Gum Kondagogu Research Articles

Study on Natural Gums and Resins as Release Retarding Agents in Development of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Didanosine

Didanosine is an anti-retroviral drug which helpful in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from multiplication in the body. This drug has a relatively short half-life and low absolute bioavailability and requires frequent dosing. So to avoid this frequent dosing and to improve the patient’s compliance, the development of sustained-release tablets is necessary. Natural gums and resins play an important role in retarding drug release. Didanosine extended-release matrix formulations developed with wet granulation using gum kondagogu, guar gum, gum olibanum, and olibanum resin, and evaluated for pre and post-compression parameters. The outcome of all evaluation tests is reached IP specifications. Formulations with kondagogu F1-F3 failed to extend the drug release. F4-F6 was formulated with gum kondagogu and guar gum, in which F4 prolonged the release up to 12 hours with 98.23%. The formulations F7 with olibanum resin release 96.13%, and F10 with gum olibanum releases 93.15% drug at the end of 12 hours. The conclusion from the study was that natural polymers could be used to enhance drug release for an extended period.

Synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive potentials of biopolymer based curcumin nanoparticle construct: In silico, in vitro and in vivo studies

The present study focused on the synthesis and characterization of curcumin nanoparticles (GKCNP) using a biopolymer Gum kondagogu, which acts as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. The synthesized GKCNP are well dispersed, circular in shape with a size of 95 ± 20 nm and exhibited enhanced drug release profile. Further, the anti-inflammatory potentials of GKCNP and curcumin were carried out in in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. Diclofenac was used as a reference standard for comparison.The in-silico studies emphasizing that curcumin exhibited highest binding score of -9.2 kcal mol-1 against COX-2 protein but not COX-1, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory activity may be due to inhibition of COX-2 enzyme. Therefore, the in vitro studies were carried out against COX-2 enzyme specifically. For GKCNP, the percent inhibition of COX-2 enzyme were found to be 89% whereas, for curcumin and diclofenac as 62 and 85%, signifyingcurcumin in nanoform acts as a potent COX-2 enzyme inhibitor when compared to pure curcumin.The carrageenan induced paw edema and tail flick assessments revealed that the test compounds GKCNP, curcumin and diclofenac exhibited reduction of edema in a linear pattern in second phase, confirming that the mechanism of actioninvolves reduction of prostaglandins through inhibition of cyclooxygenase2.

Regenerable and Ultraflexible Sustainable Film Derived from Tree Gum Kondagogu for High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Advancement in technology has miniaturized electronic gadgets capable of functioning at a high speed, especially in a world pitching toward 5G. With the growing demand for electronics as well as small portable devices, electromagnetic pollution is precipitously emerging as a critical problem affecting human health and the environment. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation in particular causes multiple concerns, ranging from the malfunctioning of data to its effect on the performance of electronic devices, and also can affect the functions of the human body. An ideal solution would entail the introduction of sustainable materials that can effectively shield electromagnetic radiation while offering the desirable high mechanical strength and recyclability. Herein, freestanding nanocomposite films are designed comprising multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a tree gum/alginate conjugate, which provide a sustainable, recyclable, and ultraflexible shielding platform (100 μm) for EMI shielding and have the highest value for specific shielding effectiveness (2531 dB cm2 g–1). In addition, the MWCNT/tree gum/alginate nanocomposite films may be recycled and demonstrably reused for more than five cycles, which affords a milestone for future research related to recyclable materials for EMI shielding.

Sustainable, biodegradable, and recyclable bio-sponge for rapid and practical bioremediation of dye from water

For the first time, a simple synthesis of an ionically cross-linked tree gum-based sponge with structural stability was investigated for effective cationic dye adsorption. Hierarchical three-dimensional structures were formed between gum kondagogu (K) and sodium alginate (S) primarily through hydrogen bonding, and enhanced further by Ca2+ ionic crosslinking. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, and micro-CT were used to characterize the sponge. The adsorption capacity of the sponge for the cationic dye, methylene blue (MB), was studied as a function of pH, dosage, reaction time, and initial dye concentrations. The MB adsorption of the sponge in the present work (1250 mg g−1) shows a higher adsorption capacity than many other natural sponges. The maximum adsorption was recorded at pH 9, and recyclability without significant loss of efficiency for five adsorption cycles was also obtained. Furthermore, pseudo-second order kinetics and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm fit the experimental results well. This biodegradable adsorbent is a promising material for cost-effective wastewater treatment via waste-to-resource conversion.

