Ha Of Land Area Research Articles

Mapping the Suitability of Milkfish Ponds in Sidoarjo District Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Milkfish is one of the potential fishery products in Sidoarjo Regency. Sidoarjo District, one of the subdistricts in Sidoarjo Regency, has significant potential for milkfish development due to its 3271.96 ha of land area. Pond suitability analysis is a crucial aspect of supporting the success of milkfish cultivation. Land suitability can be analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This research involved two phases: data collection and analysis. The data parameters collected are temperature, pH, DO, phosphate, and salinity. The data analysis employed overlay and scoring methods. The final scoring results were categorized into four classes, including classes S1 (Very Suitable), S2 (Quite Suitable), S3 (Conditionally Suitable), and N (Not Appropriate). Based on analysis of Landsat image data, the pond area in Sidoarjo District reached 2991.03 Ha. The final scoring results showed that the pond area in the S1 category was 1,816.53 Ha (60.73%), then the S2 category was 1174.50 ha (39.29%). Referring to the calculation of the percentage of pond suitability, most of the ponds in Sidoarjo District are very suitable for cultivating milkfish.

The Role of Opinion Leader in Communicating to Oil Palm Farmers in Surya Indah Village Pangkalan Kuras Subdistrict Pelalawan Regency

In carrying out their farming activities, farmers are strongly influenced by their own characteristics and the information they receive. Information relating to the improvement of oil palm farming is obtained by farmers by communicating with actors who act as sources of information. Subaryadi is the central actor who is often contacted by other farmers to get information related to oil palm farming in Surya Indah Village. This study aims to identify farmers characteristics and analyze the role of opinion leader. This study used a survey method and the sampling used a random sampling technique with a total sample of 33 oil palm farmers. The farmer characteristics were analyzed descriptively, while the role of the SB actor as an opinion leader used a likert scale. The results showed that the characteristics of farmers with the largest percentage were in productive age (54-60 years old on average) with an equivalent high school education level, 4 ha of land area, and high cosmopolitan. Farmers actively participate in extension activities with high accuracy of information channels and complete sources of information. Actor SB carry out his role as opinion leader when implementing the replanting program with a value of 3.33.

Socio-Economic Profile and Perception of Pepper Smallholders on the Use of Information Technology

The economic growth in the agriculture sector contributes to the income of the Bangka Belitung Island Province. In the few decades, pepper production in Indonesia retains its position as one of the biggest producers in the world. However, pepper production in the province goes down. Consequently, the income of pepper farmers reduces. Understanding the farmers' demographic and their perception of the technology acceptance model will help policymakers provide the best empowerment program and agricultural support program to uplift their welfare. The study aims to understand the socio-economic profile and the perception of pepper farmers towards the technology acceptance model using information technology in pepper farming activity. The data collection process was conducted from August to November 2019. Structured questionnaires and face-to-face data collection methods were applied to earn the primary data from 100 pepper smallholders in Bangka Tengah and Bangka Selatan, Bangka Belitung Island Province. Descriptive analysis was used to identify the respondents' profiles and explain their skills and awareness to adopt information technology in their farming activity. The study revealed that most of the pepper farmers were in the average age of 45 years old, held elementary school level, received income of about 5.7 million, was experienced farmers with 20 years of pepper farming activity, and had about 2.1 – 5 ha of land area. The majority of the pepper smallholders offered low scores to the proportion of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. The results benefit the policymaker and farmer in providing a better farming activity and offering the best program to empower pepper farmers.

Review of studies on motor-manual felling productivity in eucalypt stands

AbstractGlobally, about 20 million ha of land area is occupied by plantations of Eucalyptus. Motor-manual tree harvest-ing techniques (using chainsaws) are still applied in eucalypt plantations, especially in difficult terrains or for large- sized trees where mechanised felling may not be an effective and safe possible option to apply. There is little information available on motor-manual felling in eucalypt stands. This article reviewed available literature on the productivity of motor-manual felling. The results were classified into four regions, including Africa, Asia/Oceania, America and Europe. Results of international studies indicate that the main factors impacting the productivity of motor-manual felling include diameter at the breast height (DBH), travelling distance to trees, understory density and terrain slope. Operator experience also plays a key role in felling operations. The range of reported productivity varied from 0.6 m3/PMH0 to 48.9 m3/PMH0 in different regions. This article provides key recommendations on improving motor-manual felling productivity, which can provide a guide for sustainable harvesting planning purposes. 

