Guidelines For Use Research Articles

Von „Studierenden“, „Mitarbeiter*innen“ und „Professoren“ – Geschlechtergerechte Personenbezeichnungen zwischen Varianz und Normierung

Gender-fair language has been a controversial and topical issue in Germany for over 50 years, both in public and in the professional discourse of German linguistics. In this article, two contiguous studies of gender-fair language at German universities are presented. In the first part, university guidelines for gender-fair language usage are subjected to a content analysis. In the second part, linguistic practice in the area of person reference is studied using a corpus compiled from a range of text types used in the internal and external communication of universities. The relation between the existing variance of language use and institutional attempts at standardization of gender-fair language are examined. In the two studies presented, the interplay between theory and practice becomes evident: There are tensions between theories motivating the options presented for gender-fair language and the goals formulated in university guidelines clash with the observable variation in language use. This work contributes to the current dialog on compulsory regulations on gender-fair language by providing data from writing practice while shedding light on ongoing processes of language change.

Promotions, Information Asymmetry and Usage of Traditional Medicine in Central Uganda: A Qualitative Perspective

Background: While extant literature highlights several motivations for Traditional Medicine (TM) usage; few studies have examined how promotions and information asymmetries influence traditional medicine usage behaviors. This study aimed to map out information biases underlying the marketing and promotion of Traditional Medicines in Central Uganda and explored the dimensions of attitudes and usage behaviors of TM users.
 Methods: The study utilized a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth face-to-face semistructured interviews with TM users in the metropolitan parts of Central Uganda. The study participants were recruited from the Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) clinics with the help of community development officers under the guidance of the National Council for Traditional Healers and Herbalists' Association (NACOTHA). Study participants gave their written consent, and their identities have since been kept confidential. Saturation point was reached at 34 respondents. Data was recorded and transcribed verbatim and analyzed using content analysis.
 Results: The study indicates that incomplete, inadequate and inconsistent information especially from TM promotions leads users to overly buy and use TM. Identified themes related to information asymmetry include unverifiable information, usage side effects, and absence of expiry dates on the labels, naturalness of TM, unclear dosage rates, limited diagnosis, limited usage guidelines, and lack of authentic approvals by regulatory bodies among others.
 Conclusions: The findings raise the need for policy guidelines in the alternative health segment and multi-agency regulation of THPs in Uganda. Further, massive community sensitization and customer education are recommended since the potential for information asymmetries in TM promotions is quite large.

Reducing inappropriate oxygen use in hospitalized medicine patients

ABSTRACT Introduction Evidence suggests inappropriate oxygenation may be harmful to patients. To improve oxygen use in our hospital, we initiated a quality improvement project with a goal to reduce the percentage of inappropriate utilization of oxygen by 50% within a year. Methods Nasal cannula (NC) oxygen use data for medicine inpatients was abstracted weekly for chart review. A multidisciplinary team developed a guideline for use. Initiation of NC O2 with a baseline SPO2 > 92% was deemed inappropriate and 3+ consecutive SPO2 > 96% was defined as over-supplementation. Formal interventions included an oxygen use guideline, updated EMR order, unit-specific feedback, and magnetic placards. Progress was tracked by control charts. Results Baseline data revealed 40% of patients were inappropriately placed on oxygen and 55% of patients had one instance of excessive supplementation. Only half of all improper uses of oxygen had charted medical reasoning, and 30% had a corresponding order. Instances of proper oxygen use had orders 48% of the time. Run charts revealed inappropriate initiation was significantly reduced to 27.1% (p < 0.0001) and excessive oxygenation decreased significantly to 34.4% (p < 0.0001) following interventions with no effect on other variables. Conclusions Our interventions significantly decreased improper oxygen initiation and excessive supplementation.

