Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area Research Articles

Impacts of extreme precipitation on water conservation in Beijiang River Basin, China

Water conservation, which has been regarded as one of the most crucial ecosystem service functions of river basins, is a key factor for sustainable development, that has garnered widespread attention in the context of climate change. However, little attention has been paid to daily water conservation and its response to extreme precipitation events. In this study, we selected the Beijiang River Basin (BJRB) as the study area, which is an important ecological barrier for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA), based on the distributed hydrological model WEP-L (Water and Energy transfer Processes in Large River basin) and water balance equation, the spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme precipitation and four daily water conservation indicators (maximum 1 day, maximum 3 day, maximum 5 day, maximum 7 day water conservation) in the BJRB from 1965 to 2009 were analysed, and the responses of these indicators to extreme precipitation were investigated. The results reveal that (1) the amount (RX1day, RX3day, RX5day, RX7day, R95p, and R99p), intensity (SDII), and frequency (R50mm) of extreme precipitation increased in the BJRB during 1965–2009, with SDII undergoing a significant increase. (2) The four water conservation indicators were positive, indicating that the watershed reduced peak flow during the extreme precipitation period by accumulating precipitation. The rate of increase of the four water conservation indicators were lower than that of extreme precipitation indices, there will be more extreme precipitation converted into surface runoff, thereby increasing the risk of flooding. The four indicators increased in the southern and northern regions of the BJRB, while decreased in the central region during 1965–2009. (3) The four indicators were generally positively correlated with most of the extreme precipitation indices in the northern BJRB, especially RX1day, RX3day, RX5day, RX7day, R99p, and R50mm. The results provide a scientific reference for water conservation adaptation to extreme precipitation variations, protection of the ecological environment, and the prevention and reduction of disasters in the region.

Hotel Performance in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area: A Non-Homogeneous Perspective

Improving upon previous studies on hotel performance evaluation in terms of efficiency, which usually treat different hotels as homogeneous in their product provision, this study examines the performance of 53 hotels in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) during 2015 to 2019, by employing data envelopment analysis with a non-homogeneous decision making units (DMUs) model. The results show that the hotels in GBA were inefficient, and those with high product diversification are generally closer to achieving optimal efficiency levels, particularly those providing rooms, food and beverage, meeting services, and spa services, while those providing only rooms had the worst performance. Among the GBA cities included in this study, the non-homogeneous efficiency scores of the hotels in Guangzhou outperformed those of hotels in the other cities, and the overall hotel efficiency score of the core cities was better than that of the key node cities.

Comparative study on registration application of proprietary Chinese medicine in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area of China.

Proprietary Chinese medicine (PCM) is widely used in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China. However, the regulatory frameworks and procedures for PCM registration in the region are not well-established, and there are differences among the three jurisdictions. The study is aimed to compare the legal basis, regulatory guidelines, application requirements, and evaluation criteria in each jurisdiction. We conducted a comprehensive review of the registration application processes for PCMs in the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, and Macau based on publicly available information from respective regulators. The study found that the registration application process in the GBA was complex and time-consuming, with differences in requirements and procedures among the three jurisdictions. The study also identified several challenges faced by PCM manufacturers, such as the lack of harmonisation of regulatory requirements and procedures and the requirement of package inserts and labelling for PCM products. The study proposed recommendations for improving the registration process and promoting the development of the PCM industry in the GBA. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the PCM product license application procedures and requirements in the GBA, coupled with discernment of their similarities and disparities, equips applicants with the knowledge to formulate an appropriate strategy for obtaining product approval. Exploring potential methods for harmonising the regulatory process stands to benefit manufacturers, regulators, and patients by improving efficiency and curtailing costs.