High Barrier, Biodegradable Nanocomposite Films Based on Clay‐Coated and Chemically Modified Gum Kondagogu

AbstractLately, environmentally benign packaging materials with biodegradability, flexibility, and high barrier properties are sought after as a substitute for conventional plastic packaging materials due to increasing plastic pollution and microplastics in the environment. Although natural polymers can be sustainable alternatives to petro‐sourced, non‐biodegradable plastics, they suffer from the poor barrier and mechanical properties. In this study, a mechanically stable, biodegradable film of tree gum kondagogu with remarkable barrier properties is fabricated. The introduction of spray‐coated, waterborne, large‐aspect ratio sodium‐hectorite dispersion on tree‐gum films ensured very high barrier properties even at high relative humidity conditions (oxygen transmission rate (OTR) ≈1.7 cm3 m−2 day−1 bar−1 at 75% relative humidity). The coating not only decreases gas permeability through the films but also minimizes the sensitivity of performance to humidity levels. The clay‐coated nanocomposite films outperformed various commercial polymers and are comparable to high‐performance packaging films in terms of oxygen barrier properties. Further, the coating improved the mechanical properties of the films rendering them a prospective packaging material. These biodegradable, high‐barrier and mechanically robust films are a promising advance in the field of sustainable packaging.

Bimetallic nanocomposite (Ag-Au, Ag-Pd, Au-Pd) synthesis using gum kondagogu a natural biopolymer and their catalytic potentials in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol

Bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) constitute two different metal elements and exhibit relatively superior mechanistic and catalytic efficacies owing to their synergistic functions over monometallic nanoparticles. In the present study various bimetallic Ag-Au, Ag-Pd, Au-Pd nanoparticles were synthesized using a natural biopolymer gum kondagogu (GK) as a reducing and capping agent, by a simple and cost-effective method. The synthesized BNPs when characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy revealed a specific surface plasmon resonance band (SPR) of each nanocomposite. The average particle size of Ag-Au, Ag-Pd, and Au-Pd BNPs was found to be 23 ± 10.3, 21 ± 7.6, and 23 ± 9.4 nm respectively based on transmission electron microscopy analysis. Surface morphology and functional groups on the gum matrix of GK-BNPs were analyzed by XRD and FT-IR respectively. The bimetallic nanocomposites were evaluated for their catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH4. The kinetic studies performed, depicted rate constants for Ag-Au, Ag-Pd, and Au-PdNPs as 0.31, 0.39, and 0.28 min−1 respectively. The catalytic efficiencies of three bimetallic nanocomposites were of the following order Ag-Pd > Ag-Au > Au-Pd. This study establishes the catalytic potentials of the three different bimetallic nanocomposites in the reduction of 4-NP an environmental pollutant, and the impact of their synergistic property.

Green Chemistry Synthesis of Nano-Hydroxyapatite : Effect of Natural Stabilisers on Ca/P

Present work described the effect of natural stabilizers on Ca/P on naturally synthesised and Eco-friendly Nano-HAP powders.Nano- powders were preparedemploying wet chemical precipitation method by adjusting Ca/P between 1.5 to2.2,using different Natural Stabilisers (NSs)such as Rice Water (RcW), Soya Milk (SM), Tea Decoction (TD), Tulsi Leaves (TL), Soya Leaves (SL), Rose Petals (RP), Spinach Leaves (SpL), Gum Kondagogu (GKg) and Aloe Vera (AlV)as precursors. The pH of the powders was varying from 8.1 to 12.8.In this paper, the average crystallite sizes of the samples, pH, therate of reaction, initial temperature and Ca/P of synthesised powders are reported.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles-impregnated novel gum kondagogu–chitosan biosheet for tissue engineering and wound healing applications

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles-impregnated novel gum kondagogu–chitosan biosheet for tissue engineering and wound healing applications

Alkenyl succinic anhydride modified tree-gum kondagogu: A bio-based material with potential for food packaging

Tree gums are a class of abundantly available carbohydrate polymers that have not been explored thoroughly in film fabrication for food packaging. Films obtained from pristine tree gums are often brittle, hygroscopic, and lack mechanical strength. This study focuses on the chemical modification of gum kondagogu using long-chain alkenyl groups of dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), an esterifying agent that introduces a 12-carbon hydrophobic chain to the kondagogu structure. The esterification reaction was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of nano-cellulose as an additive on various film properties was investigated. The developed films were characterized for their mechanical, morphological, optical, barrier, antibacterial, and biodegradable properties. The inclusion of long-chain carbon groups acted as internal plasticizers and resulted in an amorphous structure with better film-forming ability, improved hydrophobicity, and higher elongation at break values. The modified films exhibited antibacterial properties and excellent biodegradability under aerobic conditions.

