Gymnastics Injuries Research Articles

SPORTS INJURIES IN YOUNG GYMNASTS FOLLOWING THE COVID-19 ONSET: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS

COVID-19 lockdowns had a negative impact on training practices and other fitness- and coaching-related aspects across many sports disciplines. This study analyzed the relationship between different training routines and performance, as well as the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries (MI) in young gymnasts following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 67 artistic gymnasts (AG) from Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, aged 8 to 17 years. Participants were divided into two groups: G1, which included gymnasts in remote training, and G2, comprising gymnasts in face-to-face training. Subjects were assessed for anthropometric variables, flexibility, muscle power, and sensorimotor stability, and completed a questionnaire to record MI cases. A total of 34 MI cases were reported by 23 participants (34.3%), with the majority affecting the lower limbs. Eight individuals reported at least two retrospective MI cases. Additionally, G2 demonstrated higher muscle power, greater flexibility, and improved sensorimotor stability. Face-to-face training conditions were associated with at least a tenfold increase in the likelihood of MI. Weekly training time (exposure) was linked to a ~9% increase in lower limb MI, while factors such as age, dynamic balance, and training were directly associated with MI occurring during floor exercises.In conclusion, although regular face-to-face training was linked to enhanced motor performance, it was also associated with a higher prevalence of MI, particularly in the lower limbs. Floor exercises were the primary circumstances under which injuries occurred.

Return to play after UCL injury in gymnasts

ABSTRACT Background Injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) are commonly reported in traditional overhead sports. Conversely, there is a lack of evidence outlining management and return to play (RTP) outcomes for gymnasts. This study aimed to evaluate RTP and patient reported outcomes (PROs) in gymnasts after operative and non-operative treatment of UCL injuries. Methods Gymnasts who presented with UCL injury and underwent operative and non-operative treatment were evaluated. Patient reported outcomes were collected via telephone: Conway-Jobe Scale, Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow (KJOC) Score, Mayo Elbow Performance (MEP) Score, quick DASH (qDASH) and Timmerman-Andrews (TA) Elbow Score. Results Nine patients met inclusion criteria and were available for follow-up. Five were initially treated operatively and 4 were initially treated non-operatively. The operative group initially consisted of 3 ulnar collateral ligament reconstructions (UCLR) and 2 UCL repairs with internal bracing. One patient crossed over to the operative group after failing non-operative treatment and underwent UCLR 4 months post injury. Overall, 66.7% and 100% of operatively and non-operatively treated gymnasts were able to return to play, respectively. At final follow-up, the operative groups’ mean KJOC, MEP, TA and qDASH scores were: 68.4 ± 7.7, 97.5 ± 2.7, 90.8 ± 10.7 and 1.9 ± 3.0, respectively. For the non-operative group, the mean scores were 67.4 ± 9.0, 71.7 ± 5.8, 71.7 ± 14.4 and 11.4 ± 9.9, respectively. Treatment satisfaction for the operative group was 81.7 ± 27.5 compared to 80.6 ± 34.5 in the non-operative group. Odds ratios indicated no differences between groups. Conclusion Both operative and non-operative interventions for UCL injuries in gymnasts can provide favorable outcomes with respect to return to play and subjective patient-reported outcomes. Further research is warranted to determine optimal treatment, especially regarding indications for operative vs. nonoperative treatment, of UCL injury based on injury severity and location in gymnasts. Level of Evidence Level III

Relationship of Physical Factors to the Occurrence of Injuries in Young Gymnasts.

There is a large population of young athletes who participate in gymnastics, and the prevention of injury in junior athletes is considered important. However, few studies have prospectively investigated the relationship between physical factors and the occurrence of injury. To investigate the physical characteristics that are factors in the injury occurrence in elementary and junior high school gymnasts. Prospective observational study. A total of 36 healthy young gymnasts (at national competition level) were enrolled in the study. Once a week for 23 weeks, injuries were prospectively investigated using self-report questionnaires under the supervision of a research staff. Joint range of motion (hip, ankle, shoulder, and wrist), tightness (Thomas test, Ely test, straight leg raise [SLR], triceps surae, combined abduction test [CAT], horizontal flexion test [HFT]), and muscle elasticity (multifidus) were assessed to compare differences in physical function between injured and non-injured participants. Injuries occurred most commonly in the wrist (42.1%), lower back (30.2%), and foot (9.5%) among males, whereas heel (22.2%), knee (16.0%), and lower back (12.8%) were the most common injury sites among females. Wrist injuries in male athletes showed decreased shoulder joint range of motion, and lower back injuries showed decreased hip and shoulder joint range of motion. Lower back injuries in female athletes showed decreased hip extension mobility. Heel and knee joint injuries in females also showed increased range of motion and decreased tightness. The results of this study indicate that the factors related to flexibility differ according to injury location. Further studies are required to clarify the physical factors that influence injury occurrence by examining the effects of the gymnasts' muscle strength, age, individual factors, and left-right differences. 3.

