H2O2 Assay Research Articles

Plantago boissieri : Phytochemical Assessment, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatoryand Wound Healing Potential.

Plantago is a large genus under family Plantaginaceae. Plantago species were noted for potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. The current research investigated the potential bioactivities as the metabolic content of Plantagoboisserei extract. Results highlighted the rich content of phenolics (450.93 ± 7.4 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (144.2 ± 3.6 mg RE/g extract). HPLC analysis enabled the detection of 17 phenolic constituents among which ellagic acid was found in highest concentration followed by rutin. P. boisserei exhibited a potent antioxidant activity evidenced by the IC50 values in ABTS and H2O2 assays (10.95 and 10.87 µg/mL, respectively) as well as in TAC assay (67.94 mg AAE/g). The anti-microbial activities revealed a moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. In vitro anti-inflammatory potential indicated a characteristic inhibition against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes with IC50 62.8 and 14.23 µg/mL, respectively, compared to ibuprofen (IC50 8.07 and 6.58, respectively). Additionally, P. boisserei extract achieved a potent wound healing activity using in vivo rat model, this might be attributed to its high content of flavonoids together with other polyphenolic compounds that have a great free radical scavenging potential. P. boisserei is a promising candidate for more extensive phytochemical and biological exploration.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Improves Blood Pressure via Endothelial Pathway: In Silico, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evidence.

Systemic hypertension, a common metabolic disorder, poses significant health risks despite the availability of antihypertensive drugs. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis has garnered increasing attention for its perceived efficacy and safety, though its mechanisms of action and the bioactive compounds responsible for its antihypertensive effects remain elusive. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the antihypertensive activity of N. arbor-tristis leaves in rats and explore associated mechanism through in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies. The methanolic extract of N. arbor-tristis leaves (MENAT) was fractionated and subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, including total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (Aluminum chloride method), and total alkaloid content (spectrometric method). Antioxidant studies were conducted using DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 assays. The most promising fraction (WNAT) was analyzed using LC-MS, and the identified compounds were used for molecular docking studies against cGMP and eNOS. Further, aortic ring assays were conducted to assess ex vivo vasorelaxant activity (rat aortic strip assay) and the underlying mechanisms of WNAT. Later, in vivo studies using a DOCA-salt-induced hypertension model in Wistar rats, along with molecular analyses (RT-PCR), were performed to validate the antihypertensive claims of N. arbor-tristis. In vitro studies demonstrated that the water extract of N. arbor-tristis leaves (WNAT) exhibited strong antioxidant activity and contained key phytochemicals. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 major compounds, including betulinic acid and arbortristosides. Molecular docking studies indicated that arborside C exhibited a strong affinity for both eNOS and cGMP. Ex vivo studies involving rat aortic strips showed that WNAT induced vasodilatory activity, which is associated with parasympathetic and nitric oxide-related pathways. In vivo experiments further supported WNAT's antihypertensive properties through improvements via amelioration of rat blood pressure and histological features, biochemical markers, morphometric parameters, and gene expression in hypertensive rats. In conclusion, WNAT effectively lowers blood pressure through modulation of the endothelial pathway and warrants further studies to attain its clinical utility in hypertensive subjects.

Decoding Variation among the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Some Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Landraces Grown in Maharashtra, India

Background: The profiles of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of ten finger millet landraces harvested from the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra were investigated. Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of ten landraces were assessed using H2O2, FRAP and Phosphomolybdenum assays. Result: Results of the H2O2 scavenging assay exhibit variation in their inhibition activity (59 -90.12 %). The highest H2O2 scavenging activity was shown by T1, followed by T2, T3, T5, T8, T10 and T29 (90.12, 82, 79.8, 82.9, 79 and 85.78 respectively) when compared the control sample T had significantly lower activity (55.87%). While the reducing power was in the range of 1.02-1.76 mM of Fe (II)/gm and the reducing capacity was in the range of 73.86-158.71 equivalents of ascorbic acid in µg/gm of extract. The highest reducing power was shown by T2, T15 and T8 as 1.98, 1.94 and 1.89 mM of Fe (II)/gm respectively; while lower values were recorded in T19 (0.89 mM of Fe (II)/gm) and T1 (1.02 mM of Fe (II)/gm). The total antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was calculated as ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram. Based on the results, T2, T5, T8 and T10 had a high reducing potential (158.71, 143.2, 149.5 and 152.65 AAE of a sample, respectively) with reducing capacities ranging from 73.86 to 158.71 AAE. A total of seventeen phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts including seven ûavonoids, with catechin, Iso –orientin and Iso-vitexin being the predominant flavonoids. Ten phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts, with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, genistic acid and gaillic acid being the predominant ones. In conclusion, based on the antiradical activities, the landraces T2, T5, T8, T10 and T29 could be potential cultivars and certainly effective sources of natural antioxidants for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Cancerous Properties of Pyrus pashia (Buch. -Ham.Ex D.Don) Against KB-3-1 Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro

