Peristaltic Research Articles

Plasticity of gastrointestinal vagal afferents in terms of feeding-related physiology and pathophysiology.

Gastrointestinal vagal afferents play an important role in communicating food related information from the gut to the brain. This information initiates vago-vagal reflexes essential for gut functions, including gut motility and secretions. These afferents also play a role in energy homeostasis, signalling the arrival, amount and nutrient composition of a meal to the central nervous system where it is processed ultimately leading to termination of a meal. Vagal afferent responses to food related stimuli demonstrate a high degree of plasticity, responding to short term changes in nutritional demand, such as the fluctuations that occur across a 24-hr or in response to a fast, as well as long term changes in energy demand, such as occurs during pregnancy. This plasticity is disrupted in disease states, such as obesity or chronic stress where there is hypo- and hypersensitivity of these afferents, respectively. Improved understanding of the plasticity of these afferents will enable identification of new treatment options for diseases associated with vagal afferent function.

The Role of Bovine Kappa-Casein Glycomacropeptide in Modulating the Microbiome and Inflammatory Responses of Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder marked by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel habits. Effective treatments are still actively sought. Kappa-casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), a milk-derived peptide, holds promise because it can modulate the gut microbiome, immune responses, gut motility, and barrier functions, as well as binding toxins. These properties align with the recognized pathophysiological aspects of IBS, including gut microbiota imbalances, immune system dysregulation, and altered gut barrier functions. This review delves into GMP's role in regulating the gut microbiome, accentuating its influence on bacterial populations and its potential to promote beneficial bacteria while inhibiting pathogenic varieties. It further investigates the gut microbial shifts observed in IBS patients and contemplates GMP's potential for restoring microbial equilibrium and overall gut health. The anti-inflammatory attributes of GMP, especially its impact on vital inflammatory markers and capacity to temper the low-grade inflammation present in IBS are also discussed. In addition, this review delves into current research on GMP's effects on gut motility and barrier integrity and examines the changes in gut motility and barrier function observed in IBS sufferers. The overarching goal is to assess the potential clinical utility of GMP in IBS management.

Heat and mass transfer in peristaltic flow of MHD non-miscible micropolar and Newtonian fluid through a porous saturated asymmetric channel

The current flow problem primarily focuses on the production of entropy as a result of radiative heat and mass transfer during peristaltic transport of non-miscible Newtonian and micropolar fluid through a porous saturated channel. The movement of immiscible fluid has been simulated using a two-phase flow model with Newtonian fluid at the channel's periphery and micropolar fluid in the core area. Here, under the long-wavelength approximation and low Reynolds number assumption, the linearized governing fluid flow equations were solved by classical technique and obtained closed-form solutions for pressure rise, volume flow rate, velocity, temperature distribution, and concentration. In the present peristaltic flow problem, authors evaluated the entropy analysis in non-miscible type of Newtonian and micropolar fluid through the porous saturated channel under the influence of heat radiation, mass transfer, and an oriented magnetic field. The production of entropy and Bejan number due to concentration distribution in peristaltic motion of non-miscible type of Newtonian and micropolar fluid in a porous medium is the novelty of the work. From this study, we obtained that on raising the Soret and Schmidt number, the concentration of the immiscible micropolar and Newtonian fluid drops, and entropy generation number rises. Also, the temperature and flow distribution of the immiscible micropolar and Newtonian fluid get decreased on raising the permeability parameter and Hartmann number. The authors come to the significant conclusion that, during the peristaltic motion of immiscible fluid in a porous saturated asymmetric channel, naturally occurring porous material achieved higher values of flow properties like axial pressure gradient, temperature profile, concentration, and entropy generation number than man-made porous material. The newly obtained findings of the present peristaltic flow problem are validated with the past published research work. The findings of this study may be used in biomedical engineering, applications, including the thermal therapy procedure.

KV7 but not dual small and intermediate KCa channel openers inhibit the activation of colonic afferents by noxious stimuli.

