Guard Rows Research Articles

Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards, 1982

Abstract 'Vates' collards were direct seeded in 4 row plots 37.5 ft long on Jul 8. Plants were spaced 6-8 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk 'A' loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on Aug 13, 18, and 25; Sep 2. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3 damage - odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage -crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.

Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1982

Abstract ‘UC-134-1-2’ tomatoes were direct seeded with a Planet Jr. on May 20. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows with 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All granular treatments were applied with a single spout electric drive Gandy (Model 901-2) in a 10-inch band at planting time. Band treatments were incorporated approximately 2 inches deep with rolling cultivators. Vydate 2L was applied in a 10-inch band at the rate of 50 gal per acre with a sprinkler can. Soil temp at the 4-inch depth at the time of treatment was 68° F. Soil was classified as a Norfolk ‘A’ loamy sand. When plants were 6-8 inches tall, 10 plants were selected at random in each plot and rated visually to the nearest 10% defoliation. Yield data were taken from a 10-ft section in the center of each plot. Yield data were taken from a once-over harvest and reported in tons/acre. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards with Nuclear Polyhedrosis and Granulosis Viruses and Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1982

Abstract 'Vates' collards were direct seeded in 3 row plots 20 ft long on Jul 8. Plants were spaced 4-6 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each row was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk 'A' loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 liter of water and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. Because the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses do not infest the imported cabbageworm, the granulosis virus was sprayed so that damage primarily from cabbage looper could be assessed. Treatments of the Pieris rapae granulosis virus were applied on Aug 10, 17, 24, 31 and Sep 7. Treatments of the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, Bacillus thuringiensis, Lannate, and Pydrin were applied on Aug 17, 24, 31 and Sep 7. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as foI lows: (1) 0-3% damage = odd holes on leaves; (2) 4-10% damage = few leaves with holes; (3) 11-25% damage = moderate number of leaves with holes; (4) 26-50% damage = most leaves with holes; and (5) 51-100% damage = crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.

Field Test of Pydrin Plus Piperonyl Butoxide for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1982

Abstract Test was conducted on a grower’s farm in Dayton, NJ. Potato seed pieces were planted in rows 36 inches apart on Mar 29. Single row plots were 10 ft long and each ft treatment was replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. A guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a hand-held compressed air sprayer using a single nozzle calibrated to deliver 40 gal/acre. A single spray was applied Jun 2 and Colorado potato beetle larvae were counted 1 day later.

Mexican Bean Beetle Control in Snap Beans, 1982

Abstract Earliwax snap beans were planted in double row plots, 90 ft in length, on Jun 7. Each plot was buffered on either side by untreated guard rows. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were applied on Jul 19 and Aug 3. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center 2 rows was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. The soil type was a Matapeake silt loam. Insect counts were made on Aug 6 by counting the number of Mexican bean beetle larvae and adults/20 ft of row.

Field Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides in Kentucky, 1980

Abstract Burley tobacco was transplanted in silt loam soil on Jun 12 at Northfarm, Lexington. Spacing was 18 in between plants and 42 in between rows. Prior to the foliar application, 25-ft-long single-row plots with an untreated guard row on each side were established in randomized block design replicated 3 times. Twenty insecticides were applied Jul 30 with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 25 gal/acre at 40 psi, through 2 hollow-cone nozzles. Counts were taken on 5 plants in the center of each plot row for the tobacco flea beetle and the apterous green peach aphid 2 days after application.

Field Test of Piperonyl Butoxide as a Pyrethroid Synergist on Tomato, 1982

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field May 25. Single row plots were 20 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied Jun 3, 11; Jul 7; and Aug 4 with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one over the center calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Colorado potato beetle counts were recorded on Jun 11 and Aug 5; percent defoliation caused by beetles on Jun 23 and Aug 19. Mixed red and blush tomatoes were harvested in all plots on Aug 10, 19, 24 and Sep 2. Yields were based on total harvest.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Tomatoes, 1982

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on May 5. Single row plots were 25-ft long and 5-ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Plots were treated Jun 8, 18; Jul 5; Aug 2, 26 and Sep 9. Colorado potato beetles were counted on Jun 23 and 50 tomatoes from each plot were evaluated for beetle damage on Aug 20. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Foliar Sprays to Control the Colorado Potato Beetle on No-Till Tomatoes, 1982

Abstract ‘UC-134’ tomatoes were direct seeded in single row plots 25 ft long on May 10. A John Deere Model 71 planter equipped with a vegetable hopper with a fluted no-till coulter was used for the planting. Seeding was made in overwintered rye which had been killed with Paraquat (1.0 pt) on Apr 30 and Devrinol (3.0 lb) on Apr 10. Round-Up (1.5 pt) was applied on Apr 15. Each plot was buffered on either side by an untreated guard row. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk ‘A’ loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied Jun 10, 18, 30 and Aug 5. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae/10 ft of row and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on Aug 25.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control in Eggplant, 1982

Abstract ‘Florida Hibush’ eggplants were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on May 14. Single row plots were 12 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied Jun 21 and 28; Jul 19; Aug 6 and 26; Sep 7. Plant defoliation ratings were recorded Jul 2 and Aug 25. Mature fruit were harvested on Jul 26; Aug 4 and 25; Sep 14; Oct 12. All fruit were examined for percent damage or scarred fruit caused by Colorado potato beetle feeding. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Field Test of Piperonyl But0Xide as a Pyrethr0Id Synergist on Eggplant, 1982

Abstract ‘Harris 468’ eggplants were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy-loam field May 19. Single row plots were 8 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer, with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 centered over the row, calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Plots were treated Jun 3, 11, 18; Jul 2, 28; Aug 13. Parameters examined included percent defoliation (based on a rating scale of 0 to 10), CPB larval counts and total yield.

Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1981

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were direct seeded with a Planet Jr. on May 27. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft-long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All treatments were applied with a single spout electric drive Gandy (Model 901-2) in a 20 inch band or in a furrow at planting time. Band treatments were incorporated approximately 2 inches deep with rolling cultivators. Furrow treatments were applied 2 inches below and 2 inches to the side of the seed furrow. Soil temp at the 4 inch depth at the time of treatment was 70°F. Soil was classified as a Norfolk “A” loamy sand.

Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards, 1981

Abstract ‘Vates’ col lards were direct seeded in 3-row plots 37.5 ft long on Jul 2. Plants were spaced 6-8 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by a guard row. the treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom build row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on Aug 18, and 25; Sept 1 and 8. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3$ damage - odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage - crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.

Laboratory Bioassay of Systemic Insecticide Treated Tomato Foliage on Colorado Potato Beetle, 1981

Abstract Tomatoes were seeded in rows 12 inches apart (30 seeds/ft) on April 8 at the Coastal Plain Station of the University of Georgia, Tifton. The tomatoes were pulled Jun 1 and shipped to the Vegetable Research Branch, OARDC, Fremont, OH. These were transplanted at Fremont into loam soil on Jun 5 in rows spaced 5 ft apart with 11 inches between plants. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of single 40 ft rows. There were no guard rows. Pre-transplant treatments received broadcast applications of granular systemic insecticides that were irrigated into the soil on May 18 in GA. Post-transplant treatments received granular systemic insecticides applied in single 1 inch furrows ca 6 inches to the side of the plants on Jun 11 in OH. On Jun 16, 23, 30 and Jul 8, young foliage was collected from each plot and stored at ca 45°F until it was fed to early instar Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae in 9 inch glass petri dishes lined with moist filter paper. Larvae were allowed to feed 2-3 days at ca 72;F and then mortality was recorded. Larvae used in the bioassay were collected from C-37 tomatoes in Wooster, OH. Foliage from each plot was bioassayed with 5 larvae.

Control of Lepidoptera Larvae on Collards with Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses and Bacillus thuringiensis, 1981

Abstract ‘Vates’ col lards were seeded in 4 row plots 20 ft long on Jul 2. Plants were spaced 6-8 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each row was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, the soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1/2 liter of water and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/A. Treatments wee applied on Jul 28; Aug 4, 11, and 18; and Sep 2 and 9. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage = odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage = few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage = moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage = most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage = crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.

Mexican Bean Beetle Control in Snap Beans, 1981

Abstract ‘Provider’ snap beans were planted in double row plots, 75 ft in length, on Jun 8. Each plot was buffered on either side by untreated guard rows. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were applied on Jul 23. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center 2 rows was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. The soil type was a Matapeake silt loam. Insect counts were made on Jul 27 by counting the number of Mexican bean beetle larvae and adults/20 ft of row.

European Corn Borer Control, 1981

Abstract ‘Hybelle’ bell peppers were transplanted Jun 1 in Sassafras sandy loam in single rows, 25 ft long plots in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Granular materials were banded 2 inches deep and 4 inches out from the plant on both sides of the row and lightly incorporated on Jun 15 and Jun 29 with Furadan 10G, 15G and Jun 29 with RH-9358 5G, BAS-263 10G and Vydate 10G. Foliar treatments were initiated Jul 13 on a 7-day schedule until Sep 17. Mixed red and green commercial peppers were harvested and split open to determine corn borer infestations on Aug 13, sep 10 and Oct 10. Statistical analyses were based on the arcsin transformation.

Insecticide Evaluation to Control Colorado Potato Beetle, European Corn Borer and Tomato Fruitworm

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam on May 26. Plots were single, 25 ft long rows on 5 ft wide centers. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied as a sidedress with light incorporation immediately after transplanting; foliar treatments were applied on Jun 8, 20, and 30; Jul 10, 20, and 27 and Aug 13. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one over the center calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Colorado potato beetle counts were recorded on Jul 24; percent beetle-damaged fruit were recorded on Aug 5. Fifty tomatoes from each plot were evaluated for damaged fruit caused by tomato fruitworms and European corn borers on Aug 26. Mixed red and blush tomatoes were harvested in all plots on Aug 11, Aug 25 and Sep 17. Yields were based on total harvest.

Field Test of Piperonyl Butoxide and Synthetic Pyrethroids for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1981

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam Jun 3. Single row plots were 25 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a split plot experimental design. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a drop nozzle on each side of the row and one centered over the row, calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Plots were treated Jun 17, 24; Jul 3, 8, 15, 22, 24, 27; Aug 7, 14, 18, 25 and Sep 4. Sprays prior to Jul 24 were conducted using a preformuIated mixture of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide. Due to the ineffectiveness of the preformulated sprays, tank mixtures of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide 90% EC were initiated Jul 24. Parameters examined included percent defoliation, Colorado potato beetle larvae and adult counts, fruit damage and yield.

Insect Control in Late Snap Bean, 1981

Abstract ‘Spurt’ snap beans were seeded Jul 20 to a field of Sassafras sandy loam. Plots consisted of a single row of beans 25 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Soil treatments were applied in-furrow at planting time. Foliar treatments were applied Sep 3 and Sep 8 with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Categories for the foliage injury ratings are as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, 10% defoliation; (2) moderate damage, 25% defoliation; (3) heavy damage, 50% defoliation; (4) severe damage, 75% defoliation; and (5) defoliated. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal. Yield data were taken on Sep 22.