Education hubs in a globalized world: The emergence of China

Education hubs represent the third generation of crossborder education activities, which emerge onto the landscape of our more globalized world. As a new phenomenon in higher education, education hubs are appearing in different locations around the globe. In the literature on education hubs, most research studies have focused on Southeast Asia and Middle East. To address this gap in the literature, we seek to explore the emergence of China as an international education hub, especially with respect to its impact on development. Against the backdrop of China’s national strategy to develop its international competitiveness in education, we conduct case studies of three education hubs in China: (i) the International Collaborative Education Exemplary Zone by the International Campus of Zhejiang University (iZJU) in the Yangtze River Delta; (ii) the International Higher Education Demonstration Zone in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area; and (iii) the International Education Innovation Pilot Zone in the Hainan Free Trade Port. Overall, our paper draws implication on how education hubs developed through university-industry-government collaboration can help the region to shift to a knowledge and service-based economy, and gain a competitive edge within the country and beyond.

Spatial suitability between water supply pressure and waterworks water supply capacity in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area: Spatial-temporal evolution pattern, driving mechanism and Implications

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GHMGBA) is one of the four major bay areas in the world. However, the mismatch between water resource distribution and spatial layout of population and productivity poses great challenge to water supply security of the GHMGBA. Evaluating the spatial suitability of water supply pressure (WSP) and waterworks water supply capacity (WSC) is essential to the spatial equilibrium allocation of water resources and water supply security in the GHMGBA. Therefore, the current study first investigated the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of WSP and waterworks WSC using the standard deviational ellipse and Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) methods, the spatial suitability of WSP and waterworks WSC was further evaluated using the coupling coordination degree model, and the driving mechanism of such spatial suitability was finally revealed using the dynamic spatial Durbin model. The results show that the WSP respectively forms high and low value aggregations in the eastern and western parts of the Pearl River estuary; the area with high waterworks WSC is mainly located in the northern part, the high-high cluster areas are in the eastern part of Zhaoqing and the western part of Huizhou, and the low-low cluster areas are mainly in Guangzhou-Foshan, Shenzhen-Hong Kong and Zhuhai-Macao. The coupling coordination of WSP and waterworks WSC was in an overall imbalance state. The eastern and western parts of the Pearl River estuary are slightly unbalanced or with better level. Demand-driven and economic efficiency have significant effects under spatial and economic proximity weights, government guidance has a significant positive effect, while market orientation has an insignificant positive effect; environmental pollution and resource allocation have a significant negative effect under geographical proximity weight, and environmental pollution has a stronger negative effect on spatial suitability. Finally, policy recommendations were proposed to improve the spatial suitability of WSP and waterworks WSC of the GHMGBA.

Governing regional inequality through regional cooperation? A case study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay area

City-regional governance is often conceived as the spatial fix for the regional inequality. Nonetheless, there is a lack of quantitative research exploring how city-regional governance affects regional inequality. To address the gap, this article has quantitively examines the heterogenous effects of regional cooperation, a prevailing form of city-regional governance, on regional inequality, and qualitatively unravels the underlying mechanisms through the case of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Our study of the GBA signifies three major conclusions. First, city-regional governance effectively reduces regional inequality and brings about regional convergence, but its effectiveness varies across different thematic areas of cooperation. Second, the differences in politico-economic institution and cultural customs are essential to the success of regional cooperation by affecting the vulnerability of benefit/risk-sharing mechanisms among cities. Third, the effect of China's regional cooperation on economic convergence is intricately linked to its ability to mobilize policies and engage the upper-level government. This is insulated from the regional cooperation in the US, which is more spontaneous and depends upon local autonomy. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of regional cooperation associated within the context of the GBA, contributing to the ongoing discourse on city-regional development between Western and Chinese perspectives.

Towards a greening city: How does regional cooperation promote urban green space in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area?