Analisis Kebijakan Program Peremajaan Sawit Rakyat Melalui Badan Pengelola Dana Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit (BPDPKS) Di Kabupaten Labuhanbatu Selatan.

his study aims to analyze the policies of the community oil palm rejuvenation program through the oil palm plantation fund management agency (BPDPKS) in South Labuhanbatu Regency. The data analyzed were obtained from the research location in Aek Raso Village, Torgamba Subdistrict, South Labuhanbatu Regency by conducting structured interviews with 165 farmers who applied for aid. This rejuvenation program policy has requirements consisting of administrative aspects and financing aspects. Research shows that the value of aid funds provided by the government in implementing oil palm rejuvenation has not been able to support the costs required. The percentage of farmers who have 2 ha of land area is 78.8% while those who have 4 ha of land area are 21.2%, the age of productive farmers is 68% while 32% of age is not productive. Farmers who have a legality of land as much as 36% and who are not legal as much as 64%. This policy has not been specific to the location proven from the data of 282 farmers who are members of the Gapoktan, there are 16% have not been able to take advantage of the policy. Costs needed by farmers from the beginning of planting until the maintenance period of the 3rd year is Rp. 60,364,349. Through indicative costs set by the government of Rp. 66,437,000, the difference in average value of farmers' needs is less than that set by the government, which is valued at Rp. 6,072,651, or 9.14%. Based on government funding of Rp. 25,000,000, - / ha / farmer then to meet the cost of rejuvenation of oil palm, farmers need matching funds with an average value of Rp35,364,349 / ha / farmer or 59% of the total funds.

Pengendalian Air Lindi Pada Proses Penutupan TPA Gampong Jawa Terhadap Kualitas Air Sumur

TPA Gampong Jawa, Banda Aceh City with ± 21 ha of land area, has implemented a sanitary landfill operation system. Leachate has the potential to have a negative impact on the quality of well water around the landfill. The purpose of this study is to predict the operational life of TPA Gampong Jawa through waste reduction efforts, knowing what units must be considered in the landfill closure, knowing the effect of leachate on well water quality and knowing the potential use of former landfill in the future. The analysis was carried out by linking the existing conditions in accordance with Permen PU No.3 / PRT / M / 2013, while the Pollution Index (IP) value was analyzed based on KepmenLH No.115 of 2003 by taking a sampling of 4 wells with varying distances. The operational life of TPA Gampong Jawa with the effort to reduce waste by 12% can be extended to 2026 in April 30th day with a volume of 1,603,481 m3. The IP value for Gampong Jawa 1 TPA well is 5.25 and the Java Gampong TPA 2 well is both 5.39 are included in the category of medium polluted, for well water 1 resident's house has an IP value of 4.39 and well 2 resident's wells have IP value amounted to 3.43, both of which are included in the category of mild pollution.

Supply Production of Water Spinach Waste as a Supplement and Fermentability Feed Ruminant in Klaten District, Indonesia (Case Study at Dry Season 2018)

This study aims to sup determine the utilization of water spinach as a substitute for forage sources, digestibility, and feed degradation. Klaten Regency is one of the producers of water spinach that has the potential to be developed as the center for producing the largest water spinach at the regional level and has a role as one of supporting the needs of ruminant animal feed at regional and regional levels during the dry season. The method used is a survey, sampling technique with stratified random sampling. The conclusion of the results of this study is the total supply of the use of water spinach reached the level of 20% resulting in higher total gas production, although it did not show a significant difference in VFA digestibility and production in vitro compared to the control. Feed digestibility increased with the addition of water spinach in a feed with a productivity average of 2.05 tons/ha of 3,947 ha of land area. The scheme (chain) of the supply of dried water spinach straw material is 41.25% for privately owned ruminants, and 58.75% is sold to middlemen by being sold to farmers outside the Klaten Regency area.

Pengelolaan Agroforestry Berbasis Kemiri (Aleurites moluccana) dan Pendapatan Petani di Kecamatan Mallawa

This study aims to determine the management system, composition and income of candlenut-based agroforestry systems in three villages in the Mallawa District. This research was conducted in May - July 2019 in Batu Putih Village, Tellumpanuae Village, Samaenre Village, Mallawa District. The method used is purposive sampling with respondents, namely farmers who have ≥0.1 ha of land area. The number of plots made was 15 plots to determine the volume of wood and the number of respondents interviewed was 30 to determine the form of management. The data that has been collected is processed and analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The results showed that the management of coffee-based agroforestry systems was initiated by clearing land from grass or shrubs, followed by spacing, then sources of seedlings obtained from government assistance and planting and maintenance which included weeding, pruning, fertilizing and pest control and diseases which then end with harvesting activities. The average for income in the Batu Putih Village of Rp. 24,372,359 -/ha/year, in the Village of Tellumpanue Rp. 27,875,042, -/ha/year, and the Samaenre Village in the amount of Rp. 22,985,365, -/ha/year.