Measurement of the Impact Loads to Reduce Injuries in Acrobatic Gymnasts: Designing a Dedicated Platform

Background: The main objective of this study was the development of a specific load platform that would meet the needs of gymnasts and acrobatic coaches. This new platform has larger dimensions and is an identical structure to the plywood floor surface normally used; it was designed to make competitions with gymnasts safer and more like a real training situation. During a landing, there is high body stiffness, especially in the knees and ankles, which can cause injuries due to the number of repetitions performed in this gymnastics specialty. Methods: A group of 10 volunteers, with a mean age of 14.7 ± 2.4 years, performed at least 10 valid vertical jumps on each platform. Results: Despite being a preliminary study, this specific platform was shown to be more suitable for gymnastic use, compared to the industrial one, which represents a significant advantage for the modality. In fact, this platform is similar to the surface used for training and competition, allowing athletes to perform the jump in a similar way, and for the results to be replicable during the practice of the sport. The standard deviation values were lower, which shows that the new platform was more suitable for acrobatic gymnastics. Conclusions: As the maximum vertical load induced during landing after a jump has a significant effect on the likelihood of gymnasts suffering injuries, the development of a new load platform specifically for acrobatic gymnastics is clearly an improvement in this discipline. Knowledge of the load transmitted to the body can help coaches and athletes in defining training, and avoiding the possible occurrence of injuries. Therefore, it is necessary to use a platform that can accurately evaluate the load transmitted to the acrobatic gymnasts during real training and competition conditions, which is achieved with this new platform.

Outcomes of Surgical Management of Turf Toe: 12-Year Results.

Background "Turf toe" is a classical capsuloligamentous injury to the plantar surface of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the great toe. The name is synonymous with injuries sustained on artificial turf or hard grounds. The classical injury pattern is a hyperdorsiflexion injury with an axial load. The outcomes of these injuries are unpredictable and there are no clear guidelines for the management of these injuries. These injuries are debilitating and can lead to long-term problems and inability to return to pre-injury activity level if missed. We present a long-term surgical follow-up of severe grade 3 turf toe injuries. Methods In the period from 2011 to 2022, we treated 20 patients with turf toe/MTP joint instability. There were 10 football injuries (50%), six running injuries (30%), two gymnastic injuries (10%), one motorcycle injury (0.5%), and one was a ballet dancer (0.5%). All the grade 1 and 2 injuries were treated conservatively with rest, ice application, and splinting of the toe. Grade 3 injuries were treated surgically and strict rehabilitation protocol was followed. Results The mean age at surgery was 32.7 years and the average patient follow-up was 7.5 months after surgery. The Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) score showed a statistically significant improvement from a mean of 73.0 (median = 75) preoperatively to 28.1 (median = 28.6) postoperatively (median improvement = 46.4, P = 0.022). Similarly, there was a significant improvement in pain score, which showed an improvement from a mean of 72.9 (median = 70.0) preoperatively to a mean of 22.9 (median = 25.0) postoperatively (median improvement = 51.3, P = 0.022). Conclusion Turf toe is a serious injury that may prevent a high percentage of patients from resuming their previous physical activities. The correct identification, classification, and grading of the first MTP joint instability helps in decision-making and achieving good surgical outcomes.

INJURY FREQUENCY IN ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

A higher frequency of sports injuries occurs due to the intense and physically challenging training, especially in artistic gymnasts. Hence, the aim of our study was to summarize the relevant literature on the incidence of injuries in artistic gymnasts. The following index databases were used to collect adequate literature: Google Scholar, PubMed, and MEDLINE, with the pre-defined inclusion criteria: studies on the given topic written in English language, published until December 2022, the participants sample consisted of competitive professional, semi-professional, elite and junior artistic gymnasts, as well as national teams were taken into consideration. A total of 15 studies have met the pre-defined criteria and were included in the systematic review. According to the localization, the most common injuries are the lower extremities, with a 30-60% frequency. Regarding the upper extremities, 14 of 15 studies have reported approximately 20% injury frequency. Other injuries, such as shoulder, head, torso, and back, have a frequency of 3-15%. Furthermore, according to the mechanisms of injury, the most common causes were contact with the apparatus surface. Authors can conclude that the training process, which is not reflected in technical preparation but in the purpose of injury prevention, is crucial in this sport.

