Habitat Temperature Range Research Articles

Distinct responses of growth and respiration to growth temperatures in two mangrove species.

Background and AimsMangrove plants are mostly found in tropical and sub-tropical tidal flats, and their limited distribution may be related to their responses to growth temperatures. However, the mechanisms underlying these responses have not been clarified. Here, we measured the dependencies of the growth parameters and respiration rates of leaves and roots on growth temperatures in typical mangrove species.MethodsWe grew two typical species of Indo-Pacific mangroves, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa, at four different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) by irrigating with fresh water containing nutrients, and we measured growth parameters, chemical composition, and leaf and root O2 respiration rates. We then estimated the construction costs of leaves and roots and the respiration rates required for maintenance and growth.Key ResultsThe relative growth rates of both species increased with growth temperature due to changes in physiological parameters such as net assimilation rate and respiration rate rather than to changes in structural parameters such as leaf area ratio. Both species required a threshold temperature for growth (12.2 °C in B. gymnorrhiza and 18.1 °C in R. stylosa). At the low growth temperature, root nitrogen uptake rate was lower in R. stylosa than in B. gymnorrhiza, leading to a slower growth rate in R. stylosa. This indicates that R. stylosa is more sensitive than B. gymnorrhiza to low temperature.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the mangrove species require a certain warm temperature to ensure respiration rates sufficient for maintenance and growth, particularly in roots. The underground temperature probably limits their growth under the low-temperature condition. The lower sensitivity of B. gymnorrhiza to low temperature shows its potential to adapt to a wider habitat temperature range than R. stylosa. These growth and respiratory features may explain the distribution patterns of the two mangrove species.

A Bayesian network with fuzzy mathematics for species habitat suitability analysis: A case with limited Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels data

There are many different types of species distribution models (SDMs) that are widely used in the field of ecology. In this research, we explored a new advanced mechanism for predicting the distribution of species based on fuzzy membership function, principle of maximum entropy, fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation, and the framework of Bayesian networks. We use fuzzy mathematics and Bayesian network model (FBM) to simulate relationships between species’ habitats and environmental variables, and the relationship may be difficult to quantify effectively. FBM, which combines species data, environmental data, expert experience, and machine learning, could reduce the data and system error. In the case of medicinal plant, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, many approaches have been applied, including nine learning sequence of sampling sites, three FBM models, two types of information classification by fuzzy mathematical classification (FMC) and equal interval classification (EIC), and the evaluation of AIC and log-likelihood. Through the comparison of reasoning results between FBM and fuzzy matter element model (FME) in testing sites, the result shows that the combination of objective data and empirical model structure makes FBM have better result output. Besides, FBM sensitivity analysis helps researchers explore in detail the impact of environmental factors on each level of species habitat suitability. The temperature factor has an important influence on the highly suitable, moderately suitable, and lowly suitable habitats of A. sinensis. Through FMC and sensitivity analysis, annual mean temperature (Bio1) in 5.92 °C-9.05 °C and mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio10) in 14.80 °C-18.60 °C are the highly suitable habitat temperature range of A. sinensis.

Influence of Temperature Variations on Growth of Nostoc (Cyanobacteria) HS-5 and HS-20 Isolated from Indonesian Hot Springs

The research aims to know the effect of variation temperature to the growth of Nostoc HS (Hot Spring)-5 and HS-20. Strain of Nostoc HS-5 was isolated from Ciseeng hot spring which has habitat temperature range of 30-43 °C, and Nostoc HS-20 was isolated from Pancar Mountain hot spring which has temperature range of 46-69 °C. The research was done by measuring biomass weight and chlorophyll content on day-1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21. The temperatures used were 20 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C. The growth medium used was Bold Basal Medium (BBM) with pH 6.6. Each treatment was made in four replications. Non-parametric statistical analysis used were the Friedman test (a=0.05) and Spearman test (a=0.01).The result showed there were significant differences on the biomass weight of Nostoc HS-5 and HS-20 grown at temperature of 20 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C. The average amount of biomass highest weight for Nostoc HS-5 and HS-20 occurred in both strains were grown at 35 °C. Besides that, there was no correlation between the weight of biomass and chlorophyll content of Nostoc HS-5 and HS-20.