Paddy rice multiple cropping index changes in Southern China

Changes in rice production in Southern China are crucial to national food security. This study employed Landsat images to map the distributions of paddy rice-cropping systems in Southern China in 1990 and 2015. The impact of rice multiple cropping index changes on grain production capacity was then evaluated. Three important results were obtained for the 1990 to 2015 study period. First, the multiple cropping index for rice decreased from 148.3% to 129.3%, and 253.16×104 ha of land area was converted from double-cropping to single-cropping rice, termed “double to single”. The area with the most dramatic changes is in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain. The rice-cropping system distribution in Southern China showed a change from north to south with double-cropping rice shrinking and single-cropping rice expanding. Second, the “double to single” conversion led to a reduction of 6.1% and 2.6% in rice and grain production, respectively. Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, located in the main rice producing areas, and Zhejiang, which has shown better economic development, exhibited large reductions in rice production due to the “double to single” conversion, all exceeding 13%. Third, the grain production capacity of converted “double to single” paddy fields is equivalent to that of 223.3 × 104 ha of newly reclaimed cultivated land, which is 54% of the total newly cultivated land reclaimed through the 2001–2015 land consolidation project. It is also 1.7 times the target goal for newly cultivated land in the national land consolidation plan for 2016–2020. Making full use of the converted “double to single” paddy fields can save 167.44 billion yuan in newly reclaimed cultivated land costs. Therefore, instead of pursuing low-quality new arable land, it is better to make full use of the existing high-quality arable land. Based on these results, the government should change the assessment method for cultivated land balance, and incorporate the sown area increased by improving the multiple cropping index into the cultivated land compensation indicator.

ANALISIS ASPEK BIOFISIK DAN KIMIA PERAIRAN UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA TAMBAK DI WILAYAH PESISIR KECAMATAN PEDONGGA KABUPATEN PASANGKAYU SULAWESI BARAT

In general, land use in Pasangkayu Regency is dominated by forests, both protected forestsand production forests, plantations especially oil palm plantations, mixed gardens, rice fields bothirrigated rice fields and rainfed rice fields, as well as shrubs, weeds, mangrove forests andwetlands, beaches, settlements, government buildings and other infrastructure facilities. This studyaims to (1) Know the biophysical and chemical aspects of the waters, (2) Analyze the suitability ofaquaculture land in supporting the development of aquaculture, and (3) Assess strategies fordeveloping aquaculture ponds. The results showed that (1) the biophysical and chemical aspectsof waters in coastal and marine areas, where coastal ecosystems, physical and chemical aspects ofthe waters strongly supported aquaculture activities, (2) the results of suitability of aquacultureland in the development of pond culture in Batu Oge Village Very suitable land with a land area of1,72 Ha, Adequate According to 61,07 Ha, and Appropriate 122,34 Ha. Malei village landsuitability is quite suitable 16,47 ha, and according to 334,18 ha. Mertasari Village landsuitability In accordance with the land area of 26,19 ha, and Village of land suitability inaccordance with 2,27 ha of land area, and (3) Strategy for the development of pond culture inPedongga District, Pasangkayu Regency, includes 3 strategies: technical meeting meetingbetween the local Fisheries Service with pond farmers to teach CBUB and CBIB, optimize the useof farm land, and determine the boundaries of the area for the development of ponds and oil palm.

Food Energy Availability from Agriculture at the Farm-Level in Southeastern Nigeria: Level, Composition and Determinants

