H2O2 Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Isolation of a Marker Olean-12-en-28-butanol Derivative from Viscum continuum E. Mey. Ex Sprague and the Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials.

Viscum continuum E. Mey. Ex Sprague (Mistletoe) is a semi-parasitic plant that grows on the branches of other trees with reported numerous biological activities. This study was aimed at isolating a compound/s that will be used as a standard reference for quality control of South African-based commercialized mistletoe products and to further perform antioxidant and antimicrobial tests on the isolated compound. A dried sample of mistletoe was ground and extracted successively with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), acetone and methanol using a serial exhaustive cold maceration procedure. The compound was isolated using column chromatography, and its chemical structure was elucidated using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the compound was determined using DPPH, hydrogen radical scavenging activity and reducing power assays, whereas antimicrobial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Subjection of the DCM extract to column chromatography resulted in the isolation of a compound elucidated as olean-12-en-28-butanol-1-one, 3-hydroxy-4,4,10, 14, 20-pentamethyl (D4). Both the DPPH, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and reducing power assays revealed a significant antioxidant potential of compound D4 with an IC50 of 0.701 mg/mL, lower than that of gallic acid (0.793 mg/mL) for the H2O2 radical scavenging assay. The results also indicated good antibacterial activity of D4 with an IC50 of 0.25 mg/mL, compared to ciprofloxacin with an IC50 of 0.0039 mg/mL, against two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and three Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. This study is the first to report on the isolation of the olean-12-en-28-butanol derivative from mistletoe of the South African ecotype.

Phytochemical analysis, post-harvest shade drying, and biological activities of Melaleuca linariifolia Sm. from foothills of Kumaun Himalayas, India

Melaleuca linariifolia Sm. (Genus: Melaleuca; Family: Myrtaceae) cultivated for its ornamental usages in the Kumaun Himalayan region of Uttarakhand is commercially known as flax-leaved paper bark tree. The present study analyzes the chemical variation of the essential oils obtained from aerial parts and flowers of M. linariifolia. The effect of post-harvest shade drying on the essential oil composition was also assessed in the study. Total of 16 compounds accounting for 94.2 % and 94.6 % were identified in the aerial parts and flowers essential oil, respectively. 1,8-Cineole (71.8 %–73.8 %) was identified as the predominant compound in both the studied essential oils followed by limonene (1.7 %–9.3 %) and α-terpineol (4.2 %–6.7 %). Moreover, the fresh aerial parts had 73.8% of 1,8-cineole content which increased up to 79.2% post-harvest drying. The study revealed oxygenated monoterpenes as the major class constituents with 1,8-cineole as the marker component ranging from 67.7 % to 79.2 % during the post drying analysis. While assessing the biological activities, the antioxidant activity of the oils was investigated in vitro using three assays: DPPH radical scavenging activity, Iron(II) complexing activity, and H2O2 radical scavenging activity. The oil also inhibited the activity of α-amylase with IC50 of 3.26 ± 0.04 μg/ml and protein denaturation with IC50 of 3.0 ± 0.03 g/ml. This is the first-time report of essential oil analysis of M. linariifolia flowers and post-harvest drying study from bhabar region of the Kumaun Himalayas. The high essential oil yield, rich chemical composition and biological activities suggest the cultivation of Melaleuca species as an industrial crop.

Phytofabricated bimetallic synthesis of silver-copper nanoparticles using Aerva lanata extract to evaluate their potential cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities

In this study, we demonstrate the green synthesis of bimetallic silver-copper nanoparticles (Ag–Cu NPs) using Aerva lanata plant extract. These NPs possess diverse biological properties, including in vitro antioxidant, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities. The synthesis involves the reduction of silver nitrate and copper oxide salts mediated by the plant extract, resulting in the formation of crystalline Ag–Cu NPs with a face-centered cubic structure. Characterization techniques confirm the presence of functional groups from the plant extract, acting as stabilizing and reducing agents. The synthesized NPs exhibit uniform-sized spherical morphology ranging from 7 to 12 nm. They demonstrate significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibiting extracellular polysaccharide secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The Ag–Cu NPs also exhibit potent cytotoxic activity against cancerous HeLa cell lines, with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 17.63 µg mL−1. Additionally, they demonstrate strong antioxidant potential, including reducing capability and H2O2 radical scavenging activity, particularly at high concentrations (240 µg mL−1). Overall, these results emphasize the potential of A. lanata plant metabolite-driven NPs as effective agents against infectious diseases and cancer.

