Gyeongju National Park Research Articles

Vascular Plants of Sogeumgang District in Gyeongju National Park

Vascular Plants of Sogeumgang District in Gyeongju National Park

A study on the variation of the avifauna in Gyeongju National Park, Korea

The survey was conducted in five areas including Namsan district (21.00 ㎢), Tohamsan district (76.95 ㎢), Seoak district (4.30 ㎢), Hwarang district (3.90 ㎢), and Sogumgang district (6.8 ㎢) that are designated as Gyeongju National Park. The bird population in the forests and surrounding areas was examined through surveys performed three times in June, August, and January 2017. A total of 36 families, 88 species, and 7,724 individuals of birds were observed, and the dominant species were Passer montanus (19.43%), Corvus frugilegus (10.97%), Anas poecilorhyncha (8.08%), Streptopelia orientalis (7.65%), Paradoxornis webbianus (6.59%), and Microscelis amaurotis (5.80%). The number of bird species observed during the survey was the highest in the spring with 60 species, 50 species in summer, and the lowest in the winter with 45 species. The number of species, population, species diversity, and species richness of birds in Gyeongju National Park have been increasing compared with those observed 20 years ago.

Vascular Plants in the Small Nonregistered Forest Wetlands of Gyeongju National Park

Vascular Plants in the Small Nonregistered Forest Wetlands of Gyeongju National Park

Vascular Plants of Major Wetlands in Gyeongju National Park - Focused on Tohamsan wetland, Amgok wetland and Namsan wetland -

Vascular Plants of Major Wetlands in Gyeongju National Park - Focused on Tohamsan wetland, Amgok wetland and Namsan wetland -

Flora around Tombs in Namsan District, Gyeongju National Park

Flora around Tombs in Namsan District, Gyeongju National Park

국립공원의 훼손지 유형과 개선방안에 대한 기초적 연구

This study is conducted to determine the damage, distinguish the types and identify the restoration by that type for 13 Korea national parks out of 21. There are 21 Korea national parks are in Korea covering 6.67% of the country or 6,656 km2 (3,902 km2 on land and 2,754 km2 in the sea) currently since the area around Jirisan (440 km2) was designated as the first Korea national parks in 1967. With the cancellation of entrance admission on Korea national parks since 2007, annual visitors to the Korea national parks have grown from 37 millions in 2008 to 46 millions by 2013 and continue to grow due to numerous leisure activities, alpine activities and social changes. As such, Korea national parks are natural resource with high value to be conserved and are attracting significant attention as recreational spaces for people at the same time. On the other hand, there have been issues of soil erosions or disturbed vegetation due to increased number of visitor to the national parks.Korea national parks area damage to its type and damage characteristics to analyse the 13 Korea national parks out of 21 on July 2012 March, Korea national parks over the subjects of the National Park from damaged area status Survey analysis by the Korea National Park Service. As a result, 203 million units in the 16 Korea national parks damaged land of the reform package during ecological trail (including non-regular hiking trails) 153 (77.66%), damaged valleys 20(9.14%) independent damaged area, 13 disconnected ecological axis(7.61%), closed trail(2.03%) (3.55%), and line type damage(like a non-regular hiking trails) appears to be a high ratio. Korea national parks damaged land of the results identified, by contrast ratio and the annual number of visitors Bukhansan national park(49.26%), Gyeongju national park(23.65%) damaged land rates, such as Seorasan national park(4.93%), Songnisan national park (4.43 %), Gyeryongsan national park(3.45%), and the annual number of visitors be similar result. The National Park Service has been reporting on damages and restorations but damages and their types have not been established yet. Damages have been generally studied and categorized on hiking trails due caused by heavy traffic on them but the reports were limited on hiking trails only. Since damage to the Korea national parks are not limited on the hiking trails, it is necessary to determine damages in various aspects. Thus, in this study, damage types, spatial characteristics, causes and restorations are analyzed based on the survey results of damages to national parks in order to provide a basis for the efficient management and operation of the Korea national parks.