Among the four pillars of ‘food security’ (i.e., ‘food availability’, ‘food accessibility’, ‘food stability’ and ‘food utilization’), ‘food availability (FA)’ underpins the core concept because at the micro-level it is strongly related to the overall availability of food, which is determined by domestic food production, food imports and food aid. This paper examines the level of food energy availability (FEA) at the farm level, relationships between farm size and FEA and the determinants of FEA based on a survey of 400 households from Ebonyi and Anambra States of Southeastern Nigeria. FEA in this study refers to Partial Food Energy Availability (PFEA) because it excludes procurement of food from other sources, e.g., purchase from the market, borrow/exchange from others and/or receiving as food aid. Results show that the sample is dominated by small–scale farmers (81% of the total sample) owning land <1.00 ha. The average farm size is small (1.27 ha). Farmers grow multiple food crops. Sixty-eight percent of the farmers produced at least two food crops. Average PFEA is estimated at 4492.78 kcals/capita/day produced from one ha of land area. Approximately 30.92% of the total food produced is set aside for home consumption. Among the food crops, 40.70% of cassava output is set aside for home consumption while most of yam and rice are mainly destined for the market. Inverse farm size–PFEA relationship exists amongst the sampled farmers. The regression results reveal that subsistence pressure, profit motive and share of yam in total output significantly reduces PFEA whereas an increase in the share of cassava in total output significantly increases PFEA. A one percent increase in the share of cassava output will increase PFEA by 0.14%. A one percent increase in subsistence pressure will reduce PFEA by 0.98%. Farmers identified a lack of agricultural extension agents, farm inputs and basic infrastructures as the main constraints adversely affecting food production at the farm-level. Policy implications include investments targeted to improve cassava production and measure to reduce future family size by improved family planning to increase PFEA at the farm-level.

Evaluation of impact of foliar sprays of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on yield and economics of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) through front line demonstrations

Cotton is one of the most important commercial fibre crops of India. Imbalance and inadequate nutrition is one of the major constraints for low productivity of cotton. Superimposition of KNO3 (1%) over recommended dose of fertilizers through foliar applications at flowering and boll development stage is recommended in Haryana state to overcome K deficiency at later stages of crop growth and farmers are not practicing this technology due to lack of knowledge. Therefore, to highlight the impact of three foliar sprays of KNO3 (1%) at 15 days interval starting from flower initiation stage, forty one Front Line Demonstrations were conducted at farmer's field on 16.4 ha of land area of 20 villages of Bhiwani district (Haryana) during kharif seasons of 2010 to 2012. The improved technology recorded a mean cotton seed yield of 24.67 q/ha which was 10.8% higher than that obtained with farmers practice/ check, i.e. no spray of KNO3 (22.27 q/ha). It fetched higher mean net monetary returns of Rupees 55053/ha with benefit: cost ratio of 2.03 in comparison to check (mean net monetary returns of Rupees 47079/ha and benefit: cost ratio of 1.91).

Seabirds of the Cay Sal Bank, The Bahamas

Abstract. The Cay Sal Bank in The Bahamas is one of the Caribbean region's most important areas for breeding seabirds, but the colonies previously lacked solid estimates. This paper describes results of four visits between 2010 and 2012. The Santaren Channel, used to transit to and from Cay Sal Bank, contained high numbers (6.1 ± 0.4 birds per km2) of seabirds. The Cay Say Bank has at least 117 detectable islands with 484 ha of land area; the most numerous colony was at Elbow Cay (23 ha). Audubon's Shearwaters (Puffinus lherminieri) were breeding at 97 pairs per ha (total: 2,200; 95% CI = 1,650–2,800 pairs), Sooty Terns (Onychoprion fuscatus) at 382 pairs per ha (total: 8,800; 95% CI = 6,900–10,700 pairs), Bridled Terns (Onychoprion anaethetus) at 38 pairs per km coastline (5,829 m coastline; total: 220; 95% CI = 145–295 pairs) and Brown Noddies (Anous stolidus) at 72 pairs per ha (total: 1,609; 95% CI = 1,070–2,250 pairs). The population of Audubon's Shearwaters is among the largest in the world while po...

Estimation of spatial distrubition of groundwater level and risky areas of seawater intrusion on the coastal region in Çarşamba Plain, Turkey, using different interpolation methods.

Groundwater level plays a significant role in coastal plains. Heavy pumping and excessive use of near-coast groundwater can increase the intrusion of seawater into the aquifers. In the present study, groundwater levels were measured at 59 groundwater wells at different times during pre- and post-irrigation seasons (April and September of the year 2012) in Çarşamba Plain, Turkey. To select the best method, two deterministic interpolation methods (inverse distance weighing (IDW) with the weights of 1, 2, and 3 and radial basis function (RBF) with spline with tension (SPT) and completely regularized spline (CRS)) and two stochastic methods (ordinary kriging (OK) with spherical, exponential, and Gaussian variograms) and cokriging (COK)) were compared and then the best interpolation method was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of groundwater levels in different seasons and seasonal changes. A total of nine different techniques were tested. Also, risky areas of seawater intrusion in coastal area were determined using the best methods for two periods. The performance of these interpolation methods is evaluated by using a validation test method. Statistical indices of correlation (R (2)), mean absolute error (MAE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were used to select and validate the best methods. Comparisons between predicted and observed values indicated RBF as the optimal method for groundwater level estimation in April and September. When the best method RBF and the worst method IDW were compared, significant differences were observed in the spatial distribution of groundwater. Results of the study also revealed that excessive groundwater withdrawals during the post-irrigation season dropped the groundwater levels up to 2.0m in some sections. With regard to seawater intrusion, 9,103ha of land area was determined to be highly risky and risky.