Cardioprotective effects of Callicarpa tomentosa leaf extract in Wistar albino rats against isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis: Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant study

BackgroundGlobally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the foremost cause of mortality. Conventional medications are associated with several complications, necessitating an alternative, safe and efficacious medicine. Therefore, the study was planned to assess the cardioprotective efficacy of Callicarpa tomentosa (CT) leaf extract against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial failure in experimental rats. Materials and methodsCT leaf extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis, total phenolic and flavonoid content measurement, and in vitro antioxidant evaluation. Additionally, the protection from myocardial injury was evaluated based on the estimation of biomarkers including CK-MB, CKNAC, and LDH in both the low-dose (200 mg/kg) and high-dose (400 mg/kg) groups of rats. We measured endogenous antioxidants in heart tissue to estimate the antioxidant potential. Histopathological analysis confirmed the biochemical results. ResultsThe findings of this study indicated that the CT leaf extract contained several phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, and tannins. The CT's total phenol content was 33.3 ± 0.14 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent) per gram of extract, while its total flavonoid concentration was 76.5 ± 1.2 mg QUE (Quercetin Equivalent). In the DPPH assay, CT had a mean inhibitory effect of 60.06 ± 1.358 g/ml, whereas its IC50 in the H2O2 radical scavenging activity assay was 102.85 ± 0.194 g/ml. The electrocardiograms of the treated animals demonstrated considerable recovery from ISO-induced electrophysiological abnormalities as well and the amount of endogenous biomarkers was significantly reduced in animals that receivedCT treatment. Additionally, the use of CT reversed the effects of ISO administration on SOD activity, increased GSH levels, and lowered LPO levels. The damage to the heart tissues was significantly reduced, with the tissue architecture appearing closer to normal in groups that received high doses of CT. ConclusionThese results suggest that C. tomentosa leaf extract has potent antioxidant activity and provides protection against isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis in Wistar albino rats. The cardioprotectivebenefits are attributed to the presence of active components in the extract, which aid in the restoration of antioxidant equilibrium and the reduction of damage caused by oxidative stress.

Caryota urens and Hyophorbe lagenicaulis as Nutraceutical by Managing Commercially Available Drug Induced Nephrotoxicity

Abstract: Background: Caryota urens flowers and Hyophorbe lagenicaulis leaves have huge beneficial properties, medicinal uses and rich phyto-pharmacological constituents. Nutraceutical potentiality of the selected plants on the basis of phytochemicals present in the aerial parts of Caryota urens and Hyophorbe lagenicaulis were taken as the background of the study. Aim: The present study investigates the nephroprotective potentiality of Caryota urens flowers and Hyophorbe lagenicaulis leaves against cisplatin and gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: The extract of Caryota urens flowers and Hyophorbe lagenicaulis leaves were screened for preliminary phytochemical analysis. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Caryota urens flower extract (CUFE) and Hyophorbe lagenicaulis leaves extract (HLLE) was performed by DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activity. In vivo acute oral toxicity test was performed by following OECD guideline 420. The screening models for cisplatin and gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity by using albino Wistar rats were also carried out. Results: In in vitro antioxidant studies CUFE and HLLE (*p<0.01 and **p<0.001) for both standard and test drugs. It also act as potent nutraceuticals in cisplatin and gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity (**p<0.001). No major side effects were seen in any of the experimental animal during acute oral toxicity. Conclusion: CUFE and HLLE (1:1) have nutritionally rich source of dietary food supplements and due to this they are also helpful in managing the commercial drugs induced nephrotoxicity. Keywords: Nutraceuticals, Phytochemical, Cisplatin, Gentamycin, Nephrotoxicity.

Antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of onion (Allium cepa L.) peel and bulb extracts.

Allium cepa L. is a commonly consumed vegetable that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and contains nutrients and antioxidants in ample amounts. In spite of the valuable food applications of onion bulb, its peel and outer fleshy layers are generally regarded as waste and exploration of their nutritional and therapeutic potential is still in progress with a very slow progression rate. The present study was designed with the purpose of doing a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential of two parts of Allium cepa, i.g., bulb (edible part) and outer fleshy layers and dry peels (inedible part). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the onion bulb and peel extracts on rat intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase of porcine was also evaluated. The antioxidant potential of onion peel and bulb extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity. Total flavonoids and phenolic content of ethanolic extract of onion peel were significantly greater as compared to that of onion bulb. Ethanolic extract of onion peel also presented better antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity as compared to the ethanolic extract of bulb, while the aqueous extract of bulb presented weakest antioxidative potential. Onion peel extract's α-glucosidase inhibition potential was also correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The current findings presented onion peel as a possible source of antioxidative agents and phenolic compounds that might be beneficial against development of various common chronic diseases that might have an association with oxidative stress. Besides, outer dry layers and fleshy peels of onion exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities, compared to the inner bulb. The information obtained by the present study can be useful in promoting the use of vegetable parts other than the edible mesocarp for several future food applications, rather than these being wasted.

Seasonal variation in the essential oil composition and biological activities of Thymus linearis Benth. Collected from the Kumaun region of Uttarakhand, India

This research assessed the seasonal variation in the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils extracted from Thymus linearis Benth. in rainy season and winter season. The essential oil highest yield was recorded in the rainy season. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thymol was the marker component in both oils with varying compositions, i.e., 31.9% in rainy season oil and 35.7% in winter season oil. While assessing the biological activities, the antioxidant activity of the oils was investigated in vitro using three assays: DPPH radical scavenging activity, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in oil extracted in winter season. Winter season oil showed good inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 26.55 ± 0.03 μg/mL) as compared to the rainy season oil. The oils inhibited the activity of α-amylase with IC50 of 32.27 ± 0.05 μg/mL (winter) and IC50 of 32.87 ± 0.04 μg/mL (rainy). Insect antifeedant activity performed using the leaf dip method against Spodoptera litura afforded significant results with slight variations. Essential oils were also tested against Meloidogyne incognita for nematicidal activity and inhibition of eggs hatching potential in laboratory conditions. Moreover, it was found that activity level of oils was seasonal dependent. The pharmacological activities of the major components were also predicted using the web-based software Pass.

STUDIES ON PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF LEAF EXTRACT OF HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS (L.) POIT.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., an invasive weed species belongs to the family Lamiaceae is collected from Narimalamkunnu, a small hilly area located near Kumaranellur in Palakkad District, Kerala. Phytochemical analysis was done as per standard procedure. Antibacterial activity detected by using well diffusion method and antioxidant activity can be studied using the assays such as DPPH, FRAP and H2O2 radical scavenging activity. Methanolic extract of leaf of H. suaveolens shown the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenolic groups, terpenoids, tannins and steroids. The antibacterial activities are studied by using four susceptible pathogens at different concentrations and significant activity was recorded. The methanol extract of leaf of H. suaveolens possess high radical scavenging activity also. We can suggest it as a potent indigenous drug for curing oxidative stress related diseases. Key words: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Hyptis suaveolens, Phytochemicals

In-vitro antioxidant activity of oxalis carniculata linn and investigation of plausible mechanism of photo-protection by molecular modeling study