In numerous subtypes of central and peripheral neurons, small and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK and IK, respectively) channels are important regulators of neuronal excitability. Transcripts encoding SK channel subunits, as well as the closely related IK subunit, are coexpressed in the soma of colonic afferent neurons with receptors for the algogenic mediators ATP and bradykinin, P2X3 and B2, highlighting the potential utility of these channels as drug targets for the treatment of abdominal pain in gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome. Despite this, pretreatment with the dual SK/IK channel opener SKA-31 had no effect on the colonic afferent response to ATP, bradykinin, or noxious ramp distention of the colon. Inhibition of SK or IK channels with apamin or TRAM-34, respectively, yielded no change in spontaneous baseline afferent activity, indicating these channels are not tonically active. In contrast to its lack of effect in electrophysiological experiments, comparable concentrations of SKA-31 abolished ongoing peristaltic activity in the colon ex vivo. Treatment with the KV7 channel opener retigabine blunted the colonic afferent response to all applied stimuli. Our data therefore highlight the potential utility of KV7, but not SK/IK, channel openers as analgesic agents for the treatment of abdominal pain.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite marked coexpression of small (Kcnn1, Kcnn2) and intermediate (Kcnn4) conductance calcium-activated potassium channel transcripts with P2X3 (P2rx3) or bradykinin B2 (Bdkrb2) receptors in colonic sensory neurons, pharmacological activation of these channels had no effect on the colonic afferent response to ATP, bradykinin or luminal distension of the colon. This is in contrast to the robust inhibitory effect of the KV7 channel opener, retigabine.

Characterization of a Human Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cell Line Established by SV40LT-Mediated Immortalization.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the digestive tract and originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which is the pacemaker for peristaltic movement in the gastrointestinal tract. Existing GIST cell lines are widely used as cell models for in vitro experimental studies because the mutation sites are known. However, the immortalization methods of these cell lines are unknown, and no Chinese patient-derived GIST cell lines have been documented. Here, we transfected simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT) into primary GIST cells to establish an immortalized human GIST cell line (ImGIST) for the first time. The ImGIST cells had neuronal cell-like irregular radioactive growth and retained the fusion growth characteristics of GIST cells. They stably expressed signature proteins, maintained the biological and genomic characteristics of normal primary GIST cells, and responded well to imatinib, suggesting that ImGIST could be a potential in vitro model for research in GIST to explore the molecular pathogenesis, drug resistance mechanisms, and the development of new adjuvant therapeutic options.

Endoscopically placed fiducial markers for image-guided radiotherapy in preoperative gastric cancer: Technical feasibility and potential benefit.

Background and study aims Fiducial markers have demonstrated clinical value in radiotherapy in several organs, but little is known about markers in the stomach. Here, we assess the technical feasibility of endoscopic placement of markers in gastric cancer patients and their potential benefit for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Patients and methods In this prospective feasibility study, 14 gastric cancer patients underwent endoscopy-guided gold (all patients) and liquid (7 patients) marker placements distributed throughout the stomach. Technical feasibility, procedure duration, and potential complications were evaluated. Assessed benefit for IGRT comprised marker visibility on acquired imaging (3-4 computed tomography [CT] scans and 19-25 cone-beam CTs [CBCTs] per patient) and lack of migration. Marker visibility was compared per marker type and location (gastroesophageal junction (i.e., junction/cardia), corpus (corpus/antrum/fundus), and pylorus). Results Of the 93 marker implantation attempts, 59 were successful, i.e., marker in stomach wall and present during entire 5-week radiotherapy course (2-6 successfully placed markers per patient), with no significant difference (Fisher's exact test; P >0.05) in success rate between gold (39/66=59%) and liquid (20/27=74%). Average procedure duration was 24.4 min (range 16-38). No procedure-related complications were reported. All successfully placed markers were visible on all CTs, with 81% visible on ≥95% of CBCTs. Five markers were poorly visible (on <75% of CBCTs), possibly due to small marker volume and peristaltic motion since all five were liquid markers located in the corpus. No migration was observed. Conclusions Endoscopic placement of fiducial markers in the stomach is technically feasible and safe. Being well visible and positionally stable, markers provide a potential benefit for IGRT.