The usability gap in water resources open data and actionable science initiatives

AbstractThe open data movement represents a major advancement for informed water management. Data that are findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable—or FAIR—are now prerequisite to responsible data stewardship. In contrast to FAIR, accessibility and usability case studies and guidelines designed around human access and understanding are lacking in the literature, especially for water resources. Such decision support guidelines are critical because (i) inherent visual design trade‐offs are not best made using intuition or feedback (perceived preference), and (ii) choosing designs requires a nuanced understanding of why and how the design works (revealed effectiveness). Thus, the goal of this commentary is to highlight knowledge gaps and discuss a general usability testing method which can be applied to any water resources decision support product. The user‐testing approach includes (i) interviews about visualization goals, audiences, and the uses and decisions made with the data products, (ii) diagnosis of usability challenges, and (iii) redesign of decision support products given best practices and control versus treatment with intended end‐user audiences. We illustrate the method using high‐profile U.S. Geological Survey water science products. In sum, optimizing and testing for usability and understandability are as central to stakeholder use as FAIR standards are, and warrant being part of the development of data products and geovisualizations.

Global review and guidelines to avoid opportunistic predation of birds and bats in mist nets.

Mist nets are one of the most widely used techniques in the study of birds and bats worldwide. However, a number of risks are involved, including opportunistic predation. Given this potential cost, here we: (1) review the global literature to understand the factors that might contribute to predation risk for birds and bats captured in mist nets; (2) review existing guidelines for best practice use of mist nets; and (3) based on our reviews, recommend new guidelines for the use of mist nets to minimize the risk of opportunistic predation. Based on keyword in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, and using Google Scholar, Scopus, SciElo, and Web of Science, we found 48 articles reporting opportunistic predation. In the included articles, 178 predation events, involving 52 predator and 84 prey species, were reported. In most of the reports, the mist nets were placed at ground level, the bats and birds were preyed on from the shelf closest to the ground, the mist-net checks occurred at intervals of 1 h or 30 min and the most common predators were arboreal and scansorial species (primates and marsupials). Despite the occurrences of predation in 13 countries, guidelines for best practice mist-net use were found in only three, despite extensive searches and contact with key people in each country. Based on the existing guidelines and our results, we recommend that mist nets be fixed with the lowest shelf at least 50 cm above ground level and be checked at 15-min intervals; when predators are observed near mist nets, the nets either be constantly observed, closed, or relocated; suppressed the vegetation around the mist nets; captured animals be removed from the mist nets as soon as possible, and more than one researcher/technician should be in the field at all times.

Language learning apps for visually impaired users: a systematic review

The purpose of this literature review is to identify, categorize, and critically appraise research papers related to mobile apps for visually impaired people in language learning. This study intended to identify the language skills, the affordances, and the limitations encountered while designing and implementing the apps. Hence, a systematic review in the Scopus database and the virtual libraries of IEEE, SAGE, ERIC, and Science Direct, adhering to the PRISMA methodology, produced 274 research papers, and after the application of the different phases, a detailed analysis was performed using 17 articles. The results revealed that Information Communication Technologies, assistive technologies, and electronic accessibility features contributed to the usability guidelines and the current evolution toward modern language learning mobile applications for visually impaired users. The revised work also revealed how writing, reading, and spelling became more demanding for this particular special need, and that grammar-based and traditional activities are replaced by other communicative approaches. The emphasis was on speaking and listening skills due to these being less demanding in terms of technical requirements. The findings of this review provide insights for instructional designers to construct inclusive language learning apps which consider the three essential dimensions needed to achieve it: technological, pedagogical and psychological, in addition to appropriate affordances necessary for both sighted and visually impaired users.

Deep subspace encoders for nonlinear system identification

Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for nonlinear system identification has proven to be a promising approach, but despite of all recent research efforts, many practical and theoretical problems still remain open. Specifically, noise handling and models, issues of consistency and reliable estimation under minimization of the prediction error are the most severe problems. The latter comes with numerous practical challenges such as explosion of the computational cost in terms of the number of data samples and the occurrence of instabilities during optimization. In this paper, we aim to overcome these issues by proposing a method which uses a truncated prediction loss and a subspace encoder for state estimation. The truncated prediction loss is computed by selecting multiple truncated subsections from the time series and computing the average prediction loss. To obtain a computationally efficient estimation method that minimizes the truncated prediction loss, a subspace encoder represented by an artificial neural network is introduced. This encoder aims to approximate the state reconstructability map of the estimated model to provide an initial state for each truncated subsection given past inputs and outputs. By theoretical analysis, we show that, under mild conditions, the proposed method is locally consistent, increases optimization stability, and achieves increased data efficiency by allowing for overlap between the subsections. Lastly, we provide practical insights and user guidelines employing a numerical example and state-of-the-art benchmark results.