Background: Oral cancer is the fastest-growing cancer in men. Many medicinal approaches are tried step-wise for cancers. Homeopathy and Ayurveda are contributing much to cure cancers without side effects. Plants having antioxidant properties are now being utilized with different solvents to extract different chemical compounds to cure cancer. Objective: The current study aimed to examine the anti-cancer and antioxidant properties of acetone extract of Pyrus pashia (PP-AE) fruit against KB-3-1 cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The extract's total phenolic content was determined using a folin-ciocalteu reagent. The DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 assay were used to measure the free radical scavenging activity of the PP-AE. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic efficacy of the PP-AE against KB-3-1 cancer cell lines at various concentrations. Results: Based on the observations, the total phenolic content was present in the PP-AE of fruit and all free radical scavenging assays have shown remarkable IC50 values. Conclusion: According to the current study, acetone extract of Pyrus pashia fruit significantly possesses antioxidant and anti-cancer properties against oral (KB-3-1) cancer cell lines. This effect may be used in the future to analyze particular chemical compounds in extract, capable of minimizing the growth of oral cancer cells.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using an Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: Characterization and multifunctional biological activities

This research delves into the environmentally friendly production of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Andrographis paniculata leaf extract (Ap-CuNPs) and their thorough assessment for possible biological purposes. CuNPs were synthesised through a microwave-assisted method using Andrographis paniculata leaf extract. Characterization techniques included ultraviolet spectroscopy (UVVis), FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, XRD, particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurement. Biological activities were assessed through antioxidant (DPPH and H2O2 assays), anti-inflammatory (BSA and egg albumin denaturation assays), antimicrobial, cytotoxic (brine shrimp lethality and MTT assays), and wound healing (scratch assay) tests. Characterization confirmed the formation of Ap-CuNPs with a plasmon resonance peak at 550 nm, the presence of phytochemical capping agents, and high crystallinity. The average particle size was 69.1 nm, with a zeta potential of −12.1 mV. Ap-CuNPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with 88.62 % inhibition in the DPPH assay, in the H2O2 assay, which assesses the capacity to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, the Ap-CuNPs achieved 86.3 % inhibition at the same concentration. and anti-inflammatory activity, with 80 % inhibition in the BSA assay. Antimicrobial tests revealed strong activity against gram-negative bacteria in the 22 mm inhibition zone for Pseudomonas sp., for S. aureus, the inhibition zones were 9 mm. Cytotoxicity assessments revealed minimal effects at low concentrations, with 200 μg/ml identified as the optimal dose for wound healing. In vitro wound scratch assays demonstrated enhanced fibroblast migration and wound closure at this concentration.

Anti-Alzheimer's Potency of Rich Phenylethanoid Glycosides Extract from Marrubium vulgare L.: In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Marrubium vulgare L. (M. vulgare), the white horehound, is well known for treating inflammation-related diseases. In this context, we investigated the efficacy of M. vulgare ingredients in treating Alzheimer's disease using various in vitro and in silico antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase mechanisms. In our results, sixty-one components were tentatively identified using gas and liquid chromatography (GC-MS and LC-MSn) and categorized as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and polyphenolics. The extract inhibited linoleic oxidation with an IC50 value of 114.72 µg/mL, captured iron (Fe2+) ions with an IC50 value of 164.19 µg/mL, and displayed reducing power. In addition, the extract showed radical-scavenging ability towards DPPH•, NO•, ABTS•+, and H2O2 assays compared to L-ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. The DPPH• was scavenged by 77.62% at 100 µg/mL, and NO•, ABTS•+, and H2O2 were scavenged with IC50 values of 531.66, 117.51, and 143.10 µg/mL, respectively. M. vulgare also exhibited discriminating anti-inflammatory potency against cyclooxygenase (COX-2) with IC50 values of 619.15 µg/mL compared to celecoxib (p > 0.05). Notably, three Alzheimer's biomarkers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase were significantly inhibited. The molecular docking study supposed that the phenylethanoid glycosides of samioside and forsythoside B inhibited AChE and tyrosinase enzymes with low binding affinities of -9.969 and -8.804 kcal/mol, respectively. Marruboside was a proper inhibitor of COX and BChE enzymes with a binding score of -10.218 and -10.306 kcal/mol, respectively. M. vulgare extract showed significant inhibitory actions, which suggest that it could have a promising potential as an anti-Alzheimer agent.