Impacts of entropy generation for nonlinear radiative peristaltic transport of Powell-Eyring nanofluid: A numerical study

The importance of mathematical simulation in studying biological fluids extends to various medical disciplines. The peristaltic process is crucial for comprehending different biological flows. Additionally, nanoparticles serve essential functions in a range of engineering and industrial applications, such as heat exchangers, boilers, cooling systems, and chemical engineering. This current study addresses the numerical investigation of entropy optimization for (magnetohydrodynamic) MHD peristaltic activity of Eyring-Powel nanoliquid. Here channel boundaries are flexible in nature. Effects of mixed convection and hall current were also considered. Slip conditions are imposed on channel walls. Viscous dissipation and nonlinear thermal radiation are also present in thermal transport. Brownian movement and thermophoresis aspects are considered in the nanoliquid model. Chemical reaction of order first is also present the mass transport. Simplification of transport expressions is done by operating lubrication approach. The resulting system of nonlinear equations is numerically tackled. Both numerical techniques for heat transfer rate are validated by comparing them to numerical results computed by MATLAB using bvp4c and NDSolve. Graphical analysis is carried out for different flow parameters by plotting velocity, temperature, concentration, and entropy.

Modulation of chicken gut contractility by Melissa officinalis—ex vivo study

Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) has a long history of being used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders in human thanks to its spasmolytic and stress reducing effects. These pharmacological properties have been confirmed in laboratory animals. Unfortunately, in the case of veterinary medicine, the effect of lemon balm on gut contractility has been never subjected to a detailed investigation. On the other hand, there is urgent need of new drugs that could be safely used in animals for both, causative and symptomatic treatment. In broiler chicken, one of the major health concerns includes gastrointestinal disorders with gut hypermotility. Thus, it is crucial to verify the potential utility of Melissa officinalis extract in gastrointestinal dysmotilities. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of lemon balm extract and some of its active ingredients on chicken intestine motility. The study was performed on isolated proximal and distal jejunum preparations collected from broiler chicken which underwent routine slaughter procedure. The effect of lemon balm and 3 phenolic acids (rosmarinic, chlorogenic, and lithospermic) was verified under isometric conditions, toward spontaneous and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced smooth muscle activity. Surprisingly, M. officinalis turned out to be rather a myocontractile agent as it increased ACh-provoked contractility of proximal and distal jejunum strips and also intensified the spontaneous activity of distal jejunum. Only in the case of proximal intestine lemon balm extract diminished the force of spontaneous motoric activity up to approx. Sixty-seven percent of the control conditions. None of the tested phenolic acids displayed analog effect with the whole plant extract. In fact in the case of ACh-induced contractility, the acids had the opposite, that is, myorelaxant, effect than the extract, with a small exception of lithospermic acid in distal jejunum. Thus, it is impossible to assign one or more individual constituents to the effect of the whole Melissa officinalis extract. The obtained results do not support the use of lemon balm extract in broiler diseases which are accompanied by gut motility disturbances, including diarrhea.

Kinematic Behavior of an Untethered, Small-Scale Hydrogel-Based Soft Robot in Response to Magneto-Thermal Stimuli.

Fruit fly larvae, which exist widely in nature, achieve peristaltic motion via the contraction and elongation of their bodies and the asymmetric friction generated by the front and rear parts of their bodies when they are in contact with the ground. Herein, we report the development of an untethered, magnetic, temperature-sensitive hydrogel-based soft robot that mimics the asymmetric micro-patterns of fruit-fly-larvae gastropods and utilizes cyclic deformation to achieve directional peristaltic locomotion. Due to Néel relaxation losses of nanomagnetic Fe3O4 particles, the hydrogel-based soft robot is capable of converting changes in external alternating magnetic stimuli into contracting and expanding deformation responses which can be remotely controlled via a high-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) to realize periodic actuation. Furthermore, the Fe3O4 particles included in the hydrogel-based soft robot cause it to follow a gradient magnetic field in confined liquid environments and can be coupled with AMFs for the targeted release of water-soluble drugs or targeted magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT). We believe that such a controlled motion can enable highly targeted drug delivery, as well as vascular disease detection and thrombus removal tasks, without the use of invasive procedures.

