokers (p ≥ 0.05). The mean value of granulocyte count in smokers (4.52 ± 1.28 x 109/L) was significantly higher than that of non-smokers (3.81 ±.0.72 x109/L) (p ≤ 0.0008). The mean platelet count of smokers (236.0 ± 64.65×109/L) was significantly raised when compared with that of non-smokers (217.7 ± 42.71×109/L). In the control group, 8% were found to be anaemic corresponding to Grade 2 of the WHO toxicity scale (8-9.4g/dL) whereas all of the smokers were one hundred percent (100%) in grade 0 (≥ 11.0 g/dL). For the white blood cell count, majority of the control subjects were 90% grade 2 (3.0-3.9×109/L) whereas among the smokers, they were 100% in grade 0. For the platelets, all the control subjects were 100% grade 0 (≥×109/L) while 2% of the smokers (test) fell into grade 1 (75-99×109/L) of the WHO toxicity scale ( ie mild thrombocytopenia). Conclusion: We concluded that smoking causes a significant elevation of haemogobin and granulocytes and at the same time elevated platelet counts whereas 2% of smokers fell into grade 1 of the toxicity scale. This effect may be more pronounced if a longer duration of smoking and a larger sample is considered in further studies.

Effect of methanol Moringa oleifera leaves extract on the hematological parameters of cadmium chloride induced hypertensive Wistar rats

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of methanol Moringa oleifera leaves extract on the hematological parameters of cadmium chloride induced hypertensive wistar rats. 32 wistar rats weighing between 160-200kg where used and grouped into four groups of 8 rats each. All groups except group one where induced with both cadmium chloride to cause hypertension according to their body weight group 1 which served as normal control took only water and feed for 21 days. Group 2 which served as hypertensive control took only water and feed for 21 days. Group 3 took 0.26ml/kg body weight of a standard drug (Nifedipine) for 21 days and group 4 which served as test group took 0.16ml/kg body weight of Moringa oleifera leaves extract for 21 days. At the end of which the animals where sacrifice 3ml of blood samples were collected through cardiac purcture and were taken to laboratory for analysis. The hematology analysis was done using an Auto Haematology Analyzer. The parameters measured include the leucocyte parameters, erythrocyte parameters, thrombocyte parameters and the hematological indices. The data analysis was determined by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan post-hoc test and P value<0.05 was considered significant. The effect of methanol Moringa oleifera leaves extract shows no significant difference on leucocyte parameters at 7.27±2.39 (WBC), for Erythrocyte parameters it showed a significant difference of 46.50±1.67 (HTC) and for hematological indices and thrombocyte parameters, it shows a significant difference of 66.25±24.30 (RDW-SD). The result reveals that the extract has an effect on hematological parameters that lead to hypotension when compared to both normal and hypertensive control.

Effects of methanolic curry leaf extracts (Ocimum irvinei) on the haematological parameters of Wistar rats

This study was set to evaluate the effect of administration of the methanolic extract of Ocimum Irvinei leaf on the haematological parameters of both male and female wistar rats. Previous reports have shown that this plant species is a good medicinal plant which has been used since antiquity for various ailments and also has a rich embodiment of nutritional and phytochemical constituents. Its application is mostly seen as a spice in most of dishes due to its flavouring. The haematological parameters analysed were Haemoglobin (HGB), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), Platelet Large Cell Ratio (P-LCR), Procalcitonin Test (PCT), Haematocrit (HCT), Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Mean Cell Volume (MCV), Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Blood Cell Count (RBC), Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), and White Blood Cell Count (WBC) with Mindray BC-2800 Auto Haematology Analyser. Result obtained from the study showed that there was very little difference in the haematological parameters across groups and between both sexes. This infers that administration of the leaf extract of O. irvineihas little or no pronounced effect on the blood cells. Since there was very little change observed in the results of the test subjects, it is recommended that this study should be carried out for a longer period of time (a year or more) to stand the chance of getting more pronounced results. When compared with the Rat Reference Range shown in chapter one, there were several notable differences between the results and the normal range; while some where relatively higher or lower, some were well within the range.

Profil Hematologi pada Ternak Sapi Bali (Bos Sondaicus) yang Dipelihara di Desa Tunbaun Kecamatan Amarasi Barat Kabupaten Kupang

The normal value of hematology in Balinese cattles (Bos Sondaicus) maintained in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is still very limited. The hematology data is usually used for various purposes, including knowing the status of animals' health, helping to uphold the diagnosis, and monitoring responses to therapies or developments in the pathogenesis state of the disease. The sample used in this study was blood collected from Bali cattle which were symptomatically healthy, male and female who were not pregnant, and the average age was 2 - 6 years. Bali cattle will be divided into 2 groups with a total of 15 male and 15 female cows. A blood hematology test using an auto hematology analyzer, Rayto type RT-7600. Statistical calculations are calculated using the SPSS 25.0 application. Based on data analysis, RBC, HB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, LYM, and GRA have a significant discrepancy based on gender because of a value of P> 0.05. Meanwhile, MID did not have a significant difference based on sex.

Effect of Dolutegravir regimen against other regimens on some hematological parameters, CD4 count and viral load of people living with HIV infection in South Eastern Nigeria.

Appropriate usage of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. One of such HAART is dolutegravir (DTG) containing regimen which Nigeria included in her national protocol, as the preferred first-line option, with particularly fixed dose combination of tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) in 2018. To access the impact of this regimen as against other regimens on some hematological parameters as well as cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count and viral load on people living with HIV infection. The study site is a health facility center supported by President Emergency Plan for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Relief where people living with HIV infection (PLWHIV) visit for their routine management in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. A hundred and twenty-two (122) subjects participated, 58 PLWHIV and 64 control subjects. CD4 + count by partec cyflow auto analyzer, while the Viral load assay was by Roche COBAS Ampriplep/COBAS TaqMan molecular systems. Full blood count determination was by Sysmex XE-2100 hematology auto analyzer, while the detection of antibody to HAART was by Petz and direct Coombs tests. Mean values of hemoglobin (Hb), Total white cell count, Lymphocytes, Monocytes and CD4 + counts of people living with HIV infection (PLWHIV) were significantly (P = .0001) lower than the control subjects. The Hb level of PLWHIV on Efavirenz combination (TDF/3TC/EFV) are comparable 123 ± 32g/l with those on Ritonavir combination (TDF/3TC/LPV/R) 136 ± 16g/l and Dolutegravir (TLD)134 ± 20.0g/l (P = .307). On the other hand, total white cell count (4.55 ± 1.99 × 109/L) of those on Efavirenz combination (TDF/3TC/EFV) and Dolutegravir (TLD) (4.53 ± 1.31 × 109/L) were significantly higher than those on Ritonavir combination (TDF/3TC/LPV/R) (4.09 ± 1.15 × 109/L). The Viral Load of PLWHIV on Dolutegravir (TLD) was significantly lower 171.57 ± 4.56 copies/mL than those on Efavirenz combination (TDF/3TC/EFV) (86,395.91 ± 27,476.57copies/mL) and Ritonavir combination (TDF/3TC/LPV/R) (81,188.83 ± 13,393.47 copies/mL), respectively. Some hematological parameters (such as Hb, total white cell counts and CD4 + count) were lower in people living with HIV than values seen in control group. The 3 regimens used in the management of HIV infection in the locality revealed comparable Packed cell volume and Hemoglobin levels. Total white cell count of those on Efavirenz and DTG is comparable with higher values than those on Ritonavir.