Oxalis Carniculata Linn belonging to Oxalidaceae family is a small herb with variety of biological activity. The leaves of Oxalis Carniculata was extracted with different solvents and the fractions were screened for antioxidant potential using in-vitro methods such as 2, 2-Diphenyl-2-Picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and H2O2 radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay. Total flavonoid, phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were determined spectrophotometrically. Among the six different fractions ethanolic fraction exhibited highest total flavonoid content (224.2±0.25 mg/g QAE) and methanolic fraction exhibited highest phenolic content (184.31±0.14 mg/g GAE) and total antioxidant capacity (232.79±0.17mg/g AAE). Further methanolic fraction showed highest DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 23.43±0.12 and 19.71±0.16 respectively. The major cause of skin photoaging is exposure to ultraviolet light that is coupled with the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and decreased collagen synthesis. MMPs (especially MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9) expressions are associated with the decreased elasticity of the dermis due to collagen degradation. In the present study, we have assessed the antioxidant effects of Oxalis Carniculata extract, correlated it with skin photoaging and postulated its mechanism of action by molecular docking study. The molecular docking study of flavones present in O. Carniculata revealed that the phyto-constituents of O. Carniculata species have similar mechanism of binding to that of standard drug with MMP-9 inhibitory action. These results can facilitate the further preclinical models, and clinical study upon skin protective potential against UV-induced skin aging of the O. Carniculata flavones.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and in vitro-in vivo cytotoxicity effects of Spondias Venulosa (Engl.) Engl. leaf extracts on MCF-7/S0.5 and OV7 cancer cell lines

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSpondias Venulosa is a plant whose ethnobotanical uses were neither scientifically investigated nor documented despite the overwhelming use of the leaf extract as antioxidant, pain relief, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent in traditional medicine in Nigeria. Aim of the studyTo evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and cytotoxic activity of S. venulosa leaf extracts on MCF-7/S0.5 and OV7 cancer cell lines and isolate the phyto-constituent responsible for its possible bioactivity. Materials and methodsThe antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activities, anti-inflammatory was evaluated by carrageenan induced paw edema in mice, analgesic activity was carried out by acetic acid induced writhing in mice while cytotoxicity activity of the extract was investigated in vitro and in vivo by MTT assay and tumor induction model by trypan blue dye exclusion assay respectively. Identification and characterization of the bioactive compound present in S. Venulosa were done using the GC-MS, FTIR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. ResultsThe 1H-NMR showed six protons signals while 13C-NMR showed twenty-six carbons consisting of methyl, methylene and quaternary groups characteristic of lactones. Ethyl acetate (EF) fraction showed highest biological activities in terms of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and cytotoxic activities on MCF-7/S0.5 and OV7 cancer cells because of higher amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents. The EF showed an IC50 values of 12.18 ± 0.20 (SI = 1.97) and 4.12 ± 0.001 (SI = 77.67) on MCF-7/S0.5 and OV7 cell lines respectively. Most of the biological activities of the extracts were dose-dependent. The isolated compound showed the highest selective index on cancer cells especially against OV7 with IC50 value of 2.01 ± 0.01; SI > 100 when compared with the control drug doxorubicin with IC50 value of 2.20.80 ± 0.01; SI = 25.57. Extracts of S. venulosa showed strong MST and %ILS on tumor-treated mice in dose-dependent fashion. The extract showed significant reductions in TCV and VCC at higher concentration, and low levels of liver biomarker (AST, ALP and ALT) which is an indication of the tolerance of S. Venulosa in the animals. In addition, a lactone flavonoid compound 6-hydroxy-4,4.7a-tetrahydrobenzofuran-2(4H)-one (i.e. 6-OH-THBF) was identified as one of the bioactive compounds largely responsible for some of the observed pharmacological activities. ConclusionThe 6-OH-THBF isolated from EF fraction was the most potent on the two cancer cell lines, and it showed the highest selective against cancerous and normal Vero E6 cell line. Our study showed that S. Venulosa extract possessed the acclaimed pharmacological action in traditional medicine.

