Habitual Physical Activity Levels Research Articles

Physical function as a marker to assess the effects of occupational long-term pesticide exposure.

In this cross-sectional study, we determined the relative impact of long-term occupational exposure to pesticides on physical performance and perception of tiredness. Experimental data was collected in locus from agricultural communities and included surveys to assess the duration of exposure to pesticides, social status, habitual physical activity levels, presence of common mental disorders (CMD), and self-reported tiredness. Plasmatic cholinesterase (PChE), body composition and traditional functional performance tests (Handgrip strength-HGS; Time up and go-TUG; and Sit-to-stand-STS) were obtained. From the 127 individuals tested, cluster analysis yielded 80 individuals divided in Direct Exposed (n = 37) and Indirect Exposed (n = 43); Tired (n = 16), and Not Tired (n = 64). PChE values were within the reference values (5209.64-13943.53 U/L). Pesticide exposure had no influence on PChE levels, CMD or fatigue (p > 0.05), while Self-reported tiredness had (p < 0.05). Principal Component Analyses showed that HGS; STS and TUG (i.e., physical performance variables) are negatively influenced by two independent factors: pesticide exposure and self-reported tiredness. We conclude that chronic pesticide exposure and tiredness can negatively impact physical performance, independently, without clinically significant changes in PChE levels that is a biomarker used to track pesticide intoxication. Functional physical tests can be a useful tool to identify chronic pesticide exposure, and help with the limitations of commonly used parameters (i.e. PChE and CMD). Self-reported tiredness is a confounding variable.

The association of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with low back pain disability trajectories: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundMultiple factors influence the recovery process of low back pain (LBP). The identification and increased knowledge of risk factors might contribute to a better understanding of the course of LBP. ObjectivesTo investigate the association of habitual physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), measured at baseline, with disability trajectories in adults with LBP. MethodsA prospective cohort study where habitual PA levels were measured using the Short QUestionnaire to ASsess Health enhancing physical activity (SQUASH), SB was calculated as average sedentary hours per day, and LBP disability using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Participants completed the questionnaires at one and a half, three, six, and twelve months. Linear mixed models were estimated to describe the association of habitual PA levels SB measured at baseline with disability trajectories. Other predictors were gender, education level, age, pain, number of previous episodes of LBP, and duration of LBP. ResultsHabitual SB measured at baseline in adults (n = 347) with LBP were not associated with disability trajectories. For PA, participants with one metabolic equivalent of task (MET) hour per day above average recovered 0.04 [95% CI 0.004 to 0.076] points on the ODI per month faster than participants with an average amount of MET hours per day. ConclusionsHabitual SB was not associated with LBP disability trajectories over a one-year follow-up. High levels of habitual PA at baseline were associated with improved recovery in LBP disability trajectory, but the finding is not clinically relevant.

Associations between monitor-independent movement summary (MIMS) and fall risk appraisal combining fear of falling and physiological fall risk in community-dwelling older adults.

Introduction: Fall Risk Appraisal (FRA), a process that integrates perceived and objective fall risk measures, serves as a crucial component for understanding the incongruence between fear of falling (FOF) and physiological fall risk in older adults. Despite its importance, scant research has been undertaken to investigate how habitual physical activity (PA) levels, quantified in Monitor-Independent Movement Summary (MIMS), vary across FRA categories. MIMS is a device-independent acceleration summary metric that helps standardize data analysis across studies by accounting for discrepancies in raw data among research-grade and consumer devices. Objective: This cross-sectional study explores the associations between MIMS (volume and intensity) and FRA in a sample of older adults in the United States. Methods: We assessed FOF (Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International), physiological fall risk (balance: BTrackS Balance, leg strength: 30-s sit-to-stand test) and 7-day free-living PA (ActiGraph GT9X) in 178 community-dwelling older adults. PA volume was summarized as average daily MIMS (MIMS/day). PA intensity was calculated as peak 30-min MIMS (average of highest 30 non-consecutive MIMS minutes/day), representing a PA index of higher-intensity epochs. FRA categorized participants into following four groups: Rational (low FOF-low physiological fall risk), Irrational (high FOF-low physiological fall risk), Incongruent (low FOF-high physiological fall risk) and Congruent (high FOF-high physiological fall risk). Results: Compared to rational group, average MIMS/day and peak 30-min MIMS were, respectively, 15.8% (p = .025) and 14.0% (p = .004) lower in irrational group, and 16.6% (p = .013) and 17.5% (p < .001) lower in congruent group. No significant differences were detected between incongruent and rational groups. Multiple regression analyses showed that, after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI (reference: rational), only irrational FRA was significantly associated with lower PA volume (β = -1,452.8 MIMS/day, p = .034); whereas irrational and congruent FRAs were significantly associated with lower "peak PA intensity" (irrational: β = -5.40 MIMS/day, p = .007; congruent: β = -5.43 MIMS/day, p = .004). Conclusion: These findings highlight that FOF is a significant barrier for older adults to participate in high-intensity PA, regardless of their balance and strength. Therefore, PA programs for older adults should develop tailored intervention strategies (cognitive reframing, balance and strength exercises, or both) based on an individual's FOF and physiological fall risk.