Supply Chain of Organic Salak Pondoh (Salacca zalacca var.pondoh) in Pagar Alam City- South Sumatera Province

This study is a continued research of sertification of Salak var. Pondoh in Pagar Alam. This aim of this study is to get informations about characteristic and condition of organik Salak var. pondoh supply chain in Pagar Alam City, South Sumatera. In year 2012, the Sertification organic agencies (LSO) of West Sumatera have delivered organic sertification to about 5 ha land area of Salak var pondoh of Dempo’s farmer group. Since that time, the production of an organic Salak pondoh in Pagar Alam city increased every year, from 1.27ton per year in 2011 become 1.42 ton per year in 2013 for every 0.25 Ha of land area. The price of organic salak var. Pondoh Pagar Alam ranged from IDR 5000 until IDR 12000 at level of farmer and from 10000 until IDR 15000 in level of consumers. The actor in Supply chain of organic Salak var.pondoh in Pagar Alam, covering : farmer, group of farmer, distributor, and or outlet (a place of bussiness for retailing salak), and retailer/domestic consumers). The activities along the supply chain of Salak var. Pondoh in Pagar Alam covering : harvesting, collecting and shelters of harvest, cleaning, sortation, grading and distribution.

Assessing morphological changes of the Ganges River using satellite images

Using eight dry season satellite images of Landsat MSS (1973–1984), Landsat TM (1993–2003), and IRS LISS (2009), this study assessed morphological changes of the Ganges River within Bangladesh. As a typical alluvial river, morphological changes of the Ganges River had been a common phenomenon. In the 1973–2009 study period, with its morphologically dynamic nature, the Ganges River had undergone considerable changes in its river banks and its vegetated islands. The bankline movement rates (m/y)and erosion–accretion rates (ha/y) of the river were analyzed under four time periods: 1973–1984, 1984–1993, 1993–2003, and 2003–2009. The results indicate that both the left and the right banks of Ganges have changed significantly due to varying erosion and accretion rates that had occurred. On a whole, the left bank was more prone to accretion while the right bank to erosion. The magnitude of bank erosion along the Ganges River is closely related to the erodibility of riverbank materials which vary spatially. In 1973–1984, the average river width and the overall islands area had decreased considerably due to a net river bank accretion which resulted in an increase of 6790 ha of land area. However, afterwards, both river width and islands area continue to increase to the end of this study period (2009) because of a net erosion (loss of 18,830 ha of land). Furthermore, from 1984 to 2009, the sinuosity of Ganges had generally increased and was related to increased river width caused by a net bank erosion. Compared to other major rivers, Ganges has a very high erosion rate probably because its river banks are primarily composed of highly erodible materials and its high discharge rate especially during the Monsoon season.

Field Data Collection for Land Information Systems – A Case Study on Quantification of Resource Requirement for a GIS

Field data collection is the most important component for application development. Field data significantly affect the results of a research or a project. Therefore it would consume a substantial period of time unless field data collection is suitably designed, properly planned and executed with minimum gap fill data collection efforts. It is important for field data collection programs to carefully ascertain the required data, accuracy requirements and incorporate suitable verification tools. In order to achieve success of this process it is necessary to have a well organized methodology to evaluate available methods and tools for data collection, gap filling, verification and evaluation. This must be achieved through a good literature review, and then selecting and creating suitable methods, requirements and resources for data collection. The study area is around university of Moratuwa in Moratuwa DSD of Sri Lanka. It is a semi urban area of approximately 2.5km2 with nearly 6000 buildings and 300 roads. The area was divided into ten zones for data collection purpose. Georeferenced Google images, a pre tested data collection sheet, printed maps, Magellan Triton Handheld GPS and 38 data collectors were the resources used for the data collection process to capture spatial data. Total number of buildings collected from the survey is 5175 which covered the 17.97% of the extent. 469 Roads with a total length of 52,920m and classified into six road types covered 5.99% of the total area. The data capturing rate was approximately 5.5ha of land area and 3.8% of building units per averaged person per day. To capture these data, collectors traveled 162.5km within the data collection area consuming 102 person days. This research provides a systematic approach and guideline quantifications supporting GIS planners to prepare project estimations.