경주국립공원 남산 지구의 탐방로 훼손 유형 및 환경피해도 평가

Abstract This study was carried out to systematically maintain and manage the trails by assessing the physical characteristics, the types of deterioration and impact rating class of trails located in Mt. Nam District of the Gyeongju National Park. The major trails followed 6 routes including Sambulsa-Geumobong(A), Yongjangsaji-Geumobong(B), Yongjanggol-Yiyoungjae- Gowibong(C), Cheonusa-Gowibong(D), Sangseojang-Forest road(E) and Tongiljeon-Forest road(F). The routes length of A was 2.2 km, 2.7 km of B, 3.4 km of C, 1.3 km of D, 2.0 km of E and 1.0 km of F. In the physical characteristics, A was the widest and F was the narrowest in the width and bared width of trail. In depth of erosion, B was the deepest and E was the shallowest. D was the steepest and E was the gentlest in the slope. In the results of analysing the types of deterioration, A were 13 types, 11 types of B, C and D, 10 types of E and 6 types of F. The times of appearance of deterioration types in A were 86 times, 75 times of B, 105 times of C, 48 times of D, 47 times of E and 13 times of F. In case of the impact rating class, trail erosion was Ⅱ degree, Ⅰ degree of trail expansion, root exposure, trail divergence and rock exposure. Key words:Divergence, Rock exposure, Root exposure, Trail erosion

경주국립공원 지구특성에 따른 이용자 관리 정책에 대한 인식 차이 분석

The survey was taken from July to August 2012 by users who visited Gyeongju National Park to compare the perceived gap of users regarding management policy by characteristic of Gyeongju National Park district type in this study. Gyeongju National Park users’ characteristic, use pattern and perception regarding park management policy were created as survey items. First, district type was classified based on use pattern of the visitor and the key resources of 8 districts in Gyeongju National Park. Tohamsan District, which has many visitors for the purpose of scenery appreciation and recreation with Bulguksa and Seokguram Grotto, is classified as tourism type, Namsan and Daebon District, which bring in many visitors seeking to learn about historical culture and environmental education, could be classified as historical culture education types, and Hwarang, Seoak, Sogeum River, Gumisan District are places residents use for physical training, hiking and walking to improve health, thus classifying them as neighborhood park types. People perceived that the tourism type is where users for historical artifact tours are concentrated, thus consideration for plans that can improve visitors’ satisfaction from a user limit policy is required, and a manager’s right to control use behavior must be reinforced in historical culture education types. On the other hand, users of neighborhood parks found the lowest necessity for most of the policy, and this showed that users of each of Gyeongju National Park`s districts felt differently about the need for policies. This result is expected to be utilized as a database for introducing policy that reflects the perception of users in each districts of Gyeongju National Park in the future.

경주국립공원 구미산 지구에 분포하는 관속식물상

The purpose of this study is to offer the flora data for conserving the biodiversity of Gyeongju National Park by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Mt. Gumi District, Gyeongju National Park, South Korea. The flora of Mt. Gumi were surmmarized as 476 taxa including 97 families, 297 genera, 419 species, 3 subspecies, 46 varieties and 8 forms. The rare plants were 6 taxa such as Aristolochia contorta, Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa, Potentilla discolor, Berchemia berchemiaefolia, Trigonotis icumae and Iris odaesanensis. The Korean endemic plants were 9 taxa such as Carpinus laxiflora, Pseudostellaria coreana, Philadelphus schrenkii, Indigofera koreana, Lespedeza maritima, Vicia chosenensis, Galium koreanum, Lonicera subsessilis and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa such as Salix chaenomeloides(I), Hylomecon vernalis (I), Oxalis obtriangulata (I), Viola orientalis(II), Adoxa moschatellina (II), Cirsium chanroenicum (II), Vitex negundo var. incisa (III) and so forth. The naturalized plants were 36 taxa such as Fallopia dumetorum, Chenopodium album, Lepidium virginicum, Amorpha fruticosa, Euphorbia supina, Carduus crispus, Erigeron strigosus, Festuca myuros and so forth. The invasive aline plant was Aster pilosus. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 8 taxa such as Artemisia rubripes, Carpesium macrocephalum and so forth.