Comparing sputter rates, depth resolution, and ion yields for different gas cluster ion beams (GCIB): A practical guide to choosing the best GCIB for every application

Molecular gas species for gas cluster ion beams (GCIBs), such as carbon dioxide and water, were examined with a range of beam energies and cluster sizes to compare with the “universal relation” of the sputter yield, Y, per cluster atom against incident beam energy, E, per cluster atom of Arn cluster beam using Irganox 1010. In this work, we compare Arn, (CO2)n, and (H2O)n gas clusters to the universal equations for Arn clusters. To discuss molecular gas species for GCIBs, energy per nucleon (E/N) needs to replace energy per atom. We monitored sputter rate, depth resolution, and secondary ion yield as a function of the beam parameters: gas species, beam energy, and cluster size. (H2O)n GCIB shows reduced sputter rates and improved depth resolution with high sensitivity compared to Arn and (CO2)n GCIBs. These initial results indicate the potential to achieve high-depth resolution with high sensitivity and suggest that (H2O)n cluster ion beam has the potential to play a significant role in surface analysis techniques with organic materials. Results also show that no single set of conditions will provide the “best gas cluster ion beam” for all applications. However, it is possible to choose a set of conditions that will be more or less optimal depending on the experimental goals, such as maximizing the sputter rate, depth resolution, and molecular ion yield. In this work, we recommend the following three guidelines for GCIB users to set their own conditions: (1) to maximize the sputter rate, select a smaller cluster (higher E/N), but be aware that this will increase fragmentation and reduce molecular ion yield; (2) to maximize the depth resolution, select a larger cluster (lower E/N), and use (H2O)n GCIB, if possible; and (3) to maximize the molecular ion signal, use the highest beam energy available, and select a cluster with 0.15–0.25 eV/nucleon for Ar and (CO2)n GCIBs or around 0.1 eV/nucleon if using (H2O)n GCIB. These results are valid for XPS, SIMS, and any technique that utilizes GCIBs.

Geolocation of a demersal fish (Pacific cod) in a high-latitude island chain (Aleutian Islands, Alaska)

BackgroundFish geolocation methods are most effective when they are customized to account for species behavior and study area characteristics. Here, we provide an example of customizing a hidden Markov model (HMM) for reconstructing movement pathways of a high-latitude demersal fish species in a remote island chain using Pop-up Satellite Archival Tag (PSAT) data. Adult Pacific cod were tagged with PSATs while occupying winter spawning grounds in the Aleutian Islands in February 2019. We adapted a demersal fish application of the HMM to (1) add light-based longitude to the data likelihood model, (2) account for possible off-bottom behavior of demersal fishes in the maximum daily depth likelihood, and (3) modify the model framework to accommodate convoluted island topography in the study area. A simulation study was conducted to explore the two primary modifications to the model framework, reflecting boundary for the movement kernel and the Viterbi method of pathway reconstruction, under known conditions.ResultsGeolocation was performed on satellite-transmitted and detailed archival data sets from 6 adult Pacific cod at liberty for 21–277 days. Migration from winter spawning to summer foraging areas (range 60–395 km) was detected for the 4 tagged fish that were at liberty for more than 90 days. Light-based longitude was the primary geolocation variable for detecting migrations with precision (root mean square error) estimates of 0.56 degrees during winter and 1.3 degrees during the summer. Simulation studies confirmed the effectiveness of model framework modifications and generated guidelines for use in specific applications.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that post-spawning migrations of Pacific cod in the Aleutian Islands can be detected and characterized using PSAT data. Initial insights into migrations, summer foraging areas, and associated development of appropriate analysis tools will support future Pacific cod movement studies in the Aleutian Islands as well as other regions of Alaska. The adaptations to the HMM presented here will benefit current and future research on demersal fish in other regions as well as fish species that occupy areas with convoluted shorelines or island chain topography.