A novel referral strategy to enhance the enrollment of patients with heart failure in cardiac rehabilitation: A feasibility study.

Rehabilitation targeting patients with cardiac conditions are evident and acknowledged in clinical guidelines. However, participation rates remain suboptimal, with only 50% of all patients with cardiac conditions participating in these programs across Europe. Considering the well-documented effects of rehabilitation, increasing the referral rate to cardiac rehabilitation would be desirable. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a novel referral strategy that could potentially enhance enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure. This prospective feasibility study incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted in an outpatient heart failure clinic and a municipal health care center. 106 patients with heart failure were referred to the heart failure clinic from September 2021 through July 2022. A 15-20 min face-to-face physiotherapy consultation was incorporated into usual care, evaluating patients' habitual and actual level of functioning, disability, and physical activity and assessing their potential need and motivation for cardiac rehabilitation. Three predefined quantitative feasibility outcomes: reach, referral rate, and data completeness were assessed. Additionally, semi-structured interviews explored acceptability among patients and health care professionals at the municipal health care center and the hospital. Finally, the potential effect was assessed based on the enrollment rate. Physiotherapy consultations were offered to 86% of eligible patients; of these, 52% were referred to cardiac rehabilitation. Ninety-one percent data completeness was achieved. The intervention was well-accepted by patients and health care professionals. The enrollment rate reached 79%. The novel referral strategy proved feasible concerning reach and data completeness, although the referral rate suggested that further refinements are required before a full-scale trial. The novel referral strategy was well-accepted, and enrollment rate approached an acceptable level.

RELAÇÃO QUANTITATIVA ENTRE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA E ANTI-HIPERTENSIVOS EM IDOSAS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical activity is an important tool to manage systemic arterial hypertension. However, less is known about the relationship of physical activity with the number of antihypertensive drugs used by older adults. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the number of antihypertensive drugs used by older female adults (aged ≥ 60 years) with a low level of physical activity with the number used by those with a high level of physical activity, and to verify how many participants used more than two antihypertensive drugs. Methods: Twenty-eight physically active older women with systemic arterial hypertension who participated in a physical activity program for community-dwelling older female adults were divided into two groups: participants who presented lower habitual physical activity levels were placed in group 1 and participants that presented higher habitual physical activity levels were placed in group 2, according to the Baecke questionnaire. In addition, the number of antihypertensive drugs used by participants was collected. Results: The number of prescribed antihypertensive drugs was 2.0 (median) for both groups investigated. There was no significant difference between groups regarding the number of antihypertensive tablets prescribed (p&gt;0.05). Although there was no statistical difference, a higher proportion of participants from the lower physical activity group used more than two antihypertensive drugs. Conclusion: The level of habitual physical activity did not affect the number of antihypertensive tablets used by hypertensive elderly women. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies – investigation of treatment results.

Self‐reported physical activity levels do not predict brain beta amyloid levels in older cognitively normal adults over time