Comparison of acetaminophen, ketamine, or ketorolac versus morphine in the treatment of acute renal colic: A network meta-analysis

BackgroundRenal colic is a disease in which a calculus obstructs the urinary tract, resulting in severe pain do ureteric peristaltic movements. Other symptoms, such as hematuria, nausea, and vomiting, may accompany the pain. This network meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of different analgesic agents for the treatment of acute renal colic. MethodsMedline, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared different analgesic agents, either alone or in combination were included. For the management of acute renal colic, analgesic agents were selected based on the current standard medical practice. The medications included intravenous acetaminophen, ketamine, ketorolac, and morphine. This study sought to evaluate the pain score on the visual analog scale (VAS) at 15, 30, and 60 min; adverse events; and the utilization of rescue therapy. The efficacy of different analgesic agents was explored through a frequentist network meta-analysis using the Netmeta statistical package in R software. All treatments were ranked using the Netrank function, yielding P-scores. ResultsTwelve RCTs were deemed eligible. As per the P-scores, acetaminophen was the most effective in reducing pain score at 15 min (P-score = 0.74). Ketorolac was the most effective in reducing the pain score at 30 and 60 min (P-score = 0.84) (P-score = 0.99), whereas morphine was the least effective (P-score = 0.07). Moreover, morphine was correlated with the highest odds of adverse events after treatment (P-score = 0.89). Morphine was the most frequently required rescue therapy in cases of suboptimal pain relief (P-score = 0.96). ConclusionThis network meta-analysis demonstrated that ketorolac and acetaminophen were the most effective analgesic agents according to the pain score. Morphine showed the highest adverse event profile and the highest rate at which rescue therapy was required for the management of acute renal colic.

A CNS circuit that regulates gut motility.

A CNS circuit that regulates gut motility.

Gastrointestinal Sensory Neuropathy and Dysmotility in Fabry Disease: Presentations and Effect on Patient's Quality of Life.

Fabry disease is a rare multisystemic lysosomal disease resulting in variable manifestations of the gastrointestinal (GI), neurologic, cardiac, and renal systems. Whether GI manifestations are a result of gut dysmotility is undetermined. We aimed to explore GI manifestations in depth and their effect on patients with Fabry disease and to characterize gut motility. We recruited adult patients with Fabry disease reporting GI manifestations. All patients answered a battery of questionnaires covering symptom severity, GI-specific quality of life, and effects of work/productivity and underwent a wireless motility capsule test to measure pan-gut motility. In 48 patients with Fabry disease, abnormal bowel habits and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms. Bloating, nausea, vomiting, and reflux were also prevalent. Neurologic manifestations were found in 95.8% of patients, along with their GI manifestations. Dysmotility was found in less than 35% of wireless motility capsule tests. Colon transit time was associated with constipation severity and Bristol Stool Scale. Several GI symptoms were associated with reduced quality of life, anxiety, and work/productivity, but not Fabry severity score. This is the largest study of GI manifestations in patients with Fabry disease that characterizes gut motility. We found little association between GI manifestations and motility indices, suggesting that visceral hypersensitivity may be a major driver of symptoms. GI symptoms affect different aspects of patients' lives, yet are not always well-discussed or optimally managed in Fabry disease. Disease severity scores when used for therapeutic decision making do not often include GI symptoms or their impact.

Gastrointestinal Transit Times in Health as Determined Using Ingestible Capsule Systems: A Systematic Review.

Ingestible capsule (IC) systems can assess gastrointestinal (GI) transit times as a surrogate for gut motility for extended periods of time within a minimally invasive, radiation-free and ambulatory setting. A literature review of IC systems and a systematic review of studies utilizing IC systems to measure GI transit times in healthy volunteers was performed. Screening for eligible studies, data extraction and bias assessments was performed by two reviewers. A narrative synthesis of the results was performed. The literature review identified 23 different IC systems. The systematic review found 6892 records, of which 22 studies were eligible. GI transit time data were available from a total of 1885 healthy volunteers. Overall, seventeen included studies reported gastric emptying time (GET) and small intestinal transit time (SITT). Colonic transit time (CTT) was reported in nine studies and whole gut transit time (WGTT) was reported in eleven studies. GI transit times in the included studies ranged between 0.4 and 15.3 h for GET, 3.3-7 h for SITT, 15.9-28.9 h for CTT and 23.0-37.4 h for WGTT. GI transit times, notably GET, were influenced by the study protocol. This review provides an up-to-date overview of IC systems and reference ranges for GI transit times. It also highlights the need to standardise protocols to differentiate between normal and pathological function.