Revisiting the minimum image locus method for calculating the radial distribution functions

The minimum image locus method first introduced by Theodorou and Suter (1985) allows us to extend the effective ranges of radial distribution functions obtained from molecular simulations at no extra cost. In this paper, we present a few extensions of the minimum image locus method to improve the accuracy and applicability of the original formulation, followed by performance evaluation with sufficient statistical accuracy to provide guidelines for use in real-world problems. Our results on liquid water and molten lithium fluoride indicate that the effective ranges of radial distribution functions can be safely increased by ≃ 25% for a simple cubic lattice, while the gain is much lower for body centered cubic and face centered cubic lattices. Therefore, as far as the radial distribution functions are concerned, the use of a simple cubic lattice is recommended for modeling homogeneously disordered systems.

THE EFFECT OF STEM INTEGRATED PHYSICS E-MODULES TO IMPROVE CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY OF CLASS XI STUDENTS OF SMAN 2 LUBUK SIKAPING

Life in this era of globalization requires many changes and developments from previous life. The methods and models used by teachers in the learning process also affect students' critical thinking skills. students' critical thinking, namely the discovery learning model with the STEM approach. The use of this model can change teacher centered learning to student centered. The teacher does not yet have access to references to the STEM learning approach which is accompanied by guidelines for use and the tools needed. Easy, namely less than 50%. The solution that can be done is to change the teaching materials used, namely can use STEM-integrated e-modules. The experimental class was given treatment in the form of STEM integrated e-modules, while the control class was not given treatment. After conducting the research it turned out that students' critical thinking abilities as seen from each student's answer from the two sample classes had different averages in common, namely the normality test, test homogeneity, two-mean similarity test From the analysis results obtained, namely the value of th is in the H0 resistance area so that it can be said that H1 is accepted at a significant level of 0.05. The results of the statistical analysis of the data show that th&gt; tt is 5.897&gt; 2.00, so it can be concluded that there are differences in students' critical thinking skills in the aspect of knowledge using e-modules and not using e-modules.

Defining destigmatizing design guidelines for use in sexual health-related digital technologies: A Delphi study.

Stigma has been recognized as a significant issue in sexual health, yet no specific guidelines exist to support digital health development teams in creating stigma-alleviating sexual health digital platforms. The purpose of this study was to develop a set of design guidelines that would serve as a reference point for addressing stigma during the design of sexual health-related digital platforms. We conducted a 3-round Delphi study among 14 researchers in stigma and sexual health. A preliminary list of 28 design guidelines was generated from a literature review. Participants appraised and critiqued the clarity and usefulness of the preliminary list and provided comments for each item and for the overall group of items at each round. At each round, a content validity index and an interquartile range were calculated to determine the level of consensus regarding the clarity and usefulness of each guideline. Items were retained if there was high consensus or were dropped if there was no consensus after the three rounds. Nineteen design guidelines achieved consensus. Most of them were content-related guidelines and sought to address the emotional concerns of patients that could potentially aggravate stigma. The findings also reflected modern stigma management strategies of making stigma a societal attribute by challenging, exposing, and normalizing stigma attributes via web platforms. To address stigma via digital platforms, developers should not just concentrate on technical solutions but seriously consider content-related and emotional design components that are likely to result in stigma.

Use of antibiotics in poultry and poultry farmers- a cross-sectional survey in Pakistan.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which has been ascribed to be due to community carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is highly prevalent in the WHO South-East Asia region. One of the major reasons for this is the misuse of antibiotics in animal farming practices and at the community level, which threatens both human and animal health. However, this problem of antibiotic misuse in poultry farms and in respective farmers is not well studied in countries like Pakistan. We conducted a cross-sectional study in rural Punjab to explore the current practices of antibiotic use in poultry and poultry farmers, associated factors, their healthcare-seeking behavior and biosecurity practices. In the context of antibiotic use for poultry, 60% comprised of Colistin sulfate and Amoxicillin trihydrate whereas Colistin is considered as the last resort antibiotic. In addition, the significant consumption of antibiotics in poultry farms (60%) and poultry farmers (50%) was without prescription by either human health physicians or veterinarians. Most of the farms (85%) had no wastewater drainage system, which resulted in the direct shedding of poultry waste and antibiotic residue into the surrounding environment. The lack of farmers' education, professional farm training and farming experience were the most significant factors associated with antibiotic use and knowledge of AMR. Our study findings show that it is necessary for an integrated AMR policy with the inclusion of all poultry farmers to be educated, a mass awareness program to be undertaken and that strict antibiotic usage guidelines be available to them. Such initiatives are also important to ensure food safety and farm biosecurity practices.