AbstractBackgroundAnimal studies have consistently shown that physical activity reduces brain levels of beta‐amyloid (Aβ). However, human studies of physical activity and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)‐related brain biomarkers have produced somewhat inconsistent findings. To date, most human studies examining physical activity and Aβ have utilised cross‐sectional analyses and relatively small sample sizes. As brain Aβ is detectable decades prior to the onset of clinical symptoms, examination using longitudinal brain imaging is vital to provide insight into how ongoing physical activity levels impact the progression of AD. In addition, the causal direction of these relationships requires further investigation; some research suggests physical activity levels may decline prior to dementia diagnosis.MethodHabitual physical activity and Aβ measures were collected over 15 years from 731 cognitively normal older adults (60 years and over) participating in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing. Physical activity was assessed via the self‐reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire and brain Aβ measures obtained via PET imaging. Regression modelling examined the cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between physical activity and brain Aβ. Moderation analyses examined the impact of apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 carriage on the physical activity‐Aβ relationship. To further examine the causal nature of this relationship, the trajectory of physical activity levels for individuals as a predictor of either high or low Aβ brain load was also examined.ResultPhysical activity was not associated with brain Aβ at baseline (β = ‐0.001, p = 0.131) or over time (β = ‐0.101, p = 0.571). APOE ε4 status did not moderate the relationship between physical activity and brain Aβ over time (β = 0.04, p = 0.917). Brain Aβ levels were not associated with physical activity trajectory (β = ‐54.26, p = 0.590).ConclusionOur study did not identify a relationship between habitual physical activity and brain Aβ levels. Future longitudinal studies should examine middle‐aged participants to assess whether physical activity influences Aβ accumulation earlier in life.

Association between biomarkers of redox status and cytokines with different patterns of habitual physical activity in eutrophic and overweight/obese preschoolers: multivariate analysis of a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAlthough it is well known that obesity is frequently associated with reduced levels of habitual physical activity (HPA), which contributes to determining severe oxidative stress and inflammatory state, this association is however unknown in preschoolers so far. This study aimed to investigate the association between biomarkers of redox status and cytokines with different patterns of HPA according to the adiposity of preschoolers.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 preschoolers (25 overweight/obese, OW/OB and 25 eutrophic, EU), matched for age, sex, economic level, and maternal education. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFRs), and leptin levels were evaluated. HPA levels were evaluated by accelerometry (ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer). Correlation, multiple linear regression, and partial least squares regression analysis were used to determine the association between redox status biomarkers and cytokines with different patterns of HPA (HPA level, bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity [MVPA], and multivariate pattern of HPA) in EU and OW/OB preschoolers.ResultsOW/OB preschoolers had lower CAT activity, higher levels of TAC, TBARS, and cytokines, and similar levels of HPA to EU preschoolers. In EU preschoolers, SOD activity exhibited a stronger negative association with moderate intensity ranges of HPA (R2 = 0.18), and negative correlation with sTNFRs (r = -0.40 to -0.46). TBARS had a stronger positive association with ranges of light intensity in the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.10). In OW/OB preschoolers, the HPA multivariate associative pattern was predominantly from vigorous intensity ranges. Thus, SOD activity had a positive association with the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.38) and MVPA bouts (β [95% CI] = 0.457 [0.0026. 0.0576]). TAC had a negative association with the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.38) and MVPA bouts (β [95% CI] = -0.718 [-0.0025. -0.0003]). Additionally, leptin levels were lower in OW/OB preschoolers engaged in vigorous physical activity (VPA) (8000–9999 counts/min) for longer periods of time.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that OW/OB preschoolers have higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to EU preschoolers. Moreover, VPA may exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in OW/OB preschoolers.

Physical activity and brain amyloid beta: A longitudinal analysis of cognitively unimpaired older adults.

The current study evaluated the relationship between habitual physical activity (PA) levels and brain amyloid beta (Aβ) over 15 years in a cohort of cognitively unimpaired older adults. PA and Aβ measures were collected over multiple timepoints from 731 cognitively unimpaired older adults participating in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) Study of Aging. Regression modeling examined cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between PA and brain Aβ. Moderation analyses examined apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriage impact on the PA-Aβ relationship. PA was not associated with brain Aβ at baseline (β=-0.001, p=0.72) or over time (β=-0.26, p=0.24). APOE ε4 status did not moderate the PA-Aβ relationship over time (β=0.12, p=0.73). Brain Aβ levels did not predict PA trajectory (β=-54.26, p=0.59). Our study did not identify a relationship between habitual PA and brain Aβ levels. Physical activity levels did not predict brain amyloid beta (Aβ) levels over time in cognitively unimpaired older adults (≥60 years of age). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carrier status did not moderate the physical activity-brain Aβ relationship over time. Physical activity trajectories were not impacted by brain Aβ levels.

Effect of Aging on Movement Quality in Australian Urban Firefighters.