Magnetohydrodynamic double-diffusive peristaltic flow of radiating fourth-grade nanofluid through a porous medium with viscous dissipation and heat generation/absorption

This article focuses on determining how to double diffusion affects the non-Newtonian fourth-grade nanofluids peristaltic motion within a symmetrical vertical elastic channel supported by a suitable porous medium as well as, concentrating on the impact of a few significant actual peculiarities on the development of the peristaltic liquid, such as rotation, initial pressure, non-linear thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption in the presence of viscous dissipation and joule heating with noting that the fluid inside the channel is subject to an externally induced magnetic field, giving it electromagnetic properties. Moreover, the constraints of the long-wavelength approximation and neglecting the wave number along with the low Reynolds number have been used to transform the nonlinear partial differential equations in two dimensions into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations in one dimension, which serve as the basic governing equations for fluid motion. The suitable numerical method for solving the new system of ordinary differential equations is the Runge–Kutta fourth-order numerical method with the shooting technique using the code MATLAB program. Using this code, a 2D and 3D graphical analysis was done to show how each physical parameter affected the distributions of axial velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction, solutal concentration, pressure gradients, induced magnetic field, magnetic forces, and finally the trapping phenomenon. Under the influence of rotation Omega, heat Grashof number {Gr}_{t}, solutal Grashof number {Gr}_{t}, and initial stress {P}^{*}, the axial velocity distribution u changes from increasing to decreasing, according to some of the study’s findings. On the other hand, increasing values of nonlinear thermal radiation R and temperature ratio {theta }_{w} have a negative impact on the temperature distribution theta but a positive impact on the distributions of nanoparticle volume fraction Phi and solutal concentration gamma. Darcy number Da and mean fluid rate F also had a positive effect on the distribution of pressure gradients, making it an increasing function.

Intestinal expression patterns of transcription factors and markers for interstitial cells in the larval zebrafish.

For the digestion of food, it is important for the gut to be differentiated regionally and to have proper motor control. However, the number of transcription factors that regulate its development is still limited. Meanwhile, the interstitial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are necessary for intestinal motility in addition to the enteric nervous system. There are anoctamine1 (Ano1)-positive and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (Pdgfra)-positive interstitial cells in mammal, but Pdgfra-positive cells have not been reported in the zebrafish. To identify new transcription factors involved in GI tract development, we used RNA sequencing comparing between larval and adult gut. We isolated 40 transcription factors that were more highly expressed in the larval gut. We demonstrated expression patterns of the 13 genes, 7 of which were newly found to be expressed in the zebrafish larval gut. Six of the 13 genes encode nuclear receptors. The osr2 is expressed in the anterior part, while foxP4 in its distal part. Also, we reported the expression pattern of pdgfra for the first time in the larval zebrafish gut. Our data provide fundamental knowledge for studying vertebrate gut regionalization and motility by live imaging using zebrafish.

Overview of the Enteric Nervous System.

Propulsion of contents in the gastrointestinal tract requires coordinated functions of the extrinsic nerves to the gut from the brain and spinal cord, as well as the neuromuscular apparatus within the gut. The latter includes excitatory and inhibitory neurons, pacemaker cells such as the interstitial cells of Cajal and fibroblast-like cells, and smooth muscle cells. Coordination between these extrinsic and enteric neurons results in propulsive functions which include peristaltic reflexes, migrating motor complexes in the small intestine which serve as the housekeeper propelling to the colon the residual content after digestion, and mass movements in the colon which lead to defecation.

A Peristaltic Soft, Wearable Robot for Compression Therapy and Massage

Soft robotics is attractive for wearable applications that require conformal interactions with the human body. Soft wearable robotic garments hold promise for supplying dynamic compression or massage therapies to improve lymphatic and blood circulation. In this paper, we present a wearable robot capable of supplying dynamic compression and massage therapy via peristaltic motion of finger-sized, soft, fluidic actuators. We show that this peristaltic wearable robot can supply dynamic compression pressures exceeding 22 kPa at frequencies of 14 Hz or more, meeting requirements for compression and massage therapy. A large variety of software-programmable compression wave patterns can be generated by varying frequency, amplitude, phase delay, and duration parameters. We finally demonstrate the utility of this peristaltic wearable robot for compression therapy, showing fluid transport in a laboratory model of the upper limb. We theoretically and empirically identify driving regimes that optimize fluid transport. These findings show the potential of such a wearable robot for the treatment of several health disorders associated with lymphatic and blood circulation, such as lymphedema and blood clots.