The Risk Factors Affected Upon Non-Contact ACL Injury in Gymnastics, Swimming and Basketball Collegiate Student Female Players

The purpose of the present study was to determine of the risk factors affected upon non-contact ACL injury in Gymnastics, Swimming and basketball collegiate student female players. If an athlete injured anterior cruciate ligament the most important thing is to identify factors that affect the injury. However, growing research implicates hormonal, anatomical, environmental and neuromuscular factors that may predispose athletes to these injuries. For this research selected 510 athletes for assess ACL injury factors by two different methods (A) Questionnaire and (B) Interview that information collected among athletes who were play Gymnastics, Swimming and basketball. Our results indicate 61.4% of ACL injury occurred in practice time and 38.6% of ACL injury was during competition. Also, our finding showed that 69% mechanism of injury was non-contact, 4.7% via accident and 26.3% with unknown reason. Furthermore, dynamic alignment at the time of the injury included: Knee-in & Toe- out 44%, Knee-out & Toe-in 22.5 and Hyperextension 11.1%. The ACL prevents the femur from moving forward during weight bearing. It also helps to prevent rotation of the joint. Injury of the ACL most often occurs when an athlete is pivoting, decelerating suddenly or landing from a jump. The injury can also be caused by another player falling across the knee. ACL injuries are, probably, the most common devastating knee ligament injuries amongst sports persons. Usually these injuries are isolated, mainly in non-contact sports, but many often are a part of more complex ligamentous injuries. They occur more often in contact sports, such as basketball. In conclusion, our study produced strong evidence in support of a significant some factors influencing of ACL injury in Gymnastics, Swimming and basketball collegiate student female players.

Effectiveness of warm-up and dynamic balance training in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in college gymnasts: a 3-year prospective study for one team.

The effect of trunk stability and dynamic balance warm-up exercises on physical functional improvement remains unelucidated. This study examined whether exercises could prevent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and improve trunk muscle activation and dynamic balance in gymnasts. This comparison study, involving gymnastics practice sessions, included 31 university gymnasts and was conducted in two periods: 1 year of observation followed by 2 years of intervention. Participants performed a trunk and dynamic balance warm-up exercise program during the intervention. The effect of exercise on the incidence of ACL injury was evaluated. In addition, the paired t-test was used to compare the Y-balance distance and the changes in muscle thickness associated with trunk muscle activation at rest and during plank. ACL injury risk during the intervention was significantly lower, with a relative risk of 0.23 (P=0.02, 95% CI: 0.06-0.88). Changes in muscle thickness with activation of the transversus abdominis (P<0.01, mean difference 4.1, 95% CI: 9.97-28.07, Cohen's d=0.52), internal oblique (P<0.01, mean difference 5.2, 95% CI: 9.72-21.55, Cohen's d=0.65), and external oblique (P<0.01, mean difference 5.5, 95% CI: 20.44-39.09, Cohen's d=0.71) muscles were significantly higher during the intervention. The Y-balance distance was also significantly greater in the posterior medial reach (P<0.01, mean difference 3.3, 95% CI: 1.56-6.26, Cohen's d=0.46) during the intervention. Exercise-based warm-up programs may decrease ACL injuries. It can improve physical functions, such as the rate of change in trunk muscle thickness and the posterior medial distance during Y balance.

BODY COMPOSITION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS INJURIES IN YOUNG FEMALE ACROBATIC GYMNASTS

The risk of injury is associated with elite sport. There is evidence that body composition may affect injury risk. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of injuries, and to determine the relationship of body composition with the incidence, typology and severity of injuries in female acrobatic gymnasts. The sample included 92 female acrobatic gymnasts aged between 9 and 20 years (13.66 ± 2.66 years), 33 tops (11.06 and 1.41 age) and 59 bases (15.11 and 2.00 age). Body measurements (fat percentage, muscle percentage and the sum of 6 skinfolds), and body mass index (BMI) and their categorization into underweight, normal weight and overweight, were measured. Data about injuries were collected through a self-completed questionnaire at the end of the season, where it was recorded whether they had suffered injuries, the type of injury (joint, ligament, tendon or bone) and its severity (minor, moderate or severe). A descriptive, comparative and relational analysis of the studied variables and between groups was carried out. The results obtained in this study indicate a higher percentage of uninjured gymnasts, but also a high percentage of injured gymnasts, with ligament injuries being the most frequent. As for the relationship with body composition and BMI, no significant relationships were observed in the incidence, typology or severity of injuries suffered by these athletes. It only seems to affect tendon injuries in the bases, with the injured gymnasts having a higher BMI, fat percentage and the sum of six skinfolds.