Redshaw, AS, Carrick-Ranson, G, Bennett, H, Norton, KI, and Walker, A. Effect of aging on movement quality in Australian urban firefighters. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): e601-e608, 2023-Adequate levels of movement quality (MQ) are required to safely perform occupational tasks in physically demanding and hazardous professions such as firefighting. Although it is well established that MQ deteriorates with age in population studies, there is conflicting evidence in older tactical populations. This study sought to examine the relationship between age and MQ in Australian urban firefighters. The impact of physical activity, injury history, and body mass index on MQ were also explored. The MQ of 324 professional Australian urban firefighters was assessed using MovementSCREEN MQ assessment tool. Scores of whole-body MQ ranged from 35.3 to 82.6 (0-100 scale), with a mean score of 59.2 ± 10.0. There was a moderate, negative association between MQ and age (r = -0.500; p ≤ 0.001), with those older than 50 years of age having significantly lower scores of MQ than their younger counterparts (p ≤ 0.001). Secondary analysis found that higher body mass index (r = -0.285; p ≤ 0.001), lower habitual physical activity levels (r = 0.165; p ≤ 0.003), and the presence of any musculoskeletal injury in the previous 12 months (p = 0.016) had significant negative effects on composite MQ. Firefighters older than 50, obese, and engaging in low levels of physical activity should be considered a high priority for functional strength training interventions to maintain adequate MQ throughout their careers.

Comparison of Stress Level, Habitual Physical Activity Level and Immune Profile of People Living With HIV

The objective of this study was to compare the level of stress, the habitual level of Physical Activity and the immunological profile of people living with HIV. The present study had as sample 307 individuals of both sexes, X̅ = 46.8 ± 9.2 years, with positive HIV serology. Socioeconomic information was collected using an instrument, CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV viral load were collected from the patients' medical records. Stress level was assessed using Lipp's Stress Symptom Inventory (ISSL), and Baecke's questionnaire was used to classify physical activity level. The Man-Whitney test was used to compare the variables and the Spearman test to verify the relationship between the variables adopting p &lt; 0.05 as the significance level. As a result, the study showed that 26.9% of the individuals are in the stress exhaustion phase, in relation to the level of physical activity, 28.2% were identified as "active", 23.1% as "very active", 23.1% as "insufficiently active", and 24.1% as "sedentary". The presence of stress was prevalent in sedentary individuals (13.6%) with longer duration of infection (27.3%) and with lymphocyte counts above 500mm (43.3%). The CD4+ count showed a significant result when compared to the level of stress, (U=1848.50; p=0.02). A relationship between depression/anxiety and stress was identified (r = 0.407; p &gt; 0.001). We conclude that the presence of stress has an effect on TCD4+ count and that the higher the depression/anxiety symptoms the higher the stress level in PLHIV. Keywords: Viral Load, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Psychological Stress, HIV

Physical activity in adults with and without rheumatoid arthritis: cross-sectional results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)

Objective Studies examining habitual physical activity levels and patterns in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using raw data from modern accelerometers are lacking. We aimed (i) to examine physical activity levels and patterns in adults with RA in their familiar environment, and (ii) to investigate whether physical activity levels differ throughout the day. Method Data were taken from Wave 8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, including N = 607 men and women who wore a triaxial accelerometer and had adequate information for RA and accelerometry data summarized as Euclidean norm minus one (ENMO, mg). Growth-curve models and simple contrast analysis were used to examine the effect of RA on daily patterns of physical activity levels, including mean total ENMO in mg, mean minutes of light-intensity physical activity (ENMO values ≥ 25 mg and ≤ 75 mg), and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (ENMO values > 75 mg). Results Total physical activity averaged throughout the day was 25.0 and 28.6 mg for respondents with and without RA, respectively. Respondents with RA spent more time in light-intensity physical activity throughout the day (p < 0.001), but less time in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity between 4 am and 11 pm (p < 0.001) than respondents without RA. Conclusion Adults with RA were less physically active than adults without RA. However, there were no diurnal differences in physical activity.