On the Persistence of Stereotypes Concerning the Marine Ecology of Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

Some of the views on the marine ecology of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) that were popular in the second half of the 20th century are discussed critically: the absolutization of the influence of sea surface temperature on distribution of salmon and strength of their year classes, as well as the conclusions on the shortage of food (particularly in winter) and the fierce competition for food, the “suppression” of other salmon species and own adjacent broodline by pink salmon, the limited carrying capacity of the pelagic zone of subarctic ocean waters for salmon, the distortion of the structure of epipelagic communities in ecosystems of the North Pacific due to the large-scale stock enhancement of chum salmon, etc. Most of these ideas have not been confirmed by the data of long-term monitoring conducted in the form of complex marine expeditions by the Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO Center) in the Far-Eastern Seas and adjacent North Pacific waters since the 1980s. The data show that Pacific salmon are ecologically very flexible species with a wider temperature range of habitat than was previously believed. Salmon are able to make considerable vertical migrations, easily crossing zones of sharp temperature gradient and different water masses. Having the wide feeding spectra and being dispersed (as non-schooling fish) when feeding in the sea and ocean, they successfully satisfy their dietary needs in vast areas even with relatively low concentrations of prey organisms (macroplankton and small nekton). The total biomass of all the Pacific salmon species in the North Pacific is not greater than 4–5 million t (including 1.5–2.0 million t in Russian waters), whereas the biomass of other common species of nekton is a few hundreds of millions of tons. Salmon account for 1.0–5.0% of the total amount of food consumed by nekton in the epipelagic layer of the western Bering Sea, 0.5–1.0% in the Sea of Okhotsk, less than 1% in the ocean waters off the Kuril Islands, and 5.0–15.0% in the ocean waters off East Kamchatka. Thus, the role of Pacific salmon in the trophic webs of subarctic waters is rather moderate. Therefore, neither pink nor chum salmon can be considered as the species responsible for the large reorganization in ecosystems and the population fluctuations in other common nekton species.

On steadyness of stereotypes in conceptions on marine ecology of pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus spp.)

Some conceptions on marine ecology of pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus spp.), established in the second half of the last century, are discussed from critical position, as overemphasizing of the sea surface temperature influence on distribution of salmons and formation of their year-classes strength, deficiency of food (particularly in winter time) and fierce competition for food, pink salmon «suppression» over other salmon species and own adjacent generations, limited carrying capacity of the Subarctic zone for salmons, distortion of the epipelagic communities structure in the North Pacific by mass artificial reproduction of chum salmon, etc. Most of these ideas have not been confirmed by the data of long-term monitoring in complex marine expeditions conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) in the Far-Eastern Seas and adjacent North Pacific waters since the 1980s till nowadays. The data show that pacific salmons are very ecologically plastic species with wide temperature range of habitat. Salmons are able to considerable vertical migrations crossing easily the temperature gradient zones and different water masses. They have wide feeding spectra. Migrating dispersed, they successfully get their ration, even in vast areas with relatively low concentration of prey (macroplankton and small nekton). Total biomass of all species of pacific salmons in the North Pacific does not exceed 4-5 million tons (1.5-2.0 million tons in the Russian waters), whereas the stocks of other mass species of nekton are hundreds of millions of tons. The salmons consume 1.0-5.0 % of the total consumption by nekton in the epipelagic layer in the western Bering Sea, 0.5-1.0 % in the Okhotsk Sea, 5.0-15.0 % at East Kamchatka, and less than 1 % in the Pacific waters at Kuril Islands, So, the role of pacific salmons in trophic nets of the Subarctic waters is rather moderate. Therefore, neither pink salmon, nor chum salmon can be seriously considered as the species responsible for reorganization of large ecosystems and fluctuating of other mass nekton species.

HIGHLAND SPECIES AND TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT FOR GERMINATION: A CASE FROM TWO ENDEMIC PAPUAN Pittosporum (PITTOSPORACEAE) SPECIES

Climate change, including warming and drying, is currently the biggest challenge for plant regeneration. We conducted two experiments on how temperature affected the germination of Pittosporum pullifolium and P. spicessens , both endemic to Central Papua highlands. P. pullifolium habitat temperature at night could reach 8°C whereas P. spicessens habitat temperature ranged from 19°C early in the morning up to 26°C at midday. The first experiment was to understand the effect of chilling on P. pullifolium germination initiation. Our study showed that P. pullifolium was dependent on cold stratification for its germination. Without cold stratification the germination was absent even though the temperature range of sowing environment is at ca. 13–26°C (Cibodas Botanic Gardens). With a cold stratification at 6–8°C (constant) for more than a month, germination of P. pullifolium occurred, with better germination rate under a light. Subsequently we carried out extended cold stratification for a month and interestingly, the germination still occurred but now it is better under dark condition. For P. spicessens , the germination at its habitat temperature range (Wamena) and in the warmer environment (Bogor Botanic Gardens), both occurred at more than two weeks after sowing.