Hierarchically Porous Bio‐Based Sustainable Conjugate Sponge for Highly Selective Oil/Organic Solvent Absorption

AbstractThis paper describes a novel conjugate biodegradable sponge based on the tree gum kondagogu with excellent selective oil/organic solvent absorption ability. The conjugate sponge is made hydrophobic (water contact angle 133°) by post‐process vapor phase silylation, has porosity of ≈94% with very low density (18.4 mg cm−3). The sponge can absorb selectively up to 19–43 times its weight of oils and organic solvents. Meanwhile, good reusability is also observed in up to at least 10 cycles. The biodegradation behavior is studied from BOD (biological oxygen demand) analysis, where the non‐silylated and silylated sponges degraded over 28 days by 92% and 76%, respectively, in waste‐water sludge. The novel conjugate bio‐based and biodegradable sponge used in this study is a promising sustainable material for clearing oil spills and for water treatment.

Selective and sensitive detection of cholesterol using intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of biogenic palladium nanoparticles

Abstract Biogenic palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) based colorimetric sensing and detection of cholesterol is being reported. Pd NPs used in this method were synthesized using gum kondagogu (GK), a biopolymer, which acted as both reducing and stabilizing agent. The GK reduced / stabilized Pd NPs (GK-Pd NPs) were directly used for the selective and colorimetric detection of cholesterol without any further modification. Cholesterol is known to be catalyzed by cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and H2O2 produced in the reaction. The intrinsic peroxidase activity of GK-Pd NPs was coupled with catalytic oxidation of cholesterol by ChOx to colorimetric oxidation of 3, 3, 5, 5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) for the detection of cholesterol. Under the optimal conditions, the absorbance was proportional to the concentration of cholesterol over the range of 5–100 µM and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was recorded to be 3.7 µM. Moreover, the practicability of the assay in the detection of cholesterol in human serum was validated with promising results and has potential application in clinical diagnosis due to its selectivity and sensitivity.

Synthesis and characterisation of novel biopolymer stabilised organic Pt-nanocomposite: assessment of its antioxidant and antitumour properties.

Green synthesis of organic Pt-nanocomposite was accomplished using carboplatin as a precursor and novel biopolymer - gum kondagogu (GK) as a reducing agent. The synthesised GK stabilised organic Pt-nanocomposite (GKCPt NC) was characterised by different analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle analyser, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer. The XRD pattern established the amorphous nature of GKCPt NC. TEM analysis revealed the homogeneous, monodisperse and spherical nature, with Pt metal size of 3.08 ± 0.62 nm. The binding energy at 71.2 and 74.6 eV show the presence of metallic platinum, Pt(0) confirmed by XPS studies. Further, in vitro radical scavenging and antitumour activity of GKCPt NC have been investigated. In comparison to GK and carboplatin, GKCPt NC showed superior 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyle activity of 87.82%, whereas 2, 2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthinzoline-6-sulphonic acid) activity was 38.50%, respectively. In vitro studies of the antitumour property of GK, GKCPt NC and carboplatin were evaluated by potato disc tumour bioassay model. The efficacy of synthesised GKCPt NC concentration (IC50) on tumour inhibition was found to be 2.04-fold lower as compared to carboplatin. Overall, the synthesised GKCPt NC shows both antitumour and antioxidant properties when compared to the original drug - carboplatin and might have promising applications in cancer therapy.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THIOLATED GUM KONDAGOGU AND EVALUATION AS MUCOADHESIVE POLYMER