Phytochemical Investigations and In-vitro Antioxidant Analysis of Passiflora incarnata L.

The present study aims to investigate the presence of the phytochemical and in-vitro antioxidant study of hydroalcoholic (HA) and ethyl acetate (EA) preparations of Passiflora incarnata L. leaves. The hydroalcoholic (HA) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts showed strong antioxidant activity when examined in a laboratory setting using DPPH, H2O2, NO, reducing power, total phenol, and TOC assays. Also compounds like saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics were all identified through phytochemical testing. In addition to expanding our understanding of the pharmacological characteristics of P. incarnata L., the results of this study have the potential to change the way medicinal botanicals are viewed forever. Nature’s treasure trove, concealed within the leaves of P. incarnata L., offers a pharmacological narrative that transcends traditional boundaries, suggesting new dimensions for antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies for the development of novel botanical interventions in preventive healthcare and disease management.

Unlocking the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharide fractions from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage

Inflammation coupled with oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenicity of various clinical disorders. Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damages. The study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage. The water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from mucilage and fractionated using gel permeation chromatography. The radical scavenging potential of various fractions was determined using DPPH, H2O2, and lipid peroxidation assays. The most effective EC50 was recorded for F53 (57.41 ± 1.34 μg/mL), followed by F20 (69.19 ± 0.61 μg/mL) and F52 (75.06 ± 0.45 μg/mL). In vitro anti-inflammatory effect was determined through human membrane stabilization assay while the in vivo effect was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema in mouse model where F53 demonstrated significant (P = 0.05) anti-inflammatory potential (92.60 % compared to diclofenac sodium 91.46 %). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid as main acidic monosaccharides along with varying quantities of rhamnose, arabinose, and maltose as prominent neutral monosaccharides. The study concludes that cress seed mucilage contains potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polysaccharides. Further studies on the mode of action of these polysaccharides could provide deeper insights into their potential use as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

Phytochemical characterization, biochemical profiling and evaluation of anticancer potential of methanolic extract of Withania somnifera stem.

Phytotherapy employs phytoconstituents/phytomedicines derived from plants for treating and preventing illnesses. Withania somnifera is known in the Indian Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia for its medicinal applications and pharmacological properties. In this study, we examined the biological activity spectrum of Withania somnifera methanolic extract of stem (WSME), which is valued as a "Rasayana" due to its extensive range of medicinal uses. WSME was subjected to TPC and TFC quantification and bioactive components were characterized using LC-MS. Its antioxidant potential was gauged by DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging assays, while antibacterial efficacy was assessed against S.aureus and E.coli using disc diffusion assay. In vitro anticancer activity was evaluated against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells while toxicity was evaluated against normal Vero cells using MTT assay. WSME, rich in Withaferin A, showed TPC of 4.73±0.15 mg GAE/g and TFC of 94.94±6.15 mg QE/g dry weight of extract. It exhibited significant antioxidant activity (43.28 and 66.8 % inhibition at 1,000 μg/mL using DPPH and H2O2 assays, respectively) and mild antibacterial effects against S.aureus (300-500 mg/mL). WSME induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells and significantly inhibited their growth (IC50: 66 μg/mL, P value<0.05) without affecting normal Vero cells in the studied range of 25-400 μg/mL (IC50: 6.09 mg/mL, P value>0.05). The present study lends support to further testing of WSME against other cancer cell lines and animal models of cancer. These preclinical studies would provide further validation to its prospective use as an adjunct in human breast cancer therapy.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Extracts from Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi: Characterization and Bioactivities.