Promoting Urban Green Space (UGS) is one of the major requests of green cities for urban planners and local officials, and it is linked to myriad environmental and social benefits. However, scant literature has positioned the UGS into the background of fast regionalisation to unravel their relationships and mechanisms. This study delves into the impact and mechanisms of regional cooperation upon the provision of UGS in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA), a dynamic city-region in southern China. Through social network analysis, panel data analysis, documentary review (analysis), and in-depth interviews, this study found that overall, regional cooperation has positive impacts on UGS provision in the GBA in the spheres of economic, social, institutional, and environmental affairs. We argued that economic cooperation encroaches on UGS by fostering infrastructure and economic zones; it also upgrades the industrial sectors and intensifies land use to positively affect UGS provision. Social cooperation reinforces population influx yet fosters social cohesion, sustainable lifestyles, and green economics to support the delivery of UGS policies. Environmental cooperation among local officials facilitates the implementation of urban greening projects, and institutional cooperation is conducive to urban governance in spatial greening planning. For the local government, the focal point for pursuing the green city vision is collaborative actions across the economic, social, environmental, and institutional spheres.

Assessment of healthcare accessibility in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

Hospitals play a crucial role in promoting public health and well-being, but their distribution and accessibility can significantly affect healthcare outcomes. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) boasts an abundance of healthcare resources; however, access to these facilities can be challenging due to population clustering and inadequate resource allocation. Unfortunately, quantifying residents' access to healthcare is complicated by the lack of a centralized database and complex transportation systems. To address these limitations, we developed a comprehensive healthcare facility dataset comprising 54,902 sites, utilizing internet maps' precise location services. Furthermore, we developed a novel framework for real-time driving-based path planning that integrates facility geographic coordinates and population density data. Our analysis revealed that 6.7% (4.8 million people) could not reach a healthcare facility within 30 min. Even after accounting for rural clinic facilities, 2.5% (1.8 million people) remained unable to access healthcare, mainly in peripheral cities. Finally, we simulated a scenario in which 12 new hospitals were added to demonstrate the effectiveness of reasonable hospital placement in improving healthcare accessibility. By investigating GBA's experience, we can derive best practices, pinpoint areas for improvement, and inform policy development aimed at enhancing healthcare accessibility for all residents. Our findings can serve as a blueprint for other provinces in China and provide insights into healthcare accessibility and resource allocation strategies for other nations with similar hierarchical healthcare systems.

Regional Development in China Under the “Dual-Circulation” Strategy: The Case of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area

ABSTRACT China plans to develop a resilient domestic economy by leveraging the new development paradigm of ‘dual (domestic and international) circulation’ strategy. In recent years, the Chinese central government has launched a raft of regional development initiatives as part of its major strategy of city-cluster formation. Accelerating regional development centred on developing vibrant city-clusters is crucial to sustaining domestic economic growth in China and implementing the dual circulation strategy. By applying the SWOT analysis, this article assesses the development of major integrated city-clusters in China, and in particular the competitiveness and development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area as compared to China’s other major city-clusters.

A Deep Graph Learning-Enhanced Assessment Method for Industry-Sustainability Coupling Degree in Smart Cities

The construction of smart cities has been a common long-term goal around the world. In addition to fundamental infrastructures, it also remains important to assess healthy development status of cities with use of intelligent algorithms. Currently, machine learning has gradually been the prevalent technical means to develop digital assessment methods. However, the whole social system can be regarded as a kind of graph-level complex network, in which node entities and their internal relations are involved. To deal with this challenge, this paper takes graph-level feature into consideration, and proposes a deep graph learning-enhanced assessment method for industry-sustainability coupling degree in smart cities. Specifically, an improved graph neural network model is developed to output the industry space aggregation consequence, and a multi-variant regression model is utilized to output the sustainability status level consequence. Taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) as an example, simulative experiments are carried out on the real-world data collected from realistic society. The obtained results can well prove that the proposed method is able to effectively assess the industry-sustainability coupling degree in smart cities.

Practical Exploration of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Colleges and Universities of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area under “Internet+”

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) has become a vital part of the national development strategy, where innovation and entrepreneurship play pivotal roles in its progress. In order to make meaningful contributions to the GBA’s advancement, regional colleges and universities must leverage the Internet’s advantages to drive educational and teaching reforms. Adopting an “Internet+” perspective, this research investigates the prospects and challenges encountered by GBA higher education institutions in the realm of innovation and entrepreneurship education. By drawing inspiration from successful international practices, it has proposed practical models encompassing the creation of online course platforms, the establishment of resource sharing systems, and the optimization of the innovation and entrepreneurial cloud ecosystem.