Chemical profiling, in vitro antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial properties of wild growing Murraya paniculata from Amarkantak (M.P.)

The excessive usage of antibiotics in humans and veterinary medicine has lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and now requires the use of novel antibiotics. There has been increased interest towards plants as source of drugs because of their pharmacological potency and long traditional usage. The aim of the current study was to evaluate bioactive components, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaf extracts of Murraya paniculata, a plant traditionally used in Indian medicinal system. Evaluations were made for phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, membrane stabilizing, and antimicrobial activities. The methanol extract displayed the highest flavonoid and phenolic content, the acetone extract demonstrated considerable ABTS inhibitory activity (IC50value:555.18 ± 1.68 µg/mL) and the hexane extract exhibited highest H2O2 radical scavenging activity (IC50value: 509.84 ± 3.03 µg/mL). The aqueous extract displayed 19.4 ± 0.66% RBC hemolysis and 80.5 ± 0.66% protection caused by hypotonic solution at high concentration of the extract. The fractions of hexane extract revealed a higher zone of inhibition than crude extract. The major components found in the fractions were cyclohexane (40.11%) and 3-(6-Methoxy-3-methyl-2-benzofuranyl) Cyclohexanone (13.68%) as analyzed by GC–MS/MS technique. The current results validate the traditional use of the M. paniculata and warrant its potential in drug development programs in further investigations.

Benzimidazolium Salts Bearing 2-methyl-1,4-benzodioxane Group: Synthesis, Characterization, Computational Studies, In vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity

This study contains the synthesis of the 1-(2-methyl-1,4-benzodioxane)benzimidazole and 2-methyl-1,4-benzodioxane substituted benzimidazolium salts. The benzimidazolium salts were synthesized from the reaction of the 1-(2-methyl-1,4-benzodioxane)benzimidazole and various aryl chlorides. All compounds were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. The antioxidant properties of benzimidazolium salts were examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability assays. The compounds showed a moderate inhibitory effect on DPPH radical (The percent inhibition = 29.53-39.75). Also, the compounds exhibited significant H2O2 radical scavenging activity. Antimicrobial activities of the compounds were examined against nine bacterial strains and Candida albicans. All compounds displayed marked antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, and C. albicans. From the computational perspective, benzimidazolium salts were also optimized at B3LYP / DMol3// DFT level using the Discovery Studio 2020 program. HOMO–LUMO analysis and molecular electrostatic potential surface (MESP) were exerted to examine the effects of benzimidazolium salts' electronic and structural properties.

Phytosociology and antioxidant profile study for selecting potent herbs for phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated soils.

Crude oil exploration activities affect the surrounding vegetation. The present investigation deals with the study of phytosociology and biochemical profiles of the herbaceous community in the active and abandoned oil drilling sites of crude oil-explored area. For comparison, a similar investigation was also carried out in control sites where oil exploration activities were not evident. At first, a phytosociological investigation was carried out and based on the results obtained antioxidant enzyme profiles of dominant herbs were studied tounderstand their defense mechanism to crude oil-associated stress. A total of 69 plant species belonging to 20 families were recorded in the studied sites and the family Cyperaceae was the most dominant in the crude oil-contaminated sites. The results revealed that the plants growing near the oil-explored-contaminated sites exhibit a higher level of DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activities as compared to control plant samples. For DPPH assay, the lowest IC50 value was exhibited by Cyperus rotundus which was recorded to be 31.49 and 55.31 respectively for the samples of contaminated and control sites. Again, in the case of H2O2 scavenging activity assay, Parthenium hysterophorus showed the lowest IC50 values of 27.48 and 63.07 for the samples of contaminated and control sites respectively. As a whole, the findings confirm the superior defense mechanism of some dominant herbs of the contaminated sites that include Torenia flava, Croton bonplandianus, Eclipta alba, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus brevifolius, and Parthenium hysterophorus and their suitability for use in phytomanagement practices.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content in Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves and Flowers of Some Asteraceae Species.

