GSH-Px Enzyme Activities Research Articles

Role of Trace Cadmium Exposure on the Development of Occlusal Traumatic Temporomandibular Arthritis.

To investigate whether heavy metal cadmium acts as a risk factor for temporomandibular joint disorder disease and to study its pathogenic mechanism. A total of 57 rats were allocated into 6 distinct groups, distinguished by 2 interventions: occlusal elevation and cadmium water gavage. These groups included a blank control group, occlusal elevation group, occlusal elevation + 0.42mg/mL cadmium water gavage group, occlusal elevation + 4.2mg/mL cadmium water gavage group, no occlusal elevation + 0.42mg/mL cadmium water gavage group, and no occlusal elevation + 4.2mg/mL cadmium water gavage group. The impact of cadmium exposure on cartilage oxidative stress was evaluated through the assessment of SOD, CAT, GST, and GSH-Px enzyme activities. In addition, the influence of cadmium exposure on alterations in the extracellular matrix and inflammatory mediators was examined by analyzing the expression levels of type II collagen, protein aggregation polysaccharide, glycosaminoglycan, IL1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Histologic examination of the condylar process cartilage of rats in the occlusal elevation + cadmium water gavage group was conducted to ascertain the occurrence of osteoarthritis. The variance in the expression levels of inflammatory factors did not demonstrate statistical significance between the occlusal elevation group and the blank control group; however, statistical significance was observed between the occlusal elevation + cadmium water gavage group and both the control and occlusal elevation groups. The severity of inflammation and condylar lesions correlates directly with the concentration of cadmium.

Protective Effect of Berberine on Acute Gastric Ulcer by Promotion of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-Mediated Arachidonic Acid Metabolism.

Peptic ulcer is a high incidence gastrointestinal disease in China. Berberine (BBR) is a natural product isolated from the Chinese herb Coptis chinensis Franch that has protective effects in digestive diseases. We aimed to evaluate the ability of BBR to attenuate acute gastric ulcer induced by one-time administration of ethanol in the rat. Tissue pathological morphology, macroscopic score, ulcer healing rate, and serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) were used to determine the efficacy of BBR and evaluated to identify the optimal dosage. Subsequently, transcriptome and metabolome sequencing were conducted in Control, Model, and optimal dosage groups to explore the pathogenesis of the disease and the mechanism of action of the drug. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), as well as those of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to verify the results of transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. BBR significantly improved the pathological morphology of gastric ulcers, increased the macroscopic score and healing rate, decreased serum levels of NO, IL-6, and PGE2, and increased serum levels of IL-10, thus effectively alleviating gastric ulcer severity. Transcriptome results showed that the therapeutic effect of BBR was mainly mediated by the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway at the gene level, which is closely associated with inflammation and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The differentially accumulated metabolite prostaglandin E1, which is a negative regulator of ROS, was significantly up-regulated after BBR administration. The validation results indicated that BBR pretreatment increased SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities, while reducing levels of the oxidative products MDA and MPO. This study demonstrated that BBR exerts a protective effect on acute gastric ulcer by promoting tricarboxylic acid cycle-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism.

Efecto del extracto de Boswellia serrata sobre el daño testicular inducido por Metotrexato

This study aimed to determine the effect of Boswellia serrata extract on Methotrexate– induced testicular damage by evaluating antioxidant system, reproductive organ weights, some spermatological parametres and serum Testesterone levels. For this purpose, 40 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups. 1. Control Group (n=10): No treatment was given for 10 days. 2. B. serrata Group (n=10): B. serrata was given by gavage at a dose of 500 mg·kg-1 for 10 days. 3. Methotrexate Group (n=10): Methotrexate was given intraperitoneally as a single dose of 20 mg·kg-1. 4. Methotrexate + B. serrata Group (n=10): After methotrexate was given intraperitoneally as a single dose of 20 mg·kg-1, 500 mg·kg-1 B. serrata was given by gavage for 10 days. It was determined that B. serrata significantly increased serum Testosterone levels (P<0.001), testicular GSH levels (P<0.001), motility of sperm (P<0.001), concentration of sperm (P<0.001), absolute ventral prostate (P<0.001) and absolute seminal vesicles (P<0.05) organ weight in Methotrexate + B. serrata group. The decrease in testicular MDA levels (P>0.05) and the increase in GSH–Px enzyme activity of testes (P>0.05) and final body weight (P>0.05) were not significant in Methotrexate + B. serrata group compared to the Methotrexate group. In conclusion, the negative effects of Methotrexate on the male reproductive system can be reduced by administering B. serrata extract.