Investigating the day-level associations between affective variability and physical activity using ecological momentary assessment

BackgroundUnderstanding affect as a determinant of physical activity has gained increased attention in health behavior research. Fluctuations in affect intensity from moment-to-moment (i.e., affective variability) may interfere with cognitive and regulatory processes, making it difficult to engage in goal-directed behaviors such as physical activity. Preliminary evidence indicates that those with greater trait-level affective variability engage in lower levels of habitual physical activity. However, the extent to which daily fluctuations in affect variability are associated with same-day physical activity levels is unknown. This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate day-level associations between affective variability (i.e., within-subject variance) and physical activity. MethodsYoung adults (N = 231, M = 23.58 ± 3.02 years) provided three months of smartphone-based EMA and smartwatch-based activity data. Every two weeks, participants completed a 4-day EMA measurement burst (M = 5.17 ± 1.28 bursts per participant). Bursts consisted of hourly randomly-prompted EMA surveys assessing momentary positive-activated (happy, energetic), positive-deactivated (relaxed), negative-activated (tense, stressed), and negative-deactivated (sad, fatigued) affect. Participants continuously wore a smartwatch to measure physical activity across the three months. Mixed-effects location scale modeling examined the day-level associations of affective variability (i.e., positive-activated, positive-deactivated, negative-activated, and negative-deactivated) and physical activity, controlling for covariates such as mean levels of affect, between-subject effects of physical activity, time of day, day of week, day in study, and smartwatch wear time. ResultsThere were 41,546 completed EMA surveys (M = 182.22 ± 69.82 per participant) included in the analyses. Above and beyond mean levels of affect, greater day-level variability in positive-activated affect was associated with greater physical activity on that same day compared to other days (τ = 0.01, p < .001), whereas greater day-level variability in negative-deactivated affect was associated with less physical activity on that same day compared to other days (τ = −0.01, p < .001). Day-level variability in positive-deactivated affect or negative-activated affect were not associated with day-level physical activity (ps > .05) ConclusionsIndividuals were less active on days with greater variability in feeling sad and fatigued but more active on days with greater variability in feeling happy and energetic. Understanding the dynamic relationships of affective variability with day-level physical activity can strengthen physical activity interventions by considering how these processes differ within individuals and unfold within the context of daily life. Future research should examine causal pathways between affective variability and physical activity across the day.

Different levels of physical activity and postural balance in women with multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND:Multiple Sclerosis (MS) presents some clinical manifestations that may indicate motor, sensory and cognitive dysfunctions. Motor dysfunctions in MS are related to balance impairment, muscle weakness, gait, and fatigue and can lead to a significant decrease in quality of life. Postural balance is crucial for daily life activities and can be assessed by posturography. AIM:The primary objective was to evaluate the influence of different levels of habitual physical activity (PA) on postural balance in women with MS. Additionally, we included an evaluation of walking, mobility, fatigue, and quality of life. METHOD:This is a cross-sectional study with 25 women with MS. Habitual PA was measured using the Baecke-Questionnaire, separated into low-level (LL) and high-level (HL) PA. Posturography was used to evaluate postural balance and obtain displacement of the center of pressure (CoP-speed, CoP-area). We evaluated gait spatiotemporal-parameters (GAITRite), walking performance (6MWT), functional mobility (TUG), fatigue (FSS, MFIS), and quality-of-life (FAMS). RESULTS:The difference in CoP-speed and CoP-area was significant (p&lt;0.05) with LL group presented greater values than the HL group. We found a medium effect size CoP-speed (Cohen’s d=0.6) and higher CoP-area (Cohen’s d=1.1). No significant differences with the other variables were found. CONCLUSION:The results showed that the group with a LL PA presented worse postural balance compared to the group HL. Although level of PA and balance seem to be related, the results of this cross-sectional study could not confirm a causal inference. It is important to develop different strategies to increase PA levels and posture balance in women with MS.

Effect of an activity wristband-based intermittent teaching unit in Physical Education on students' physical activity and its psychological mediators: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. School-fit study.