Medicinal plants contain large amount of natural antioxidant compounds, which enable them to neutralize free radicals. Asteraceae family is an important source of phytochemical compounds. The objective of this research is to find out the antioxidant potential and radical scavenging from the leaf and flowers of five species (Artemisia absinthium L., Arctium lappa L., Silybum marianum L., Centaurea cyanus L. and Echinops ritro L.) of the Asteraceae family. This research includes recent patents (US20110179530A1) in plant biotechnology. The plant extract obtained by absolute extraction method was investigated for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), and Chain Breaking Activity (CBA). THIOBARBIOTURIC ACID (TBA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), IC50, nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O-) radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) were also measured. The results showed the highest values for the TPC, TBA, FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging related to A. absinthium. While, A. lappa extract showed the maximum content for TFC, TAC, CBA and O2 radical scavenging. In addition, our results indicated that E. ritro is a good source of NO2 and H2O2 radical scavenging activity (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that the flower is more successful than the leaf. Artemisia absinthium, A. lappa and E. ritro can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as a possible food supplement or in pharmaceutical industry.

Nano-Cuo–Au-catalyzed solvent-free synthesis of α-aminophosphonates and evaluation of their antioxidant and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activities

ABSTRACTA new green and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of α-aminophosphonates through one-pot three-component Kabachnik–Fields reaction. It involves the reaction of a 2-aminophenol with different substituted aromatic aldehydes and dimethyl phosphite in the presence of nanocopper oxide–gold (CuO–Au) catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 60 °C. Nano-CuO–Au catalyst was found to have many advantages like high activity, simple workup, and good (87%) to very high yields (96%). The products were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectra and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. The compound 4b showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and H2O2 radical scavenging activity and compound 4e showed higher NO radical scavenging activity than the standard ascorbic acid. The compound 4j has much higher α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity than the standard acarbose.

Evaluation of H2O2 radical scavenging activity, phenolic and flavonoid content of the formulated beverage made from T. erecta L.

Tagetes erecta, the Mexican marigold, also called Aztec marigold, is a species of the genus Tagetes native to Mexico. Despite its being native to the Americas, it is often called African marigold. It is well known for its antimicrobial, antiseptic, wound and ulcer healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral properties, and it has a long history of being used as an herbal remedy. T. erecta produces a variety of substances that possess pharmacological effects and antioxidant activity. The present study aims to analyze the antioxidant property of a beverage made of dried T. erecta L. flowers petals, cultivated in West Bengal, India. Radical scavenging potential was determined using H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) scavenging assay, which showed that with increase in concentration of the sample, the % of inhibition also increased. The total flavonoid content of the residue left after filtering the beverage, made from dried and processed Tagetes flower was found to be 530.32 mg/g dry weight, using a standard curve of quercetin. Furthermore, the total phenolic content of the same was estimated, taking a standard curve of Gallic acid, and was calculated to be 78.31mg GAE/ g of dry sample. This study suggests that the flowers of Tagetes erecta L. are the possible sources of natural radical scavengers. Thus, black tea leaves could be used as natural antioxidants in the beverage, food and pharmaceutical industries that need further wide range in vivo studies.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Nigella sativa and Allium cepa Oil

Many oxidative stress related diseases are as a consequence of accumulation of free radicals in the body. The various researches are going on globally directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. We planned to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa and Allium cepa oil. The yield of oil of Nigella sativa and Allium cepa were 21.5% and 27.3%, respectively. Phytochemical screening was performed by using standard methods. The in vitro antioxidant study was done for Nigella sativa and Allium cepa oil by using hydrogen-donating activity, superoxide scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and reducing power assay. The result of phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, steroids and fats in Nigella sativa and Allium cepa oil. The findings of DPPH, superoxide, reducing power and H2O2 radical scavenging activity exhibited that the oil of Nigella sativa and Allium cepa showed moderately to strongly free radical scavenging activity. Hence Nigella sativa and Allium cepa oil can play a major role in alleviating the number of oxidative stress by reducing the oxidative damage to cellular component caused by Reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Antibacterial, and antioxidant potentials of non-cytotoxic extract of Trichoderma atroviride