Present work focused on thiolation for enhancing the mucoadhesive potential of Gum kondagogu (GK). Thiolation of GK was done by esterification process with 80 % thioglycolic acid in presence of 7N HCl. Thiolated Gum kondagogu (ThioGK) was determined to possess 1.59 ±0.04 mmol of thiol groups/g of the polymer by Ellman’s method. ThioGK was characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, XRD, and FE-SEM. The tablets were prepared by direct compression using 75 mg of ThioGK and GK. Tablets containing ThioGK (F1) and GK (F2) were subjected to evaluation of weight variation, hardness and friability and show enhanced disintegration time, swelling behavior, drug release and mucoadhesion. In vitro drug release of batch F1 exhibits complete release of drug in 24 hr with zero order release kinetics. Comparative mucoadhesive strength was studied using chicken ileum by texture analyzer and revealed higher mucoadhesion of tablet containing ThioGK. From the above study, ThioGK was suitability exploited as mucoadhesive sustained release matrix tablet.

Gum Kondagogu/Reduced Graphene Oxide Framed Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Role.

This study investigates an environmentally benign approach to generate platinum nanoparticles (Pt NP) supported on the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) by non-edible gum waste of gum kondagogu (GK). The reaction adheres to the green chemistry approach by using an aqueous medium and a nontoxic natural reductant—GK—whose abundant hydroxyl groups facilitate in the reduction process of platinum salt and helps as well in the homogenous distribution of ensued Pt NP on RGO sheets. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of kondagogu gum/reduced graphene oxide framed spherical platinum nanoparticles (RGO-Pt) with an average particle size of 3.3 ± 0.6 nm, as affirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the Pt NPs formed are crystalline with a face-centered cubic structure, while morphological analysis by XRD and Raman spectroscopy revealed a simultaneous reduction of GO and Pt. The hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol could be accomplished in the superior catalytic performance of RGO-Pt. The current strategy emphasizes a simple, fast and environmentally benign technique to generate low-cost gum waste supported nanoparticles with a commendable catalytic activity that can be exploited in environmental applications.

Strip‐based nano‐silver biocomposite construct for rapid screening of aqueous mercury

A simple, rapid and a cost-effective colorimetric method for detection of Hg2+ in an aqueous system using silver nanoparticle (AgNP) has been developed in the present study. AgNPs were synthesised using gum kondagogu (GK), a natural biopolymer that acts as both reducing and stabilising agent. The stability of GK-AgNPs composites was determined by zeta potential and was observed to be −30.43 mV. The yellow colour spot on the nitrocellulose membrane turned colourless at Hg2+ concentration of 20 ppm in aqueous solution, which can be observed visually. By using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, it was observed that as the concentration of Hg2+ increases the Ag concentration decreased. Further, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to confirm the morphological changes on membrane before and after treating with Hg2 +. The interference of other metal ions was also studied to validate Hg2+ specificity. This method was successfully employed to screen Hg2+ in industrial effluents. In summary, this study entails the development of a nitrocellulose membrane based mercury sensor that has practical applicability for on-site screening of Hg2+ contamination in the aqueous system.

Eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using carboxymethylated gum Cochlospermum gossypium (CMGK) and their catalytic and antibacterial applications

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized by the green method with activated Cochlospermum gossypium (carboxymethylated Cochlospermum gossypium gum or carboxymethylated gum kondagogu: CMGK) as stabilizer and reducing agent. The obtained size of AuNPs was 11 ± 2 nm. The impacts of HAuCl4 concentration, CMGK concentration, and reaction time on the synthesis of AuNPs were investigated. The techniques, UV − visible spectroscopy, FTIR, DLS, TEM, and powder XRD, were used for characterization. The reducing capacity of the synthesized CMGK-AuNPs was tested for reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) along with NaBH4. The effects of NaBH4, catalyst dose, and temperature were studied for reduction of 4-NP. The AuNPs showed good antibacterial activity against E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. The outcomes of the study indicated that CMGK–AuNPs have notable antimicrobial and environmental applications.