Simulation and interpretation of MHD peristaltic transport of dissipated third grade nanofluid flow across asymmetric channel under the influences of rheological characteristics and inclined magnetic field as well as heat and mass convection

ABSTRACT Mathematical simulation of biological fluids is of upmost significance due to its numerous medical uses. Interpreting various biological flows necessitates a thorough knowledge of the peristaltic mechanism. This paper presents a computational study for the peristaltic motion within vertical asymmetric channels filled with magnetic third grade nanofluid model under the influences of rheological characteristics. Various configurations of the outer boundaries are considered, namely, square wave, multi-sinusoidal wave, trapezoidal wave, and triangular wave. An inclined magnetic field together with nanoparticles and mass concentrations as well as viscous dissipation are considered. Influences of the Dufour and Soret numbers are examined, and the cases of biological scientific assumptions which is known as low Reynolds number and long wavelength are applied. All the computations are obtained numerically using Mathematica symbolical software (ND-Solve). The major outcomes revealed that the square wave shape gives higher pressure gradients near the inlet and outlet parts while the multi-sinusoidal wave gives periodic behaviors of dp/dx. Also, it is better to maximize the variable viscosity coefficient to enhance the rate of heat transfer while, the rate of heat transfer is diminished by the growth in the thermo-diffusion effects as well as variable thermal conductivity coefficient.

Laxative effect of prebiotics in chronic constipation: Mechanisms of action

Constipation is a condition that affects a consistent part of the general population, with increasing numbers of incidence worldwide. Its causes can be attributed to several factors. One of these factors (and one of the most relevant causes) is dietary choices. For instance, poor nutrition habits have been shown to adversely affect the function of the digestive tract, eliciting abnormal physiological responses that might lead to constipation. Prebiotics are specialized types of fermentable fibres which have been hypothesised to play a beneficial role in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and inulin are the most common types of prebiotics. There are several studies to demonstrate that prebiotics have many interactions with the bowel and its movements, thus they are potentially beneficial in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. Some prebiotics can retain water and therefore increase stool mass and viscosity, making the passage of faeces through the gastrointestinal tract easier. In addition, prebiotics can feed the probiotic bacteria (the body’s “good” bacteria that synergistically live in the digestive tract), and the fermentation of prebiotics by the probiotic bacteria leads to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFA synthesis through prebiotic fermentation has been shown to improve gastrointestinal function and bowel movement. Moreover, prebiotic fermentation in the colon might trigger both immunomodulatory responses and the production of neurotransmitters that elicit stronger contractility in the colon. Prebiotic fermentation from the gut microbiota might trigger the release of neurotransmitters that interact with the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). These bacterial neuromodulators directly affect the digestive nerve terminals, eliciting responses from the digestive tract that result in a faster and easier defaecation. Besides the existing studies that describe the roles of prebiotics in gut health and motility, their beneficial role has not yet been fully understood and proven, thus further research is needed on the topic.

Analysis of Bejan number and Entropy generation of Non-Newtonian nanofluid through an asymmetric microchannel

This study examines the electro-kinetic peristaltic movement of a Sutterby nanofluid under the influence of entropy generation and Bejan number. The fluid flow was introduced into the undulating asymmetrical microchannel. The Sutterby nanofluid flow was considered in the static electric field in the horizontal direction and the applied external magnetic field in the transverse direction. The mathematical formulation of the implications of Bejan number and entropy generation are also explored. The governing fluid flow equations, such as the continuity, momentum, and temperature equations, are reduced considering the tiny wave number and the small Reynolds number approximation. The resulting nonlinear equations were resolved numerically with the help of the built-in NDSolve coding through the computational mathematical software MATHEMATICA. Graphical illustrations of the fluid velocity profile, temperature, entropy generation, Bejan number, and trapping phenomenon (streamlines) are presented in detail. The results from the Sutterby nanofluid model might have a broad range of applications, such as cancer tissue destruction, disease diagnosis, etc. It was concluded that there is a decrease in the fluid velocity and an increase in the Hartmann number.