Land comprehensive carrying capacity and spatio-temporal analysis of the guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is one of the fastest growing and most dynamic regions in China. Changes in land comprehensive carrying capacity (LCCC) is of vital significance. In China, various studies have assessed LCCC, however, they majorly focused on single cities, with less studies focusing on urban agglomeration, particularly GBA. Based on social, economic, resource and technology aspects, we established an index system for evaluating LCCC by the entropy method. It analyses temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of LCCC from 11 cities in the GBA of China, 2009–2018. There are many social, economic, resource and technology differences among the 4 subsystems. We established that technology is the prominent factor in LCCC. With regards to LCCC, these cities have their respective strengths and weaknesses. On a temporal basis, there were rising trends in LCCC curves, with different degrees of the 11 cities. Spatially, LCCC is relatively high in central cities and it exhibits a declining pattern of the carrying capacity from the city center outwards. Therefore, regional collaborative efforts are vital for increasing LCCC.

Interpreting Mangrove Habitat and Coastal Land Cover Change in the Greater Bay Area, Southern China, from 1924 to 2020 Using Historical Aerial Photos and Multiple Sources of Satellite Data

Coastal habitat dynamics and ecosystem function in response to human-induced disturbance, especially urbanization, are of increasing concern. However, how changes in landscape composition as well as habitat quantity and quality may affect the long-term sustainability of rapidly urbanizing coasts remains unclear. This study aimed to quantify the extent, change rate, patterns, change process and interrelationships of mangrove habitats, impervious surfaces, and other land cover types in Deep Bay in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA), China, the world’s largest megalopolis, from 1924 to 2020. We processed historical aerial photos (1924–2020) and multiple sources of satellite data (1973–2020) for different types of land cover mapping. Post-classification analysis, including correlation analysis and change detection analysis, was conducted based on the long time-series land cover classification results. Mangrove habitats increased in Deep Bay from 1924 to 2020, except for a large area decrease from 1954 to 1964 due to the construction of tidal aquaculture ponds. Mudflat areas contributed most to the expansion of mangrove habitats of about 275 ha from 1987 to 2020. During this period, reclamation and urbanization for the construction of the megacity of Shenzhen turned large areas of water and mudflat (about 4000 ha) on the northern shore into impervious surface and urban vegetation. Overall, the landscape pattern of mangrove habitats in Deep Bay showed increasing connectivity and decreasing degree of fragmentation from 1987 to 2020. These changes have significant implications for the ecosystem services, e.g., supporting migratory waterbirds, supported by these wetlands.

The Effects of Three-Factor Exhibition Attributes on Tourist-Exhibition Organizer Value Co-Creation and Tourists’ Satisfaction: A Case Study of China

Exhibitions attract an increasing number of visitors, which, in turn, greatly influence the destination’s economy. Past studies paid little attention to exploring both internal and external attributes of the exhibition. The purpose of this study is to identify the multi-level attributes that motivate visitors to attend the exhibition, and explore their effects on value co-creation, satisfaction and re-exhibit intentions. A total of 395 valid questionnaires from the 26th Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area International Auto show at Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition Center were collected. By using Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), the results revealed that three dimensions of exhibition attributes (exhibition, travel and destination) are all significantly related to satisfaction and value co-creation, while travel-related factors have the greatest impact on satisfaction and value-co-creation. Furthermore, satisfaction and value co-creation all positively influence re-exhibit intention. This study helps exhibition organizers, tourism destination marketers and government agencies to establish strategies by considering travel purposes as a priority to attract potential tourists. It also helps future scholars to deeply understand tourists’ co-creation experience with an exhibition.