Formulation development and in vitro evaluation of gentamicin sulfate-loaded PLGA nanoparticles based film for the treatment of surgical site infection by Box–Behnken design

Objective: Gentamicin sulfate (GS)–loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) were developed and incorporated in film for the treatment of surgical site infection (SSI). Method: PNPs were prepared by double emulsification solvent removal technique using ethyl acetate solution containing PLGA and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as an emulsifier. The emulsion was re-emulsified using Gum Kondagogu (GKK). PNPs loaded film was prepared with 5% w/v solution of pullulan in PNPs using solvent casting technique. Design of Experiment (DoE) study using Box–Behnken design was performed for the optimization of PNPs. Drug release study was carried out for PNPs at phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 6.4 and simulated wound fluid (SWF) pH 7.4. Result: PNPs were found to have average particle size 280 ± 12.04 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.15 ± 0.01 and zeta potential – 4.9 ± 0.84 mV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed spherical nature of PNPs along with particle size of 160 ± 35.30 nm confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PNPs were found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Optimized batch of film showed in vitro disintegration time below 8 min with tensile strength (TS) 0.06 ± 0.03 N/cm2 and percentage elongation (% E) 70.95 ± 4.29. X-ray diffraction study (XRD) confirmed amorphous nature of GS, PLGA, pullulan, GKK and film. Conclusion: PNPs showed controlled release of GS after an initial burst release. Developed film can be an effective approach for management of SSI and control of antibiotic induced drug resistance.

Synthesis, characterisation and anti-tumour activity of biopolymer based platinum nanoparticles and 5-fluorouracil loaded platinum nanoparticles.

A facile and green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles [gum kondagogu platinum nanoparticles (GKPtNP)] using biopolymer- gum kondagogu was developed. The formation of GKPtNP was confirmed by ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The formed GKPtNP are well dispersed, homogeneous with a size of 2-4 ± 0.50 nm, having a negative zeta potential (-46.1 mV) indicating good stability. 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) was loaded onto the synthesised GKPtNP, which leads to the development of a new combination of nanomedicine (5FU-GKPtNP). The in vitro drug release studies of 5FU-GKPtNP in pH 7.4 showed a sustained release profile over a period of 120 min. Agrobacterium tumefaciens induced in vitro potato tumour bioassay was employed for screening the anti-tumour potentials of GKPtNP, 5FU, and 5FU-GKPtNP. The experimental results suggested a complete tumour inhibition by 5FU-GKPtNP at a lower concentration than the GKPtNP and 5FU. Furthermore, the mechanism of anti-tumour activity was assessed by their interactions with DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV-spectroscopic analysis. The electrophoresis results revealed that the 5FU-GKPtNP totally diminishes DNA and the UV-spectroscopic analysis showed a hyperchromic effect with red shift indicating intercalation type of binding with DNA. Over all, the present study revealed that the combined exposure of the nanoformulation resulted in the enhanced anti-tumour effect.

Green Synthesis of High Temperature Stable Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Gum Kondagogu: Characterization and Solar Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye.

The present study reports a green and sustainable method for the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) from titanium oxysulfate solution using Kondagogu gum (Cochlospermum gossypium), a carbohydrate polymer, as the NPs formation agent. The synthesized TiO2 NPs were categorized by techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope- Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and particle size analysis. Additionally, the photocatalytic actions of TiO2 NPs were assessed with regard to their ability to degrade an organic dye (methylene blue) from aqueous solution in the presence of solar light. Various parameters affecting the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 NPs were examined, including catalyst loading, reaction time, pH value and calcination temperature of the aforementioned particles. This green synthesis method involving TiO2 NPs explores the advantages of inexpensive and non-toxic precursors, the TiO2 NPs themselves exhibiting excellent photocatalytic activity against dye molecules.

Biopolymer‐mediated synthesis and characterisation of platinum nanocomposite and its anti‐fungal activity against A. parasiticus and A. flavus

The green synthesis of the platinum (Pt) nanocomposite was achieved using a natural biopolymer gum kondagogu (GK), a widely preferred reducing agent because of its biocompatible and biodegradable nature. The synthesised GK Pt nanoparticle (GKPtNP) were characterised by using different analytical techniques such as ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The objective of the present work was to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of GKPtNP against two strains Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus for the first time. The results revealed that GKPtNP-treated fungal cell suspensions showed the minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 μg ml−1 for both the strains and exhibited IC50 values as 37.2 and 29.4 μg ml−1, against A. parasiticus and A. flavus. The mechanism of action of Pt nanocomposite on fungi outer membrane and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was elucidated. It was observed that the interaction of GKPtNP caused destabilisation of fungal outer membrane signifying elevated levels of ROS leading to oxidative stress. In conclusion, the Pt nanocomposite materials acted as a fungicidal agent against A. parasiticus and A. flavus and give a significant scope in various biomedical applications.