In this work, the hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts from Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi were utilized to green-synthesize silver nanoparticles (Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs). The Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs were characterized by spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was studied against bacteria strains, utilizing the microdilution assay. The DPPH and H2O2 assays were considered to assess the antioxidant activity of AgNPs. The results revealed that Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs exhibit an average diameter of 39.9, 111, and 42 nm, respectively. The calculated ζ-potential of Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs were -20.5, -10.6, and -7.9 mV, respectively. The UV-vis analysis of the three samples demonstrated characteristic absorption bands within the range of 350-450 nm, which confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The FTIR analysis of AgNPs exhibited a series of bands from 3500 to 750 cm-1, related to the presence of extracts on their surfaces. SEM observations unveiled that Kf1- and Kf2-AgNPs adopted structural arrangements related to nano-popcorns and nanoflowers, whereas Kf3-AgNPs were spherical in shape. It was determined that treatment with Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs was demonstrated to inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa in a dose-dependent manner (50-300 μg/mL). Within the same range, treatment with Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs decreased the generation of DPPH (IC50 57.02-2.09 μg/mL) and H2O2 (IC50 3.15-3.45 μg/mL) radicals. This study highlights the importance of using inorganic nanomaterials to improve the biological performance of plant extracts as an efficient nanotechnological approach.

Biogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and evaluation of their antimicrobial, antioxidant and photocatalytic efficacy

Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles has been established as an environmentally benign and sustainable approach. This study emphasizes biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) utilizing leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tritis L., well known for its abundant bioactive compounds. Various analytical techniques were employed for characterization of synthesized SeNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy confirmed the crystalline structure and revealed the average crystalline size of SeNPs to be 44.57 nm. Additionally, UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed successful synthesis of SeNPs by validating the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of SeNPs. FTIR analysis data revealed different bonds and their corresponding functional groups responsible for the synthesis and stability of synthesized SeNPs. DLS and zeta analysis revealed that 116.5 nm sized SeNPs were stable in nature. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) validated the spherical morphology of SeNPs with a size range of 60–80 nm. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) determined the concentration of SeNPs in the obtained colloidal solution. Antioxidant activity of synthesized SeNPs was evaluated employing DPPH and H2O2 assay, revealed that the synthesized SeNPs were effective antioxidant agent. Additionally, antimicrobial potential was evaluated against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and found to be effective at higher concentration of SeNPs. SeNPs also exhibited strong anti-biofilm activity while evaluated against various biofilm producing bacteria like Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumonia. The cytotoxicity of the bio-synthesized SeNPs was evaluated against HEK 293 cell line, exhibited minimal toxicity even at concentration 100 μg/mL with 65% viable cells. SeNPs has also been evaluated for dye degradation which has indicated excellent photocatalytic activity of synthesized SeNPs. The experimental data obtained altogether demonstrated that synthesized SeNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against various pathogens, and also showed significant antioxidant and photocatalytic efficiency.

DFT, GC-MS analysis and biological evaluation of Limbarda crithmoides L. Dumort essential oil; an important edible halophyte grown in Pakistan

Antimicrobial resistance is a major health burden in Pakistan, and therefore new herbal medicine-based therapeutic regimens are being largely investigated. Limbarda crithmoides essential oil was extracted by using hydrodistillation method. Chemical profiling of essential was evaluated by using FTIR and GC-MS analysis. A total of 20 components were identified including, p-xylene, o-xylene, β-linalool, acetophenole and 3-isopropylphenyl methylcarbamate. The HOMO and LUMO analysis in DFT investigations presented that 3-isopropylphenyl methylcarbamate, p-xylene and o-xylene posess a substantial capacity to transfer charge through molecules. The antimicrobial potential of essential oil showed moderate inhibition against E. coli (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL), whereras a significant inhibition Staphylococos aureus was recorded (MIC = 3.12 mg/mL). Further, significant antioxidant activities were recorded in DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 80.5 µg/mL), H2O2 (64 ± 1.2%) and FRAP (60.3 µg ferrous equivalents) assays. It was therefore concluded that Limbarda crithmoides essential oil has potential antioxidant and anti-antimicrobial properties and can be used for further investigations.

A comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and bioactivity of two wild medicinal herbs of the Amaranthaceae family

Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera paronychioides are 2 common herbaceous plants in the North Eastern region of India. The 2 species are known traditionally for edibility and medicinal use. The objectives are to qualitatively screen phytochemicals and test for antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity between the 2 species– Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera paronychioides. The samples for analysis were collected from aerial leaves and air-dried for phytochemical screening and biological activity tests. Antioxidant assays used are DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-1picrylhydrazyl), H2O2, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. For antimicrobial tests, 2 different strains of microbes were used to test the bioactivity of the plants. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of several antioxidant potential groups of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, etc. Phytochemical constituents of Alternanthera sessilis showed more antioxidant potential than Alternanthera paronychioides in DPPH and H2O2 assays but Alternanthera paronychioides showed more potential than Alternanthera sessilis in FRAP assay. The phytochemicals also showed positive tests for antimicrobial activity against 2 bacterial strains, i.e., Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737). This study reveals the presence of phytonutrients which suggest the antioxidant and antibacterial activities exhibited by the 2 species of the family. Further exploration of phytochemicals in different aspects could lead to better-performing drugs for various ailments.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Cancerous properties of Phanera Vahli against PC-3- In Vitro

Background: Prostate cancer is the fastest-growing cancer in men, leading to mortality. Many medicinal practices are recommended for various cancers. Ayurveda and homeopathy are also contributing a lot. Plants with antioxidant properties are now being harvested by different solvents to withdraw different chemical compounds to cure prostate cancer. Objective: The purpose of the current study was to examine the anti-cancer and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of Phanera vahli (PV) flowers against PC-3 cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The total phenolic content of the extract was determined by using a folin-ciocalteu reagent. The DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 assay were used to measure the free radical scavenging activity of the PV flower extract. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic efficacy of the aqueous extract of the plant flowers against PC-3 at various concentrations. Results: Based on the result, the total phenolic content was present in the aqueous extract of PV flowers. Conclusion: According to the current study, PV flower extract significantly possesses antioxidant and anti-cancer properties against prostate cancer cell lines. This effect may be used in the future to the extract's ability for scavenging free radicals.

Bioactive Compound Extraction of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Leaves through Response Surface Methodology Optimization

Hemp, commonly known as Cannabis sativa L., is a medicinal plant species of the Cannabaceae family. For the efficient extraction of C. sativa leaves using the conventional stirring process with water as the solvent, three crucial extraction parameters (i.e., extraction duration, liquid–solid ratio, and temperature) were investigated through the response surface methodology (RSM). The concentrations of the extracted bioactive compounds (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids) showed significant variations in the RSM design points, suggesting the importance of finding the optimal extraction conditions in which liquid–solid ratio and extraction temperature were found to have the highest impact. Further analysis was conducted on the optimal extract employing several assays to determine their polyphenol content, total carotenoid content, color evaluation, anti-inflammatory activity, and antioxidant capacity through FRAP, DPPH, and H2O2 assays. A low extraction time (30 min) at 50 °C and a high liquid–solid ratio (50:1) were required for the highest possible yield of polyphenols. The total polyphenol content was determined to be 9.76 mg gallic acid equivalents/g under optimum conditions, with pelargonin being the most abundant polyphenol (1.51 mg/g) in C. sativa extracts. Ascorbic acid was measured at 282.23 μg/g and total carotenoids at 356.98 μg/g. Correlation analyses revealed that anti-inflammatory activity was negatively correlated with specific polyphenols. As determined by DPPH (27.43 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g), FRAP (49.79 μmol AAE/g), and H2O2 (230.95 μmol AAE/g) assays, the optimized aqueous extract showed a high antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, it demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory activity at 17.89%, with the potential to increase to 75.12% under particular extraction conditions. Given the high added-value of the aqueous extracts, the results of this study highlight the potential utility of C. sativa leaves as a source of health-improving antioxidant compounds in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

The mechanism of resveratrol stabilization and degradation by synergistic interactions between constituent proteins of whey protein

Whey protein isolate (WPI) is mainly composed of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The aim of this study was to compare and analyze the influence of WPI and its three main constituent proteins, as well as proportionally reconstituted WPI (R-WPI) on resveratrol. It was found that the storage stability of resveratrol was protected by WPI, not affected by R-WPI, but reduced by individual whey proteins at 45°C for 30 days. The rank of accelerated degradation of resveratrol by individual whey proteins was BSA > α-LA > β-LG. The antioxidant activity, localization of resveratrol and oxidation of carrier proteins were determined by ABTS, H2O2 assay, synchronous fluorescence, carbonyl and circular dichroism. The non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds between constituent proteins improved the antioxidant activity of the R-WPI-resveratrol complex, the oxidation stability of the carrier and the solvent shielding effect on resveratrol, which synergistically inhibited the degradation of resveratrol in R-WPI system. The results gave insight into elucidating the interaction mechanism of resveratrol with protein carriers.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Compounds from the Root Extract of Aloe debrana.