Development of a Positioning Android App

Nowadays, smart-phones are so widely spread that almost everybody has a smart-phone. A smart-phone is an absolute necessity and everybody carries one around all the time. As the computing power and memory capacity have been significantly improved, various applications are now available on smart phones. Furthermore, most smart phones are equipped with very accurate GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers. Tourists’ satisfaction can be significantly enhanced if location based useful information is provided to them. This paper introduces an Android app that 100% correctly recognizes a user’s position when the user locates at a point of interest in Anapji, a famous artificial pond in Gyeongju National Park.

경주국립공원 서악 지구의 관속식물상

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for establishing the management and restoration plan by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Seoak District, Gyeongju National Park, Korea. The flora summarized as 411 taxa including 92 families, 285 genera, 363 species, 2 subspecies, 41 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 2 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia and Potentilla discolor. The Korean endemic plants were 3 taxa including Philadelphus schrenkii, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 16 taxa including Asplenium sarelii, Pyrrosia petiolosa, Vitex negundo var. incisa and so forth. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 2 taxa including Lespedeza maritima and Carpesium macrocephalum, and the plants with approval for delivering oversea were 4 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia, Glycine soja, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The naturalized plants were 51 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Viola papilionacea, Lamium purpureum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. NI(Naturalized Index) was 12.4% of all 411 taxa of surveyed flora in this study and UI(Urbanized Index) was 15.9% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants in Korea. Potentilla discolor in rare plant, Philadelphus schrenkii in endemic plant and Dictamnus dasycarpus in specific plant were established the conservation plan. Whereas, invasive alien plants such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola should be removed as soon as possible. The damaged sites in Seoak District were divided between wildfire area and farmland. To restore a forest fire site, we will have to apply a natural renewal and community planting. In case of farmland, we will have to do ecological planting using native species and constrcut a forest wetland.

경주국립공원토함산습지주변지역의현존식생과식물군락구조1

경주국립공원토함산습지주변지역의현존식생과식물군락구조1

국립공원 탐방행태 및 이용만족요인 - 경주국립공원을 사례로 -

ABSTRACT : This study aimed to provide basic data for the national park management by analysing visitors' behavior and satisfaction determinants by importance-performance analysis and estimated regression analysis through post-occupancy evaluation questionnaire method to the Gyeongju National Park visitors. It was found that facilities and use management according to place and use group, the diversity of visit program, high quality of guidance and hospitality of staffs and conservation of historic and landscape resources for Gyeongju National Park were necessary as the results of behavior analysis, importance-performance analysis. The historic landscape resources, hospitality of staffs, visit road and safety facilities, commercial facilities were important determinants of users' satisfaction as the results of regression analysis. It suggested the characteristics of Gyeongju National Park and these factors were the most important factors for the improved management. Key words

경주국립공원 내 야생 작약(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) 집단의 유전다양성 분석

ABSTRACT: Paeonia lactiflora is a valuable natural resource for horticulture and traditional Chinese medicine. To pro-pose conservation strategy and future utility of the wild Paeonia lactiflora populations recently found around the Gyeo-ngju National Park, genetic diversity analysis using microsatellite markers were performed. Three populations in and nearthe Gyeongju N.P. and one population from Jilin, China were analyzed for five microsatellite markers, producing 61 alle-les with mean observed heterozygosity(H o ) of 0.452. F ST value (0.11642) suggested moderate level of genetic differen-tiation among the populations, and hierarchical AMOVA suggested most of the genetic variation resides within/amongthe individuals rather than among-population. While AMOVA with F ST suggested lack of genetic differentiation betweenthe regional (Korean vs. Chinese) populations, AMOVA with R ST , which incorporates the allele sizes, suggested consid-erable differentiation between them, but without significant statistical support. STRUCTURE analysis also suggestedsegregation of regional populations with presence of gene flow among the three Gyeongju N.P. populations. Consideringsmall population size and scarcity of mature individuals, further protection and long-term monitoring are needed.