Numerical Prediction of Fugitive Dust Dispersion on Reclaimed Land in Korea

The Saemangeum reclaimed land located on the western coast of Korea is one of the world's largest reclamation projects, developing 40,100 ha of land area. After construction of sea dikes in 2006, the exposed land area has been increasing in relation to the water level height. Dust from the exposed land, containing high amounts of salt, disperses to nearby areas. The dust is harmful to human and animal health as well as to plant growth. Therefore, an estimation of fugitive dust dispersion is necessary for the development of plans to manage the problem. Field experiments are ideal for understanding aerodynamic phenomena. However, finding a correlation between weather conditions and dust dispersion is a difficult task due to limited measuring points. Moreover, weather conditions are unstable, unpredictable, and cannot be artificially controlled. Field experiments also involve high labor and time expenses. To overcome these limitations, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to analyze dust dispersion phenomena, both quantitatively and qualitatively, according to the topography of the area, under various weather conditions. Effort was devoted to improving the accuracy of the CFD model by taking into account topographical design, mesh structure, turbulence models, particle generation, and other factors influencing the final solution. Computed results of the 3-D developed CFD model were compared against experimental data. Results showed an average error of -6.8%, which is within the acceptable range. CFD-computed vertical log-profiles of dust dispersion were similar to the vertical profiles presented by an earlier study. CFD results showed that dispersion of fugitive dust was mainly affected by particle size, wind speed, wind direction, and topography of the area. The estimated dispersion distance, measured at a height of 3 m for the 10 µm particles and a wind speed of 1.7 m s-1, was 3100 m. A dispersion distance of 6300 m was obtained when wind speed was 3.9 m s-1 for the 10 µm particles. This study showed that a CFD model can be effectively used to supplement field experiments when analyzing dispersion of fugitive dust.

REKOMENDASI PEMUPUKAN FOSFOR (P) PADA PERTANAMAN JAGUNG BERDASARKAN STATUS P TANAH DI KECAMATAN KINALI, LUHAK NAN DUO DI KABUPATEN PASAMAN BARAT

A study of P – nutrient status (P – soil) in the maize production central in Kinali, Luhak Nan Duo in Pasaman, Sub Regency Pasaman Barat to find of the recommendation of phosphorous (P) fertilization. A study is conducted from October to December 2005. Method of research by crossed land area and took soil sampling with composite. Each soil sampling represented of land area research 50 – 80 ha with 0 – 20 cm dept for land area 7702,2 ha and 97 soil sample and then analyzed by Bray II methods. From 7702,2 ha of land area were survey founded P high content 5351,5 ha (69,4 %), P – with middle content 1487,5 ha (19,3 %) and P – lower content 863,2 ha (11,2 %). Based on soil P – status, P nutrient requirement to 90,250 and 500 kg SP 36 respectively and yield prospecting 4,5 ton/ha with 14 % water content equal to 8 ton dry grain seed at harvesting with water content 25%.Key Words: P-fertilizer, Fertilization Recommendation, Soil P-status

An Integrated Study for the Assessment of Tsunami Impacts: A Case Study of South Andaman Island, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS

The December 26, 2004 tsunami has caused extensive damage in the Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India, affecting 115.36 km of coastline. In order to identify the impacts of tsunami in South Andaman of the Andaman Islands, the study has been carried out using satellite data for pre-tsunami (Feb. 2003) and post-tsunami (March 2005). This paper provides an assessment of damages caused by tsunami and suitable resettlement places for the people using remote sensing and GIS technology. Assessment of tsunami inflicted damage to island ecosystems assumes greater importance owing to their life-sustaining and livelihood support abilities. Apart from the reparation caused to life and property, significant damage has afflicted the ecosystem, which will have long lasting effects. The tsunami-induced damage to coastal ecosystems was studied based on coastal landuse, geomorphology and coastal critical habitat for South Andaman Island using remote sensing and GIS. An area of 3,366 ha of land area was affected by tsunami. Within the coastal ecosystem, coral reef and mangrove were also severely affected. The study of landforms shows that the land is submerged. The severity of damages and their consequences suggest the need for a definite restoration ecology programme.