Injuries in French High-Level and National-Level Women Artistic Gymnastics: One-Year Prevalence and Associated Factors

Objective: The aims of this study were (1) to determine the one-year prevalence of injuries and their characteristics and (2) to analyze potential injury risk factors in high-level/national-level women artistic gymnasts. Methods: Competitive women artistic gymnasts training more than 10 h per week in a national training center and a TOP 12 club in France were invited to participate in a retrospective study through an online questionnaire about their self-reported injuries and potential injury risk factors (e.g., previous injuries, diseases, weight modification) during the 2020/2021 season. Results: A total of 88 gymnasts between 9 and 23 years old, who trained on average 22.0 ± 6.2 h per week, answered the questionnaire. Ninety-five injuries were reported by 62 (70.5%) of the 88 gymnasts. The one-year injury prevalence was 70.5% (95% CI 60.9 to 80.0%). Gymnasts had, on average, 1.1 ± 1.0 injuries per year. The most common reported injury location was the knee (25.3%), and the most common reported injury type was the ligament (26.3%). Having an injury during the previous season (OR = 9.06; CI 95% 2.66 to 36.73; p = 0.0007) and using a prevention program (OR = 3.97; CI 95% 1.46 to 11.15; p = 0.007) were associated with a higher risk of injury in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: More than 70% of French high-level/national-level gymnasts had at least one injury during the 2020/2021 season. This high injury rate supports the need to promote injury prevention. However, in the present study, using a prevention program was associated with a higher risk of injury. There is thus a need to improve injury prevention strategies to counter the high injury risk and its potential consequences.

A Research and Clinical Framework for Understanding Achilles Injury in Female Collegiate Gymnasts - ERRATUM.

A Research and Clinical Framework for Understanding Achilles Injury in Female Collegiate Gymnasts - ERRATUM.

Link Between the Female Athlete Triad and Gymnastics-Related Injury in Retired Collegiate Gymnasts.

To compare gymnastics-related injuries between former collegiate gymnasts who did and did not report components of the female athlete triad (Triad) during college, including disordered eating or menstrual irregularity. We hypothesized that athletes reporting these 2 triad symptoms would have higher rates of time loss injury and injuries requiring surgery. Retrospective case-control. Online survey. Four hundred seventy former collegiate gymnasts. Athletes completed online survey distributed through social media. Participants were grouped based on self-reported menstrual irregularity and disordered eating during college. We compared time loss injuries, injuries resulting in surgery, and injury locations between the groups using χ2 analyses. Seventy percent (n = 328) of participants in this study reported a time loss college injury without surgery, and 42% (n = 199) reported an injury during college that required surgical treatment. A significantly greater proportion of gymnasts with only disordered eating reported a time loss gymnastics injury (without surgery) compared with those who reported only menstrual irregularity during college (79% vs 64%; P =0 .03). A significantly greater proportion of the disordered eating-only group reported a spine injury compared with the menstrual irregularity-only group (P = 0.007) and the group who reported neither menstrual irregularity nor disordered eating (P = 0.006). College gymnasts who experienced disordered eating were more likely to experience a nonsurgical time loss injury while in college, as well as spine injury compared with those with menstrual irregularity. Sports medicine providers should be aware of the association between injuries and individual components of Triad in gymnasts beyond bone stress injuries.

Injury Pathology in Young Gymnasts: A Retrospective Analysis

Gymnastics has a history of high injury incidence rates. However, little is known about the injury pathology in young gymnasts. The purpose of this study was to fill gaps in the literature by providing insight into the injury pathology in gymnasts aged 6 to 17 years. This study was retrospective in design, where injury data were collected using a Qualtrics questionnaire and distributed via social media. The findings revealed that the most common injury site was the lower limb (60.5%), in particular, the ankle/foot (49%) and knee (27%). Overuse injuries and sprains were most prevalent among the lower limb (25% and 18.4%, respectively), and gymnasts seemed to have a tendency to train through injury with modifications to training. In conclusion, lower limb joint sprain and overuse injuries accounted for the majority of injuries in youth gymnasts. These injuries were more frequently reported in girls in the years associated with peak height velocity and beyond.