경주국립공원 도심 지역 내 탐방로의 자연도 평가 - 소금강 지구, 화랑 지구, 서악 지구를 대상으로 -

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for restoration and management of trails by assessing the physical environments, the types of deterioration and the naturalness on trails located in the Sogeumgang, Hwarang and Seoak districts of Gyeongju National Park, Korea. The Sogeumgang was 5.9m, 1.1m of the Hwarang and 1.8m of the Seoak district in trail width. In the bared width of trail, the Sogeumgang was 3.9m, 0.9m of the Hwarang and 1.7m of the Seoak district. In the depth of erosion, the Sogeumgang was 37.1cm, 14.2cm of the Hwarang and Seoak district. The Sogeumgang was <TEX>$16.8^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>$13.1^{\circ}$</TEX> of the Hwarang and <TEX>$12.2^{\circ}$</TEX> of the Seoak district in longitudinal slope. In the left and right of transect slope, the Sogeumgang was <TEX>$18.3^{\circ}$</TEX> and <TEX>$12.6^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>$18.0^{\circ}$</TEX> and <TEX>$21.3^{\circ}$</TEX> of the Hwarang and <TEX>$15.3^{\circ}$</TEX> and <TEX>$22.7^{\circ}$</TEX> of the Seoak district. In the left, middle and right of soil hardness, the Sogeumgang was 29.9mm, 34.7mm and 31.1mm, 27.6mm, 35.0mm and 27.2mm of the Hwarang and 27.1mm, 30.8mm and 28.0mm of the Seoak district. The types of deterioration in trails were 10 types of the Sogeumgang, 11 types of the Hwarang and 9 types of the Seoak district. The trail erosion, rock exposure and root exposure were substantially observed in the types of deterioration. In the results of the naturalness assessment, the Hwarang district was a good condition, but the Sogeumgang district was bad. The indicators of the Sogeumgang district were mostly poor.

경주국립공원 탐방로의 훼손실태 분석 - 토함산, 남산, 단석산, 구미산 지구를 중심으로 -

본 연구는 경주국립공원의 토함산 지구, 남산 지구, 단석산 지구, 구미산 지구에 위치한 탐방로의 훼손유형과 자연도를 평가함으로써 체계적인 탐방로의 유지관리를 위해 수행되었다. 노선길이의 경우 토함산 지구 2.7km, 남산 지구 2.3km, 단석산 지구 1.0km, 구미산 지구 2.7km이며, 측점수는 토함산 지구 37개, 남산 지구 29개, 단석산 지구 16개, 구미산 지구 40개이다. 물리적 환경 특성의 경우 노폭은 단석산 지구가 가장 넓었고, 구미산 지구가 가장 좁았다. 나지폭은 단석산 지구가 가장 넓었고, 구미산 지구가 가장 좁았다. 침식깊이는 단석산 지구가 가장 깊었고, 구미산 지구가 가장 얕았다. 종단구배는 단석산 지구가 급했고, 남산 지구가 완만하였다. 훼손유형 분석 결과, 토함산 지구는 10개 유형, 남산 지구는 14개 유형, 단석산 지구는 11개 유형, 구미산 지구는 9개 유형으로 나타났다. 훼손유형의 출현 횟수는 토함산 지구 69회, 남산 지구 87회, 단석산 지구 67회, 구미산 지구 71회로 조사되었다. 공통적인 유형은 수목뿌리노출이었다. 자연도 평가 결과, 토함산 지구는 2.1점, II등급, 남산 지구는 2.6점, II등급, 단석산 지구는 2.9점, III등급, 구미산 지구는 2.0점, II등급으로 나타났다. 전체 평균은 2.4점, II등급으로 분석되었다. This study was carried out to systematically maintain and manage the trails by assessing the types of deterioration and naturalness of trails located in Mt. Toham, Mt. Nam, Mt. Danseok and in the Mt. Gumi district of the Gyeongju National Park. The route length of Mt. Toham was 2.7km, 2.3km of Mt. Nam, 1.0km of Mt. Danseok and 2.7km of Mt. Gumi district. The numbers of measuring points in Mt. Toham were 37 units, 29 units of Mt. Nam, 16 units of Mt. Danseok and 40 units of Mt. Gumi district. In characteristics of physical environments, Mt. Danseok was the widest and Mt. Gumi was the narrowest in the width of trail. In the bared width of trail, Mt. Danseok was the widest and Mt. Gumi was the narrowest. In depth of erosion, Mt. Danseok was the deepest and Mt. Gumi was the shallowest. Mt. Danseok was the steepest and Mt. Nam was the gentlest in the longitudinal slope. In the results of analysing the types of deterioration, Mt. Toham were 10 types, 14 types of Mt. Nam, 11 types of Mt. Danseok and 9 types of Mt. Gumi district. The times of appearance of deterioration types in Mt. Toham were 69 times, 87 times of Mt. Nam, 67 times of Mt. Danseok and 71 times of Mt. Gumi district. The most common type was the exposure of root in 4 districts of Gyeongju National Park. In the results of assessing the naturalness, Mt. Toham was 2.1 score(II degree), 2.6 score(II degree) of Mt. Nam, 2.9 score(III degree) of Mt. Danseok and 2.0 score(II degree) of Mt. Gumi district. The average naturalness was 2.4 score and II degree.