Integration, Game, and Sustainable Development of Shenzhen Port Based on Governmental Regulations

The internal integration, game, and sustainable development of Shenzhen Port play key roles in developing a synergy mechanism among Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) ports. Using a logistics model, a parameter estimation and evolutionary analysis of Shenzhen Port were performed, revealing that it requires a new impetus to promote growth in its container throughput. Based on the population ecology theory, a two-population Lotka-Volterra model was used to discuss the activity and mutual effect between the western and eastern port areas of Shenzhen Port, quantitatively measuring the varying degrees of the hindering effects between them. To reduce competition and strengthen cooperation, a port game matrix with a punishment mechanism of governmental regulations was created to discuss the internal integration of Shenzhen Port. The results show that, along with the promoting effect of port cooperation on the increase in container throughput, there is a gradual increase in the punishment of speculative behaviours. Government-dominated port cooperation prevents the prisoner’s dilemma in the port activity process. The findings of this study provide quantitative data support and decision-making references for achieving resource complementarity, developing synergy mechanisms, and attaining sustainable development in Shenzhen Port.

Acupuncture combined with auricular acupressure for smoking cessation and its effects on tobacco dependence and smoking behavior among Hong Kong smokers: a multicenter pilot clinical study

BackgroundAcupuncture combined with auricular acupressure has been used as a complementary and alternative treatment for smoking cessation in Hong Kong for over 10 years. This study aimed to investigate the success rates of smoking cessation posttreatment, and to evaluate treatment effects on tobacco dependence, smoking behavior, anxiety levels, and sleep disturbances between successful and unsuccessful quit smokers in Hong Kong.MethodsThis prospective, multicenter clinical study conducted between September 2020 and February 2022 in Hong Kong was part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area project on smoking cessation. Thirty eligible current smokers (mean age 47.10 years; 40% female) were recruited and received a combination of standardized acupuncture and auricular acupressure treatments twice weekly for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was the success rate of smoking cessation at week 24. The secondary outcomes were the success rates of smoking cessation at weeks 8 and 16, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels, and changes in scores on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Autonomy Over Smoking Scale (AUTOS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Adverse events were also recorded.ResultsOf 30 eligible participants, 28 completed 6 or more treatment sessions; all completed follow-up assessments. At week 24, the success rate of smoking cessation was 46.67%. The successfully quit rates at weeks 8 and 16 were 36.67% and 43.33%, respectively. The overall change in mean FTND scores from baseline improved significantly from weeks 2 to 24 (P < 0.05), with the successful quit group showing significantly greater improvement between weeks 8 and 24 (P < 0.01). Compared with baseline values, there were significant reductions in mean AUTOS scores from weeks 6 to 24 (P < 0.001), with the successful quit group showing greater improvement at weeks 16 (P = 0.04) and 24 (P < 0.001). No significant changes were detected in exhaled CO levels or HAM-A, SAS, and PSQI scores. No study-related adverse events were observed.ConclusionsAcupuncture combined with auricular acupressure could be an effective alternative treatment for smoking cessation and reduction of tobacco dependence among Hong Kong smokers.Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, No. ChiCTR2000033650. Registered on June 7, 2020. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=54866

Strengthened tropical cyclones and higher flood risk under compound effect of climate change and urbanization across China's Greater Bay Area

Climate change and urbanization will further exacerbate tropical cyclones (TCs) causing severer flooding especially in coastal urbanized areas. In this study, the compound effects of climate change and urbanization on organized TC and its flood risk across the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) were explored and future projections of 10 models in different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). The typical TC named Ewiniar that caused tremendous rainfall and flooding over GBA is taken as a case. We found that future TC will be exacerbated with rainfall band shifting inland and covering larger areas compared to the current scenario due to climate change and urbanization, and rainfall amount in the central rainfall band increases by 24% and 28% under SSP2-RCP4.5 and SSP5-RCP8.5, respectively. Due to the land-atmosphere interactions, future actual direct runoff increased by 7.91%–15.53% during the TC Ewiniar under SSP2-RCP4.5 and SSP5-RCP8.5, leading to further expansion of the area marked with the highest flood risk (24% and 39%, respectively). Our study highlights the adverse compound effect of climate change and urbanization on TC and flood risk, helping to develop TC-related disaster prevention and mitigation policies.