Trichoderma species are a rich source of metabolites, but less known for biomedical potential. This work deals with antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of intracellular non-cytotoxic metabolites, extracted from Trichoderma atroviride (KNUP001). A total of 53 fractions was collected by column chromatography and tested for cytotoxicity by MTT assay. Only one fraction (F41) was found to be non-toxic to Vero cells with 95.4 ± 0.61% of survival. The F41 was then subjected to chemical analysis, antibacterial and antioxidant assays. The F41 at 500 μg ml−1 showed the total antioxidant of 48.70 ± 2.90%, DPPH radical scavenging activity of 37.25 ± 2.25, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity of 54.55 ± 1.95 and H2O2 radical scavenging activity of 43.75 ± 3.21. The F41 at 25 μg ml−1 displayed antibacterial activity against E. coli (14.25 ± 0.25 mm), Proteus mirabilis (10.40 ± 0.60 mm), and Enterobacter aerogenes (5.60 ± 0.40 mm). GC-MS analysis revealed the dominant presence of oleic acid C 18.1 (63.18%), n-hexadecanoic acid (6.17%), and ethyl oleate (4.93%) in the F41, and hence these fatty acids are likely responsible for the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of F41. Hence, further investigation deserves on purification and characterization of the active metabolites from T. atroviride strain KNUP001 towards developing molecular leads to effective antibacterial drugs, and non-toxic to host cells.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fresh garlic and aged garlic by-products extracted with different solvents.

This study aims to investigate antioxidative and antibacterial properties of fresh garlic (non-aged, NG) and aged garlic (AG) by-products extracted with distilled water, ethanol, or chloroform. To determine their antioxidative and antibacterial capacities, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and H2O2 radical scavenging activity, Fe2+ chelating activity, total ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and disc diffusion tests were performed. Total phenol and flavonoid contents from distilled water extract of AG were significantly higher than those of NG. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and H2O2 scavenging activities of distilled water extract of AG were higher than those of NG. However, Fe2+ chelating activities of ethanol and chloroform extracts were higher than those of distilled water extracts for both NG and AG. Antibacterial effects of AG were higher than those of NG. In conclusion, aged garlic showed more potent antioxidant and antibacterial effects than fresh garlic.

Influence of sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) supplementation on physical, functional, and anti-oxidant properties of semi-sweet biscuits

Seaweeds present a promising option for inclusion in the human diet through supplementation in various food systems. Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa), a common tropical green seaweed, has immense nutritional potential. An attempt was made to utilize the health benefits of sea grapes in human diet via biscuit as carrying medium. The effect of C. racemosa incorporation on nutritional, physical, anti-oxidative and sensorial characteristics of biscuits was assessed. Functional properties of seaweed-flour mix along with the electrophoretic pattern of dough were evaluated. Caulerpa racemosa addition increased water and oil absorption capacity of flour mix. Likewise, increase was noticed in solvent retention capacities (sodium carbonate, lactic acid, and sucrose) of flour mix. Inclusion of C. racemosa in biscuit enhanced the nutritive potential. Protein and fiber content of biscuits increased with rising level of C. racemosa incorporation. With increase in the concentration of seaweed in biscuits, the phenolic content and anti-oxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power) increased. The sensory rating of biscuits varied from “neither like nor dislike” to “like slightly” on 9-point Hedonic scale. The study demonstrated the positive nutritional effect of C. racemosa inclusion in biscuits. Further, the health benefits of different seaweeds can be explored via incorporation in various other food systems. This could give rise to new and significant segment of health foods—“composite seaweed food products.”