Development of Poetry Writing Textbooks in Indonesian Language Subjects for Junior High School Students

This research includes research and development (Research and Development), which aims to describe the development of poetry writing textbooks in Indonesian subjects for junior high school students. The subjects in this study were students and class teachers at VIII SMP Muhammadiyah 6 Dau Malang. The development model used in this study is the R2D2 development model (Recursive, Reflective Design and Development model), which consists of three stages: (1) defining, (2) designing and developing, and (3) disseminating. The development of poetry writing textbooks on Indonesian subjects has gone through a trial process consisting of individual trials, small group trials, and class trials. Textbooks for writing poetry on Indonesian subjects developed have been validated by validators and have undergone revisions so as to get very feasible and practical results for use in learning. The development of poetry writing textbooks in Indonesian subjects consists of (1) covers, (2) book usage guidelines, (3) Pancasila student strengthening profiles (P4), (4) activities, (5) literacy skills, (6) new vocabulary, (7) perception, (8) material, (9) audio features, (10) video features, (11) game features, (12) diagnostic assessment features, (13) diversity of question forms, (14) hots questions, and (15) enrichment features. The fifteen points developed have met the criteria and have a very valid level, so they are very feasible and practical to use in the Indonesian learning process.

Accused: How students respond to allegations of using ChatGPT on assessments

ABSTRACT This study investigates student responses to allegations of cheating using ChatGPT, a popular software platform capable of generating coherent text on various topics. Data comprising 49 Reddit posts and discussions between December 2022 and June 2023 were collected. Students shared their experiences, often asserting false accusations, and discussed strategies to navigate these situations. Thematic analysis identified five key themes: adopting a legalistic stance with argumentation and evidence; higher education's role as a societal gatekeeper; vicissitudes of trust in students vs. technology; questions of what constitutes cheating; and the need to rethink assessment. These findings will aid educators and institutions in crafting more meaningful assessments in the age of AI and establishing guidelines for student usage of ChatGPT and similar tools.

Death by Patient Portal

In this narrative medicine essay, an internist suffering from portal communication burnout explored several solutions, none of which sat well with him, so he decided to write a letter to his patients explaining his fatigue and asking them to abide by some usage guidelines.

BT25 A survey of users of a regional dermatology advice and guidance service

Abstract Electronic advice and guidance (A&amp;G) was implemented in our trust in April 2016. Referrals to this service steadily increased with weekly requests up to 313 (average 261) in 2022. We noticed that, increasingly, requests were being sent from allied health professionals or junior medical staff often for quite rudimentary dermatology. A survey was constructed to understand who is using our service, their level of dermatology training, whether there is discussion prior to sending A&amp;G and to examine user satisfaction. A survey link comprising 16 questions was attached to A&amp;G replies within a 12-week period from October 2022. In total, 144 responses were received. Most responders were regular users of the service, with 20% sending over six requests a month. Of those responding, 94 were fully trained general practitioners (GPs), with the others a mix of junior doctors, nurses and allied health professionals. Only 27.8% of referrers had discussed the case within primary care prior to sending the request; this included one-third of non-GPs. Levels of formal dermatology training among requestors are low, with 10.4% stating they have no formal dermatology training and 35.4% having training only within primary care. Eighty-five per cent stated they would like more dermatology training. Our department has developed online management guidelines for use in primary care. While 75.7% of those responding were aware of these guidelines, only 30.3% looked at these prior to sending the A&amp;G request. Most requesters found the A&amp;G process very easy, and 99.3% felt they received a satisfactory A&amp;G response. Only 28.4% of requests were converted to a referral. Additional comments from the responders were universally positive with the service repeatedly described as ‘excellent’. We have created an easy-to-use, valued and quick service, but this creates extra work within secondary care if cases are not discussed locally before requesting specialist input. Many may not have been referred to secondary care prior to electronic A&amp;G being established. We will discuss the issues this presents and ways we can address this to ensure we are providing the optimal A&amp;G service for those who really need it.