A Study on the Change of Birds Community in Gyeongju National Park

This study examined birds community distributed in the forest and the surrounding areas from July to December, 2011 targeting 5 areas including Namsan area (21.00 km2), Tohamsan area (76.95 km2), Seoak area (4.30 km2), Hwarang area (3.90 km2), and Sogeumgang area (6.8 km2) which are designated as Gyeongju National Park. As a result of examination, observed birds are total 5,060 individuals from 11 orders, 30 families and 71 species, Tohamsan area and Namsan area recorded the most species, 43 species respectively. The number of individuals are the most in Namsan area (1,678 individuals), followed by Hwarang area (1,178 individuals), Sogeumgang area (1,082 individuals), Tohamsan area (741individuals) and Seoak area (382 individuals). Dominant species included Corvus frugilegus (19.37%), Streptopelia orientalis (11.40%), Passer montanus (9.51%), Paradoxornis webbianus (7.69%), Pica pica (6.11%), Anas platyrhynchos (6.01%) and A. poecilorhyncha (5.83%). Tohamsan area which recorded the biggest number of species showed the highest species diversity (2.91) and species richness (6.36), and Sogeumgang area which had the smallest number of species and Corvus frugilegus as an extremely dominant species showed the lowest species diversity (1.35) and species richness (3.29). The number of species of birds observed in each area in each season was the most in summer (47 species), 44 species in winter and 31 species in autumn, the least.

Assessment of Community and Health about Flagship species, Pinus densiflora, Gyeongju National Park

Assessment of Community and Health about Flagship species, Pinus densiflora, Gyeongju National Park

국립공원 지역 시정장애 현상의 물리.화학적 특성

National parks provide recreation, health, and science to human being. The provision of beautiful landscape view of the national park improves an economic and social phase of a nation. However, visibility impairment frequently occurred in the national park area of Gyeongju. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical and the chemical characteristics of visibility reduction observed at the national park area of Gyeongju. Optical, chemical, meteorological characteristics and scenic monitoring were performed at the visibility monitoring station of Gyeongju University located at the Seoak section of Gyeongju national park from April 28 to May 9, 2008. Light extinction, light scattering, and light absorption coefficients were continuously measured using a transmissometer, a nephelometer, and an aethalometer, respectively. In order to investigate the impact of aerosol chemistry on visibility impairment, size-resolved aerosols were collected at intervals of 2-hour (from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M.) and 14-hour (from 6 P.M. to 8 A.M.) interval each sampling day. The average light extinction coefficient and the average visual range were measured to be and during the intensive monitoring period, respectively. It was revealed that sulfate particle was the largest contributor to the light extinction under hazy condition. Organic mass accounted for about 26% of the average light extinction. The mass extinction efficiencies for , , and were estimated to be 9.0, 4.7, and under the consideration of water growth function of hygroscopic aerosols, respectively.

Gyeongju National Park Management Plan Based on Economic Valuation

Gyeongju National Park Management Plan Based on Economic Valuation