Global bottlenecks in the distribution of marine Crustacea: temperature constraints in the family Lithodidae

AbstractAim Members of the crustacean family Lithodidae share preferences for cold‐water environments; however, the specific role of temperature in governing lithodid biogeography has not been examined to date. In the present study this relationship was quantified through the analysis of habitat data, and the results were interpreted in the light of previous physiological studies. It was hypothesized that lineage‐specific temperature thresholds underlie differences in the distribution of the two lithodid subfamilies.Location The family Lithodidae is divided into the subfamilies Hapalogastrinae and Lithodinae. The Hapalogastrinae inhabit depths of between 0 and 200 m in the North Pacific. The Lithodinae are distributed globally in the deep sea, with a few genera occurring intertidally at high latitudes.Methods Descriptions of 86 species of lithodids, sampled at 627 locations worldwide, were obtained from a wide range of published and original sources. For each specimen, the water temperature at the time and locality of collection was recorded. Molecular sequence data for the 16S, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 28S genes were analysed to construct a phylogenetic tree for the major lithodid genera, using a maximum likelihood method in the program paup*. Further analyses examined the link between the habitat temperature range and the position of taxa within the lithodid phylogeny.Results Phylogenetic evidence indicated that the deep‐water lithodid lineages had ancestors that inhabited the coastal waters of the North Pacific. Adults of North Pacific lithodid taxa were found in regions where water temperatures ranged from 0 to 25°C; however, deep‐water lineages of the Lithodinae were excluded from waters exceeding temperatures of 13°C. Despite the higher temperatures tolerated by adults, North Pacific intertidal/subtidal genera were restricted to regions that had water temperatures lower than 16°C during periods of larval development.Main conclusions Temperature has restricted the range of most shallow‐water genera of Lithodidae to the coastline of the North Pacific since the early history of the family. Distribution in these groups remains constrained by the detrimental effects of temperature extremes on early life‐history stages. Deep‐water lineages moved away from seasonal temperature fluctuations, and underwent at least three radiations into water bodies outside the North Pacific. Species from within the deep‐water lineages currently live close to the threshold of their temperature tolerance in the Southern Ocean, and their future distribution may be affected by increases in ocean temperature.

Ecology of bathyal polychaete fauna at an Arctic–Atlantic boundary (Faroe–Shetland Channel, North-east Atlantic)

By reference to a series of 15 sampling stations spanning the West Shetland Slope (150–1000 m; Faroe–Shetland Channel, North-east Atlantic) we examined the potential environmental controls on the standing stock, diversity and composition of the polychaete fauna. In contrast to the majority of studied bathyal environments, the Faroe–Shetland Channel has a highly complex and dynamic hydrographic regime, particularly notable for extreme thermal variability at mid-slope depths (i.e. 7°C range at ca. 500 m). Contrary to general expectation, polychaete biomass increased (rather than decreased) with depth. Species diversity exhibited a parabolic pattern with depth, maximum diversity occurring at depths of 350–550 m, rather shallower than observed in other bathyal studies, and possibly linked with a maximum in habitat temperature range. Multivariate analyses of faunal composition suggested a separation of the sampling stations into a shallower and a deeper group, with temperature exerting a major control on polychaete species distributions. The decline in diversity below 600 m (i.e. the descending limb of the parabolic relationship) may be a result of historically limited immigration/recolonization of the thermally isolated Arctic deep-water basins that feed the cold-water flow through the Faroe–Shetland Channel. The bathymetric distribution of polychaetes and other benthos in this region appears to be intimately linked with the thermal regime, having a long-term impact (geological timescales) on the deep-water species pool and leading to local enhancement of diversity where cold- and warm-water masses meet and mix.

Teleost introns are characterized by a high A+T content

We previously observed that Antarctic fish genes contain intron sequences of high A+T content (60–70% average A+T) which are in stark contrast with adjacent protein coding-sequences. Here, we report that this disparity in intron/exon base composition is a common feature among teleosts. We analyzed 483 teleost genomic DNA sequences, containing 2583 introns, from 80 teleost genera that populate polar, temperate, or tropical habitats. Eighty-nine percent of teleost introns display an A+T content between 50–84% A+T with a mean of 60% A+T. In contrast, only 37% of teleost exons have an A+T content greater-than 50% with a mean of 48% A+T. A comparison to homologous mammalian genes showed a striking difference; in this case, introns and exons have similar base compositions, averaging 45–47% A+T. This indicates that most teleost genes exhibit a large difference in base composition between their introns and exons. There was no correlation of teleost intron A+T content to intron length or habitat temperature range. Thus, teleost intron sequences tend to show the common feature of being much higher in A+T content then neighboring exons.