The main objective of the present study was to examine the effects of an intermittent teaching unit based on the use of activity wristbands and behavior modification strategies on high school students' perceptions of autonomy support, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivation toward Physical Education and physical activity, intention to be physically active, and habitual physical activity levels. An initial sample of 353 high school students (final sample = 175; 45.7% females; mean age = 13.3 ± 1.2 years) from two public high schools were cluster-randomly assigned into the intermittent (IG, n = 100) and control (CG, n = 75) groups. The IG performed an intermittent teaching unit twice a week for eight weeks. Specifically, the last 15 min of each lesson were used. As the main strategy to promote the practice of regular physical activity, students wore an activity wristband the whole day during the intervention period. Additionally, other behavior modification strategies were also applied (e.g., educational counseling, physical activity goals or reminders). Regarding the CG, during the intervention period (i.e,, the eight weeks that took place the intermittent teaching unit) they also performed two Physical Education sessions, but without using activity wristbands or other behavior modification strategies. Before and after the intervention, as well as at the end of the follow-up period (six weeks), students' physical activity practice mediators and physical activity levels were measured by validated questionnaires. The Multilevel Linear Model results showed that the IG students statistically significantly improved cognitive and procedural autonomy support from pre- to post-intervention (p < 0.05). They also statistically significantly improved autonomy and relatedness basic psychological needs, and autonomous motivation toward physical activity scores from post-intervention to follow-up (p < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that the IG students statistically significantly improved habitual physical activity scores from pre- to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up (p < 0.05). The intermittent teaching unit based on the use of activity wristbands and other behavior modification strategies was effective for improving students' autonomy support and habitual physical activity levels, but not the rest of physical activity practice mediators. https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/, ID: NCT05949463.

Impact of a physical activity program on the quality of life of the elderly

The elderly population has been increasing considerably over the last few years and the importance of the physical and mental well-being of this population must be noticed. The study aimed to analyze the quality of life of elderly participants in the Municipality Project called “Idade Viva”. Toward this purpose, 41 individuals of both genders aged from 60 and 78 years old were assessed. Participants were divided into two groups: Group of Elderly Practitioners of Physical Activities of the “Idade Viva” Project (G1), Group of Elderly Non-practitioners of Physical Activities of the “Idade Viva” Project (G2). The physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) parameters of quality of life were assessed using the "12 - Item Short-Form Health Survey (version 1) - (SF-12 v1)", the level of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) by the “International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-short version). Data collection took place in the morning at the Project location. Anthropometric data were collected: body mass, height and abdominal perimeter (AP). The Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the independent T test were used for intergroup analysis. There were no significant differences regarding PCS (G1= 43.4; G2= 48.0) and MCS (G1= 47.4; G2=50.4), as well as for weekly MVPA minutes (G1= 296.0 ; G2= 180.0). G1 had a higher prevalence of active individuals (82%) compared to G2 (58%). It can be concluded that physical activity programs for elderly people can increase the level of habitual physical activity and contribute to attenuate the parameters of the Metabolic Syndrome.

Work-Related Differences in Postural Control and Habitual Physical Activity of Older Adults

Physical Activity (PA) is highly recommended to improve balance, prevent falls and maintain physical function in older adults. Unfortunately, for some people, engagement in PA tends to decline following retirement. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in postural control and in the level of Habitual PA (HPA), between older workers and non-workers.

Bidirectional associations between adiposity and physical activity: a longitudinal study from pre-puberty to early adulthood.

This study aimed to investigate directional influences in the association between adiposity and physical activity (PA) from pre-puberty to early adulthood. In the Calex-study, height, weight, body fat and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) were measured at age11.2-years, 13.2-years and 18.3-years in 396 Finnish girls. Body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, calculating fat mass index (FMI) as total fat mass in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. LTPA level was evaluated using a physical activity questionnaire. In the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS), height, weight and habitual PA were measured at age 9.6-years, 15.7-years and 21.8-years in 399 Danish boys and girls. Habitual PA and sedentary behaviour were assessed with an accelerometer. Directional influences of adiposity and PA were examined using a bivariate cross-lagged path panel model. The temporal stability of BMI from pre-puberty to early adulthood was higher than the temporal stability of PA or physical inactivity over the same time period both in girls and boys. In the Calex-study, BMI and FMI at age 11.2-years were both directly associated with LTPA at age 13.2-years (β = 0.167, p = 0.005 and β = 0.167, p = 0.005, respectively), whereas FMI at age 13.2-years showed an inverse association with LTPA at age 18.3-years (β = - 0.187, p = 0.048). However, earlier LTPA level was not associated with subsequent BMI or FMI. In the EYHS, no directional association was found for physical inactivity, light-, moderate-, and vigorous-PA with BMI during the follow-up in girls. In boys, BMI at age 15.7-years was directly associated with moderate PA (β = 0.301, p = 0.017) at age 21.8-years, while vigorous PA at age 15.7-years showed inverse associations with BMI at age 21.8-years (β = - 0.185, p = 0.023). Our study indicates that previous fatness level is a much stronger predictor of future fatness than level of leisure-time or habitual physical activity during adolescence. The directional associations between adiposity and physical activity are not clear during adolescence, and may differ between boys and girls depending on pubertal status.