CONTROLE DE LESÕES ARTICULARES EM GINASTAS AERÓBICOS

ABSTRACT Introduction Joint injuries are a common problem in aerobic gymnastic athletes due to the particularities of this sport. Therefore, the method of controlling and preventing joint injuries in athletes has become an important focus of current research. Objective Study a post-training prevention protocol for joint injuries in aerobic gymnasts. Methods The experiment lasted 8 weeks, in which 10 athletes from the control group performed a traditional stretching recovery protocol. In contrast, the experimental group performed rehabilitation training through previously defined suspension training. The stability and flexibility of the athletes’ lumbar and ankle joints were recorded and compared before and after the beginning of the experimental training. Results The suspension training proposed in this paper can optimize the static balance parameters of the athletes’ joints, improving stability and promoting joint injury control. Conclusion The scheme proposed in this paper may help athletes to control joint injuries, improve dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system, reduce interference from sports injuries, and help them to perform better in the field. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

Incidence of acute injuries in Swedish gymnastics with a special focus on cruciate ligament injuries.

Gymnastics is a sport with unique technical and physical demands. Elements of high rotational landing impacts may lead to severe injuries. In order to understand the risks of the sport and design injury prevention programs the magnitude of acute injuries must be understood. The aim was to investigate acute injuries, medical invalidity and injury costs in gymnastics using national insurance data. Insurance data covering acute injuries in Swedish gymnastics from October 2015 to October 2020 were analyzed. All Swedish gymnasts with either a training or competition license were included (N.=333,932 licenses, 249,823 females; 84,109 males). A total of 1733 acute injuries were reported, and the injury incidence was 5.2 per 1000 gymnast years, with no differences between upper and lower body. The arm followed by the foot and the knee were body locations with highest injury incidence. Skeletal injuries were most common in the arm and foot, and ligament injuries in the foot and knee. The proportion of cruciate ligament injuries was 37% of all knee injuries and 5% of all acute injuries. No significant difference between male and female gymnasts was observed. The highest proportion of medical invalidity was found in the knee (33%), the foot (22%), and the arm (20%). Sixteen percent of all cruciate ligament injuries led to medical invalidity and was the injury causing highest costs to the insurance company. The knee was the third most common injury location and the injury causing the highest medical invalidity.

Sports Injury Identification Method Based on Machine Learning Model.

With the increasingly fierce competition in international competitive sports, the momentum of special training has increased. Sports injuries are becoming more and more serious, which restricts the further improvement of the level of athletes. How to solve the problem of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries, so as to ensure the normal training and competition of athletes, is an important part of sports work. Machine learning can solve large-scale data problems that cannot be solved by human beings at present and has strong self-learning ability, self-optimization ability, and strong generalization ability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of rhythmic gymnastics injuries and analyze their causes by investigating the injury status of elite rhythmic gymnasts. According to the characteristics of the project, the injury characteristics of the athletes themselves, and other factors, using scientific qualitative and quantitative indicators, the injury risk of key athletes in rhythmic gymnastics was evaluated. It also provides theoretical and practical references for preventing sports injuries, formulating and implementing sports injury rehabilitation programs. The experimental results show that the female vaulting risk in the five risk categories fluctuates from 179.62 to 365.8, ranking the first in the risk of acute sports injury.

Characterization of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Gymnastics Participants From 2013 to 2020.

Many studies have analyzed gymnastics-related injuries in collegiate and elite athletes, but there is minimal literature analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of injuries in the greater gymnastics community. A higher incidence of injuries in younger gymnasts between the ages of 6 and 15 years compared with those 16 years and older and a difference in the distribution of injuries between male and female gymnasts. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Level 3. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried for all gymnastics-related musculoskeletal injuries presenting to the emergency department (ED) between 2013 and 2020. Incidence was calculated as per 100,000 person-years using the weighted estimates provided by NEISS and national participation data. Chi-square and column proportion z-testing was used to analyze where appropriate. The incidence of gymnastics-related musculoskeletal injuries was 480.7 per 100,000 person-years. Most ED visits were children between the ages of 6 and 15 years (84.0%). Younger gymnasts (ages 6 to 10) were most likely to experience a lower arm fracture, while those over the age of 10 years were most likely to experience an ankle sprain (P < 0.01). Men and boys presented with a much greater proportion of shoulder injuries (8.0% vs 3.9%), while women and girls presented with a greater proportion of elbow injuries (9.9 % vs 5.9%) and wrist (10.5% vs 8.3%) injuries (P < 0.01). As hypothesized, most gymnastics-related injuries between 2013 and 2020 were athletes between 6 and 15 years old. Many of these athletes are attempting new, more difficult, skills and are at increased risk of more acute injury when attempting skills they may be unfamiliar with. With increased pressure to specialize at an early age to maintain competitiveness and learn new, higher-level skills compared with their peers, younger athletes are most susceptible to acute injury. New injury prevention strategies could be implemented to help this high-risk population compete and train safely.