Effects of Temperature on Mitochondria From Abalone (Genus Haliotis): Adaptive Plasticity and its Limits

ABSTRACT The effects of temperature on mitochondrial oxygen consumption, membrane fluidity and cytochrome c oxidase activity were measured for five species of eastern Pacific abalone (genus Haliotis) found at different latitudes and tidal heights. Mitochondria were isolated from freshly collected individuals and from specimens that had been acclimated in the laboratory to temperatures spanning the extremes of each species’ known habitat temperature range. The temperatures at which Arrhenius plots of respiration rate of mitochondria from freshly collected abalone exhibited sharp breaks in slope were found to correlate with the habitat temperature at the time of capture of each species. Membranes isolated from freshly collected abalone living at warm temperatures (Haliotis cracherodii and H. corregata) were significantly less fluid (as determined by the fluorescence polarization of the probe 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene) than were membranes from species captured at cooler temperatures (H. rufesens and H. kamtschatkana kamtschatkana). Laboratory acclimation significantly shifted the temperature of mitochondrial thermal inactivation in an adaptive manner in the eurythermal species, H. fulgens, H. corregata and H. rufesens, but did not alter this property significantly for mitochondria from the stenothermal species, H. k. kamtschatkana. Laboratory acclimation resulted in temperature-compensatory changes in membrane fluidity in all species except H. rufesens. The temperatures at which cytochrome c oxidase activity was inactivated also shifted in an adaptive manner in some species. Acclimation of mitochondrial respiration, membrane fluidity and cytochrome c oxidase activity occurred only over the ranges of temperature at which each species is common, suggesting that there is a relationship between acclimatory ability and the biogeographical distribution of congeneric species.

Metabolic rates of epipelagic marine zooplankton as a function of body mass and temperature

The metabolic rates (oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion, phosphate excretion) of epipelagic marine zooplankton have been expressed as a function of body mass (dry, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus weights) and habitat temperature, using the multiple-regression method. Zooplankton data used for this analysis are from phylogenetically mixed groups (56 to 143 species, representing 7 to 8 phyla, body mass range: 6 orders of magnitude) from various latitudes (habitat temperature range:-1.4° to 30°C). The results revealed that 84 to 96% of variation in metabolic rates is due to body mass and habitat temperature. Among the various body-mass units, the best correlation was provided by carbon and nitrogen units for all three metabolic rates. Oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion and phosphate excretion are all similar in terms of body-mass effect, but differ in terms of temperature effect. With carbon or nitrogen body-mass units, calculated Q10 values are 1.82 to 1.89 for oxygen uptake, 1.91 to 1.93 for ammonia excretion and 1.55 for phosphate excretion. The effects of body mass and habitat temperature on the metabolic quotients (O:N, N:P, O:P) are insignificant. The present results for oxygen-uptake rate vs body mass do not differ significantly from those reported for general poikilotherms by Hemmingsen and for crustaceans by Ivleva at a comparable temperature (20°C). The importance of a body-mass measure for meaningful comparison is suggested by the evaluation of the habitat-temperature effect between mixed taxonomic groups and selected ones. Considering the dominant effects of body mass and temperature on zooplankton metabolic rates, the latitudinal gradient of community metabolic rate for net zooplankton in the ocean is estimated, emphasizing the non-parallelism between community metabolic rates and the standing stock of net zooplankton.

Adaptation of enzymes to temperature: acetylcholinesterases in the central nervous system of fishes

1.1. Arrhenius plots of log Vmax vs. 1/temperature for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the brains of fishes experiencing different thermal environments are essentially parallel throughout the habitat temperature ranges of the animals, indicating similar energies of activation.2.2. The affinity of the AChE enzymes for the substrate acetylcholine (ACh) varies with assay temperature and approaches a maximum value (minimum Km) at the lower end of the habitat temperature range.3.3. It is considered unlikely that the adaptive significance of the Km− temperature effect lies in the stabilization of reaction rates throughout the habitat temperature range.