The Association of Physical Activity with Glaucoma and Related Traits in the UK Biobank

To examine the association of physical activity (PA) with glaucoma and related traits, to assess whether genetic predisposition to glaucoma modified these associations, and to probe causal relationships using Mendelian randomization (MR). Cross-sectional observational and gene-environment interaction analyses in the UK Biobank. Two-sample MR experiments using summary statistics from large genetic consortia. UK Biobank participants with data on self-reported or accelerometer-derived PA and intraocular pressure (IOP; n= 94 206 and n= 27 777, respectively), macular inner retinal OCT measurements (n=36 274 and n= 9991, respectively), and glaucoma status (n= 86 803 and n= 23 556, respectively). We evaluated multivariable-adjusted associations of self-reported (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and accelerometer-derived PA with IOP and macular inner retinal OCT parameters using linear regression and with glaucoma status using logistic regression. For all outcomes, we examined gene-PA interactions using a polygenic risk score (PRS) that combined the effects of 2673 genetic variants associated with glaucoma. Intraocular pressure, macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness, and glaucoma status. In multivariable-adjusted regression models, we found no association of PA level or time spent in PA with glaucoma status. Higher overall levels and greater time spent in higher levels of both self-reported and accelerometer-derived PA were associated positively with thicker mGCIPL (P < 0.001 for trend for each). Compared with the lowest quartile of PA, participants in the highest quartiles of accelerometer-derived moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA showed a thicker mGCIPL by+0.57 μm (P < 0.001) and+0.42 μm (P= 0.005). No association was found with mRNFL thickness. High overall level of self-reported PA was associated with a modestly higher IOP of+0.08 mmHg (P= 0.01), but this was not replicated in the accelerometry data. No associations were modified by a glaucoma PRS, and MR analyses did not support a causal relationship between PA and any glaucoma-related outcome. Higher overall PA level and greater time spent in moderate and vigorous PA were not associated with glaucoma status but were associated with thicker mGCIPL. Associations with IOP were modest and inconsistent. Despite the well-documented acute reduction in IOP after PA, we found no evidence that high levels of habitual PA are associated with glaucoma status or IOP in the general population. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

P416 Self-reported levels of physical activity do not give an accurate insight into the habitual levels of physical activity in children and young people with cystic fibrosis

P416 Self-reported levels of physical activity do not give an accurate insight into the habitual levels of physical activity in children and young people with cystic fibrosis

Longitudinal relationships between habitual physical activity and pain tolerance in the general population.

Physical activity (PA) might influence the risk or progression of chronic pain through pain tolerance. Hence, we aimed to assess whether habitual leisure-time PA level and PA change affects pain tolerance longitudinally in the population. Our sample (n = 10,732; 51% women) was gathered from the sixth (Tromsø6, 2007-08) and seventh (Tromsø7, 2015-16) waves of the prospective population-based Tromsø Study, Norway. Level of leisure-time PA (sedentary, light, moderate, or vigorous) was derived from questionnaires; experimental pain tolerance was measured by the cold-pressor test (CPT). We used ordinary, and multiple-adjusted mixed, Tobit regression to assess 1) the effect of longitudinal PA change on CPT tolerance at follow-up, and 2) whether a change in pain tolerance over time varied with level of LTPA. We found that participants with high consistent PA levels over the two surveys (Tromsø6 and Tromsø7) had significantly higher tolerance than those staying sedentary (20.4 s. (95% CI: 13.7, 27.1)). Repeated measurements show that light (6.7 s. (CI 3.4, 10.0)), moderate (CI 14.1 s. (9.9, 18.3)), and vigorous (16.3 s. (CI 6.0, 26.5)) PA groups had higher pain tolerance than sedentary, with non-significant interaction showed slightly falling effects of PA over time. In conclusion, being physically active at either of two time points measured 7-8 years apart was associated with higher pain tolerance compared to being sedentary at both time-points. Pain tolerance increased with higher total activity levels, and more for those who increased their activity level during follow-up. This indicates that not only total PA amount matters but also the direction of change. PA did not significantly moderate pain tolerance change over time, though estimates suggested a slightly falling effect possibly due to ageing. These results support increased PA levels as a possible non-pharmacological pathway towards reducing or preventing chronic pain.