This study was conducted to isolate and identify the chemical compounds from the roots of Aloe debrana (L.) and evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. From the acetone (99.5%) extract of the roots of this plant, four anthraquinones, such as chrysophanol (1), asphodeline (2), aloesaponarin I (5), and laccaic acid D-methyl ester (6), and a new catechol derivative, 5-allyl-3-methoxybenzene-1,2-diol (3), were isolated and elucidated by different chromatographic and spectroscopic methods together with linoleic acid (4), respectively. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 were reported here for the first time from this plant and compound 3 from the genus Aloe. The compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using H2O2 and DPPH assays and bactericidal activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Compounds 3 and 6 showed highest antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 19.38 ± 0.64 and 32.81 ± 0.78 μg/mL in DPPH, and 28.52 ± 1.08 and 27.31 ± 1.46 μg/mL in H2O2, respectively. The isolated compounds also demonstrated considerable activity towards S. aureus. Among these compounds, compound 3 exhibited the highest activity (91.20 ± 0.12% and 9.14 ± 0.93 mm at 1.0 mg/mL) against this bacterium. The overall results suggest that the isolated compounds may be considered as potential sources of the bioactive agents to be used in the pharmacological, food, and other industries. Moreover, their high sensitivity against S. aureus may also support the use of A. debrana plant in the traditional medicine to treat wounds. Therefore, the isolated compounds are responsible for medicinal properties of this plant.

Assessment of In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Natural Plant

Objectives The objective of this research was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory properties of the Cucurbita pepo fruit. Given the adverse effects associated with long-term use or excessive doses of conventional anti-inflammatory medications, exploring herbal therapies as alternatives has become increasingly important. Methods Various preliminary tests and antioxidant assays, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, were conducted on the C . pepo fruit. Bioactive substances present in the fruit, including alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, amino acids, triterpenoids, and saponin glycosides, were identified through early analysis. Different extraction solvents, such as chloroform, methanol, and water, were utilized to extract samples. The methanolic extract was subjected to further testing for its in vitro anti-inflammatory characteristics. This involved evaluating their ability to stabilize RBC membranes, inhibit protein denaturation, and suppress proteinase activity using two concentrations (150 µg/ml and 300 µg/ml) of the extract. Results The methanolic extract of the C. pepo fruit exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity in both DPPH and H2O2 assays. Moreover, it demonstrated the dose-dependent stabilization of RBC membranes, resulting in reduced hemolysis, protein denaturation, and proteinase activity. These findings suggest potent anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract. Conclusion This research study has found that the C. pepo fruit methanolic extract significantly reduced inflammation. This demonstrates the promise of natural chemicals as less risky substitutes for traditional anti-inflammatory medications. Potentially safe and efficient treatments for inflammatory illnesses could be found in herbal remedies such as the C. pepo fruit. Therefore, this study highlights the significance of exploring herbal remedies as a potential treatment option for inflammation-related diseases.

Changes in Cerebral Mitochondrial Function in Postpartum Dams Exposed to a Low-resource Environment during Weaning