IMPACTS OF SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING ON FIRM FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LISTED MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN SRI LANKA DURING PRE AND POST-COVID 19

Although Sustainability Reporting (SR) is not a mandatory requirement in many countries as well as Sri Lanka, many companies use them. Considering the firm's financial performance is the best way to analyze its performance. The relationship between firm financial performance and sustainability reporting of the manufacturing sector has not consistently been identified by Sri Lankan researchers. Then, there is a need to further investigate this area to be carried out to recognize the factual impact of SR. This study fills the gap of previous studies and will contribute to the existing literature by identifying the significant relationship between firm financial performance and SR. Considering the lack of usage of the GRI guidelines and the quality of sustainability reporting of Listed manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka, the study will develop a sustainability scoring model to measure SR. Return on equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA) will be used to measure the financial performance of the organization. All the listed manufacturing companies which disclose sustainability reporting are considered as the sample of the study. Since Sri Lanka faced Covid-19 during the year 2020 onwards, the analysis will be divided into 2 phases the “pre-Covid-19 period” from 2015 to 2019 and the “post-Covid-19 Period” from 2020. The researchers focus on secondary data collection techniques to gather data and required data will have collected through annual reports and sustainability reports. The study will use some statistical methods to analyze quantitative data which is collected from manufacturing companies listed in CSE. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and panel data regression analysis. Mean, standard deviation, and tables will be used to discuss the findings, according to the descriptive analysis. Regression analysis was used to test the relationship between environmental, economic, and social disclosures and firm financial performance. The findings of this research help to take decisions of the stakeholders of manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka. Finally, such information will help investors, decision-makers, regulators, policymakers, and scholars to improve their knowledge about sustainable reporting practices.

The Ethics of Risk Prediction for Psychosis and Suicide Attempt in Youth Mental Health

To identify potential clinical utility of polygenic risk scores (PRS) and exposomic risk scores (ERS) for psychosis and suicide attempt in youth and assess the ethical implications of these tools. We conducted a narrative literature review of emerging findings on PRS and ERS for suicide and psychosis as well as a literature review on the ethics of PRS. We discuss the ethical implications of the emerging findings for the clinical potential of PRS and ERS. Emerging evidence suggests that PRS and ERS may offer clinical utility in the relatively near future but that this utility will be limited to specific, narrow clinical questions, in contrast to the suggestion that population-level screening will have sweeping impact. Combining PRS and ERS might optimize prediction. This clinical utility would change the risk-benefit balance of PRS, and further empirical assessment of proposed risks would be necessary. Some concerns for PRS, such as those about counseling, privacy, and inequities, apply to ERS. ERS raise distinct ethical challenges as well, including some that involve informed consent and direct-to-consumer advertising. Both raise questions about the ethics of machine-learning/artificial intelligence approaches. Predictive analytics using PRS and ERS may soon play a role in youth mental health settings. Our findings help educate clinicians about potential capabilities, limitations, and ethical implications of these tools. We suggest that a broader discussion with the public is needed to avoid overenthusiasm and determine regulations and guidelines for use of predictive scores.

Parental Experiences of Melatonin Administration to Manage Sleep Disturbances in Autistic Children and Adolescent in the UK.

Autistic children and adolescents are 40-80% more likely to experience sleep disturbances than their neurotypical peers. In the United Kingdom, melatonin is licensed for short-term usage in adults at age 55 years and above; however, it is often prescribed to autistic children and adolescents to help manage their sleep. The current study sought to understand parental experiences and their motivation of using melatonin to manage sleep disturbances of their autistic children. The sample included 26 parents who took part in online focus groups answering questions regarding their experiences of using melatonin as a sleep treatment for their children diagnosed with autism between 4 and 18 years old. Four main themes were identified: (i) parental perception of melatonin used as 'a naturally produced hormone'; (ii) perceived benefits of using melatonin to improve their child's sleep; (iii) administration of melatonin: dosage amount, timing and pulverising; and (iv) expectation and apprehension over melatonin use. Some parents reported success with the use of melatonin, and others reported the effects being limited or diminishing in time. Suggestions for healthcare professionals and families regarding melatonin usage in the UK are made with respect to setting clear guidelines for usage, whilst ensuring expectations are set and managed appropriately.