Epidemiology of Pediatric Gymnastics Injuries Reported in US Emergency Departments: Sex- and Age-Based Injury Patterns.

Background:Despite increasing participation rates in youth gymnastics, the majority of epidemiologic literature focuses on older elite athletes or stratifies athletes by level of competition.Hypothesis:The authors hypothesized that sex- and age-based patterns in youth gymnastics–related injuries exist, which are otherwise overlooked in an unstratified population.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Publicly available injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were collected on pediatric gymnastics injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States. Participation data from the National Sporting Goods Association were used to calculate national injury incidence rates in 7- to 11-year-olds (childhood) and 12- to 17-year-olds (adolescence) from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2018. Z tests were conducted for the comparison of injury rates between girls and boys within each age group and for overall injury rate across age groups.Results:Girls participated in gymnastics at a frequency 6.5 times that of boys in childhood and 13.5 times that of boys in adolescence. An estimated 72,542 youth gymnastics–related injuries were reported in US emergency departments each year. A large proportion (61.3%) occurred in childhood, with female predominance in both age groups. Overall, there was no difference in weighted annual injury rate (injuries per 100,000 athlete-days per year) by age group (6.9 [childhood] vs 8.8 [adolescence]; P = .19) or sex (7.4 [girls] vs 8.1 [boys]; P = .65). In adolescence, boys were more likely than girls to experience injury (16.47 vs 8.2; P = .003). Wrist and lower arm fractures were more common in childhood than adolescence (1.07 vs 0.43; P = .002) and specifically in girls (childhood vs adolescence, 1.06 vs 0.37; P = .001). Ankle injuries and concussions were more common in adolescence vs childhood (P = .01 and .0002).Conclusion:Upper extremity injuries predominated among childhood gymnasts, particularly girls. In adolescence, girls and boys experienced increases in concussions and foot and ankle injuries. Although representing a lower overall number of training gymnasts as compared with girls, adolescent boys experience a higher rate of injuries overall.

FORMATION OF NOMENCLATURE OF QUALITY INDICATORS FOR DESIGN OF DANCE SMART CLOTHES

Today, due to the rapid development of distance learning, there is a problem with the quality of education, including physical. Analysis of the level of injuries in choreography and gymnastics showed a high percentage of injuries to the lower extremities. To minimize the number of injuries and increase the professionality of dancers, developing a smart-clothing for dancing is necessary. Preliminary analysis of smart technologies in sports confirmed the need to use smart technologies to read and monitor the physical data of athletes during training. Still, it showed the absence of such technologies in dance. The advisability of research of smart technologies and the development of smart costume for dancing with additional functional properties is confirmed. An analysis of the requirements for dancing smart clothes there. Based on the analysis of dance and smart clothing requirements, a list of quality indicators for designing dance smart clothing was developed for further evaluation to determine a set of essential quality indicators for designing stage and training dance smart clothing.

Injury Trends in Special Olympics Athletes From the 2018 USA Games.

To categorize injury types and occurrence among athletes participating in the Special Olympics (SO). Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study. 2018 SO USA Games. Athletes participating in 14 sports at the 2018 SO USA Games (n = 2251). Individual and team sports. Percentage of athletes injured per individual sport, percentage of injury type by sport, rate of injuries per 1000 exposures, and number of injuries per game in team sports. In individual sports, the percentage of athletes injured ranged from 38.5% in gymnastics to 12.9% in golf. Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries occurred in 53.3% of gymnastics injuries and 58.6% of tennis injuries. For stand-up paddleboard, most injuries were non-MSK (66.7%). The highest rate of MSK injuries occurred in gymnastics (25.6/1000 exposures), whereas the highest rates of non-MSK injuries (95.2/1000 exposures) and minor injuries (47.6/1000 exposures) were among stand-up paddleboard athletes. In team sports, the highest number of injuries per game occurred in softball (1.9 per game). A high percentage of injuries occurred at the 2018 SO USA Games. The high rate of non-MSK injuries is unique to the SO and should be considered when planning medical coverage for future events.