Background. Postpartum depression is a serious mental-health condition, affecting over 14% of all mothers in the U.S. Poverty, a lack of educational and economic resources, is a major determinant of adult mental health. Within the U.S., poverty impacts 11% of adults, with a greater incidence in women of childbearing age (roughly 16%) and postpartum women (roughly 14%). While pregnancy and poverty separately increase risks of developing depression, few studies have combined these conditions to determine their role in the development of depression. Further, no studies have explored mechanisms contributing to depression following pregnancy and poverty. However, cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction (C-mtDys) may be one mechanism. The aim of this study is to examine C-mtDys in postpartum (PP) dams exposed to the limited-bedding-nesting (LBN) model in rats, which reduces their nesting material to simulate a low-resource environment. We hypothesize that PP dams exposed to the LBN model will exhibit C-mtDys and elevated oxidative stress. Methods. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats gave birth naturally and were divided randomly into LBN (n =2) or control (n = 2) groups. LBN dams were exposed to the LBN model from PD 2 through PD 9. To validate the success of the LBN model, entropy scores, which are a measure of behavior unpredictability, were recorded for each dam. At 17 weeks PP, equivalent to 8 years PP in humans, brains were collected and used to isolate mitochondria through differential centrifugation. Mitochondrial respiratory states were evaluated via respiration (mtRes) to determine function. Oxidative stress in the whole brain was examined through H2O2 and total antioxidant capacity colorimetric biochemical assays. Results. LBN PP dams displayed higher entropy scores (1.10 ± 0.04 v. 0.79 ± 0.04, p &lt; 0.05), as expected based on prior literature, serving as validation of the model. At 17 weeks, PP LBN dams had reduced mtRes in all states, including the basal state (176.09 ± 5.90 v. 360.70 ± 7.73 pmol/s/mg, ns), State 2 (1044.72 ± 14.00 v. 1703.00 ± 18.10 pmol/s/mg, ns), State 3 (3843.27 ± 31.86 v. 6705.72 ± 37.54 pmol/s/mg, ns) and State 4 (776.83 ± 13.65 v. 1533.54 ± 16.46 pmol/s/mg, ns). PP LBN dams demonstrated reduced total antioxidant capacity by roughly 20% (54.10 ± 1.24 v. 63.04 ± 0.99 mM Trolox, ns) and elevated H2O2 by roughly 50% (2.12 ± 0.52 v. 1.35 ± 0.28 nM/mg, ns). Summary. In summary, preliminary data shows C-mtDys via reduced mtRes in PP dams exposed to an impoverished environment during weaning. Furthermore, this study suggests that decreased mtRes could contribute to increased oxidative stress in the brain. Elevated oxidative stress may cause damage at the cellular and circuitry levels in the brain that could facilitate the development of depression later in life. Future studies will further examine C-mtDys, oxidative stress, and depressive behaviors in PP dams exposed to LBN. This study is significant because it identifies C-mtDys as a possible mechanism causing depression after exposure to both pregnancy and poverty. This project was funded by the American Heart Association Early Career Development Award [AHA 18CDA34110264 (Cunningham)]. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Systematic Evaluation of Aegle marmelos-Derived Compounds: Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Aegle marmelos active compoundsthrough a multifaceted approach. The investigation encompasses molecular docking studies, computational pharmacokinetic predictions, and in vitro assessments, with a focus on understanding their physiochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and molecular interactions. Materials and methods This study was conducted in the Research Departmentof Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Tamilnadu, India. The study employed Soxhlet and methanol extraction techniques to obtain Aegle marmelos extracts, which were then subjected to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the H2O2 assay, while anti-inflammatory potential was determined via the egg albumin denaturation assay. Molecular docking studies were conducted with human heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and human zanthine oxidoreductase (XO) proteins to elucidate potential therapeutic interactions. Furthermore, computational tools like SwissADME, pkCSM, and ADMETlab 2.0 were utilized to predict physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, providing insights into the compoundabsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles. This integrated approach aimed to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos-derived compounds against inflammation and oxidative stress-related disorders, paving the way for future drug development endeavors. Results In the antioxidant assay, Aegle marmelos methanolic tuber extracts showed exceptional absorption of 87.4%, surpassing the reference standard. In the anti-inflammatory assay, the extracts displayed an absorption of approximately 79%, indicating significant anti-inflammatory potential. Auraptene, imperatorin, luvangetin, and psoralen exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and adherence to the Lipinski rule of 5, suggesting promising drug development potential. In molecular docking, imperatorin demonstrated the highest binding affinity to HHO-1 and XO. Conclusion The study on Aegle marmelos highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Phytochemical constituents, such as auraptene, imperatorin, luvangetin, and psoralen, show promising pharmacokinetic profiles, suggesting their suitability for drug development. Molecular docking analysis reveals imperatorin as the most effective binder to key enzymes, emphasizing its therapeutic potential against inflammation and oxidative stress-related disorders.