A Corpus-Driven Study on the Revolutionary Image Construction of Sun Yat-sen in English Literature from the Perspective of Attitudinal System in Appraisal Theory

Under the background of developing the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area and with the purpose of responding to initiatives named “co-building humanities in bay area” and “supporting Zhongshan to promote Sun Yat-sen’s culture,” this research applies AntConc software to establish the English literature corpus related to Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary deeds and analyzes the affect system, judgement system, and appreciation system in the English literature with the theoretical framework of the attitudinal system in appraisal theory. The following are discovered. (1) The proportion of the affect system in the corpus is the largest, while the proportion of the appreciation system is the smallest. Three systems differ greatly in quantity. (2) Focuses described by three systems are consistent. Through specific language representations, it is believed that Sun Yat-sen has the determination to dedicate and sacrifice for the revolution. He is undoubtedly the leader and pioneer of Chinese revolution. (3) Among 1854 language representations, positive attitudinal resources account for as much as 70%, which has important enlightenment in translating Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary deeds to foreigners. Translators should reduce the usage of negative category of the attitudinal system as much as possible and adapt to the internal and ingrained cognitive model of western readers by increasing the usage of positive category of the attitudinal system. In this way, barriers from language representations and conflicts related to the deep culture will be eliminated, and ultimately Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary culture will be exchanged and promoted at home and abroad.

A cultural turn in urban governance: cultural practices of governance in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area

ABSTRACT Tracing the concept and phenomena of ‘cultural governance’, as it evolves along the agenda of China’s ‘modernization of governing capacity (of the state)’, this article tries to capture the various term-shaping processes against the backdrop of a political discourse that gave birth to them. The article discusses topics such as urban planning, infrastructure upgrading, community reformation, and the so-called cultural-sustainable development strategy adopted by the Chinese authorities with selected cases from three mainland Chinese urban centers (Shenzhen, Foshan and Dongguan) of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area. Pointing to both the flexibility and adaptability of the state’s involvement, the research elaborates the models adopted by and problems associated with various pioneering programs initiated by municipalities as they carry out what might be called, arguably, a ‘cultural turn’ of urban governance.

Assessing and Characterizing Carbon Storage in Wetlands of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area, China, During 1995–2020

Wetland carbon storage plays an essential role in the global carbon cycle. However, in recent decades, intensive human activities and rapid urbanization have reduced wetland C stocks in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA). Long-term assessment of carbon storage in the wetland ecosystems of the GBA is needed for promoting regional sustainable development. Therefore, we proposed a framework integrating the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model and water inundation frequency, which was retrieved via multiple index water detection rule (MIWDR) based on Google Earth Engine platform, to estimate yearly carbon storage in wetlands across the GBA at a 30-m spatial resolution during 1995&#x223C;2020. The incorporation of water inundation frequency in estimating carbon storage in wetlands presents features of long time series and higher temporal frequency. The results showed that: (1) the carbon storage of wetlands estimated by the InVEST model decreased from 33.38 Tg&#x00B7;C to 16.64 Tg&#x00B7;C between 1995 and 2020 in the GBA, mainly owning to the loss of paddy fields. (2) There is a significant exponentially decreasing relationship between water inundation frequency and carbon storage density within the potential wetland extent, with the <i>R²</i> reaching 0.998, which denotes huge potential for estimating wetland carbon storage; (3) annual wetland carbon storage estimated were divided into three main stages: a rapidly increasing period (1995-2004), a falling period (2005-2013) and a slightly fluctuating period (2015-2020). This research may provide references for supporting decision-making in implementing wetland-related sustainable development and carbon-neutrality policies in the GBA.