Guidelines For Interpretation Of Results Research Articles

FEASIBILITY TEST OF CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN STATIC FLUID MATERIAL

This study aims to develop critical thinking instruments in high school students with static fluid material. The development model used in this study is the Analysis-Design-Develop-Implement-Evaluate (ADDIE) learning design model. The subjects of this study were 90 students of XI MIA class in MAN 1 of Medan. The research methods used were interviews, tests, questionnaires, and documentation. The developed test instrument consisted of a grid of test questions, questions, answer sheets, answer keys and scoring guidelines, and guidelines for interpretation of results. Validity test used is content validity test. The results of the validity test by three expert validators showed that the critical thinking test instrument developed was valid. The reliability of the questions developed was 0.82, which means a reliable test item. There are 15 questions, and 12 questions are used for limited scale tests, 10 questions are used for broad scale tests. Keywords: critical thinking skill, multiple choice, static fluid.

Method Development and Application of an Accelerated Solution Stability Screen for Drug Discovery.

An important aspect to understand about an experimental molecule in drug discovery is its stability in solution. A compound that degrades might be eliciting its apparent effect via a degradation product, so it is important to understand the solution stability profile of a compound early on in the drug discovery process. Improvements and application of a streamlined, higher-throughput method for testing solution stability to support drug discovery are described. Mass spectrometry detection has been incorporated into the screen to allow for the identification of degradation products. The amount of compound needed for the assay has been significantly reduced using 10 mM DMSO solutions instead of solid material. The buffers used in the screen provide the stability-pH profile of compounds with additional variations to assess liabilities under oxidizing and reducing conditions. In this article, we discuss the method development, screen validation, guidelines for result interpretation, and results for a set of marketed drugs to illustrate the application of the screen.

Visual Performance in the "Real World": Contrast Sensitivity, Visual Acuity, and Effects of Macular Carotenoids.

Visual acuity (VA) is compared to contrast sensitivity (CS) testing in assessing "real-world" visual performance, and it is recommended that both should be measured routinely in the clinic. The role of nutritional intervention in improving visual performance is reviewed and emphasized. A brief history and illustration of both VA and CS, within the scope of visual performance, is presented. Parameters for effective CS testing in the clinic, and guidelines for interpretation of results, including a new model for understanding the visual impact of changes in CS, are also presented. Relevant research that supports the use of the macular carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin to enhance visual performance is reviewed with suggested guidelines for supplementation. CS testing is easily performed at a single intermediate target size and is an excellent tool for the accurate assessment of a patient's overall visual experience. Research continues to uncover the strong link between nutrition and visual performance; the macular carotenoids appear to be especially effective in this regard, and their benefits to visual performance now importantly include contrast sensitivity. Clinicians can provide an improved level of care by incorporating into the examination protocol CS testing and, where appropriate, nutritional counseling and intervention.

Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling in the Journal of Advertising: Review and Recommendations

In this article, we review applications of covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) in the Journal of Advertising (JA) starting with the first issue in 1972. We identify 111 articles from the earliest application of SEM in 1983 through 2015, and discuss important methodological issues related to the following aspects: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), causal modeling, multiple group analysis, reporting, and guidelines for interpretation of results. Moreover, we summarize some issues related to varying terminology associated with different SEM methods. Findings indicate that the use of SEM in the JA contributes greatly to conceptual, empirical, and methodological advances in advertising research. The assessment contributes to the literature by offering advertising researchers a summary guide to best practices and a reminder of the basics that distinguish the powerful and unique approach involving structural analysis of covariances.

Guidelines for the interpretation of analytical toxicology results and unit of measurement conversion factors.

A data compilation has been published on the World Wide Web [http:// www.leeds.ac.uk/acb/annals] which aims to assist in the interpretation of analytical toxicology results in individual patients. 'Therapeutic' or 'normal' plasma/whole blood/urine concentrations, as well as the concentrations associated with serious toxicity (if known), for some 700 analytes of toxicological interest are given together with (when possible) relative atomic or formula masses, and mass/amount and amount/mass concentration conversion factors. This paper gives background and supplementary information which should be borne in mind when providing interpretation or using the Web table. Supplementary tables listing (i) common therapeutic drug monitoring assays and guidelines for interpretation of results, (ii) emergency toxicology analyses which may influence active treatment, (iii) blood carboxyhaemoglobin saturation and clinical features of toxicity, (iv) information important when interpreting the results of toxicology investigations, (v) factors which may affect interpretation of analytical toxicology results, and (vi) conversion factors for volatile compounds are included.