Effects of Duloxetine on Oxidant-Antioxidant System in Rat Brain Tissues

Objective: After the relationship between depression and oxidative stress (OS) was demonstrated, the effect of antidepressant drugs on OS has become important. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of the antidepressant duloxetine on the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), adenosine deaminase (ADA), xanthine oxidase (XO) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzymes as well as the lipid peroxidation (LP) product malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in rat brains. 
 Material and Method: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study. The first group was the control group (n=10) and the second group was the duloxetine group (n=10). Duloxetine was administered intragastrically once a day at a dose of 10 mg/kg for two weeks in the second group. Water was administered intragastrically once a day for two weeks in the first group. Rats were sacrificed at the end of the fourteenth day. The brain tissues were collected and then analyzes were performed.
 Results: As a result of this study, we found that duloxetine increased the SOD (P=0.026) activity and decreased the ADA (P=0.041), XO (P=0.034) and CAT (P=0.006) activities significantly compared to the control group. We also found an increase in the GSH-Px enzyme activity and decrease in the NO and MDA levels at non-significant rates in the duloxetine group brain tissues.
 Conclusion: The significant increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme SOD, the significant decrease in the activities of the XO and ADA enzymes, which can cause the formation of reactive oxygen products in the organism, and the insignificant decrease in the LP indicator MDA suggest that duloxetine can positively change the antioxidant status in rat brain tissues.

Glycyrrhizin alleviates varicellovirus bovinealpha 1-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MDBK cells by inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 axis through the Nrf2 signalling pathway.

Varicellovirus bovinealpha 1 (BoAHV-1) is one of the crucial pathogens of bovine respiratory diseases, and its pathogenic mechanism involves oxidative stress, inflammation response, and apoptosis. Glycyrrhizin (GLY) possesses powerful antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic bioactivities. However, the anti-BoAHV-1 activity of GLY and its role in BoAHV-1-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis remain unclear. Therefore, the current study investigated the anti-BoAHV-1 effect of GLY and its ability to alleviate BoAHV-1-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis using an in vitro model (MDBK cells). Our results showed that BoAHV-1 titers significantly increased in MDBK cells after infection, and GLY reduced the BoAHV-1 titers in MDBK cells exposed to it. Furthermore, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65), the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, and Cleaved Caspase-3 levels were significantly upregulated when MDBK cells were challenged with BoAHV-1. In BAY 11-7085 (a specific NF-κB inhibitor) treated MDBK cells, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, p-NF-κB p65, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and Cleaved Caspase-3 levels were downregulated. Notably, GLY treatment had the same trend as the BAY 11-7085 treatment. Thus, these results suggested that GLY exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities by blocking NF-κB/NLRP3 axis. In addition, after BoAHV-1 infection, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and p-NF-κB p65 and apoptosis rate were increased, and catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities, as well as NF-E2-related nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf2) protein expression were repressed. Compared with BoAHV-1-infected MDBK cells, GLY treatment significantly downregulated intracellular ROS, MDA, and p-NF-κB p65 levels and apoptotic rates and significantly increased intracellular CAT and GSH-Px enzyme activities and Nrf2 expression. Additionally, ML385 (a specific Nrf2 inhibitor) abolished the enhancing effect of GLY on Nrf2 and the attenuating effect on ROS, p-NF-κB p65, and apoptosis. These results suggested that GLY had an anti-BoAHV-1 effect and could mitigate BoAHV-1-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis by activating the Nrf2 signalling and restraining NF-κB/NLRP3 axis.

Effects of tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside derivatives on free radical damage and apoptosis in APP695V717I transgenic mice

ABSTRACTMitochondrial dysfunction leading to overproduction of oxygen free radicals is an important event in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside (TSG) is one of the main effective components of Polygonum multiflorum and has a certain free radical scavenging effect. We synthesized tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside derivatives (Mito-TSGs) that can cross the mitochondrial membrane and may provide effective protection against Alzheimer's disease. This experiment investigates the protective mechanism of tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside derivatives against mitochondrial free radical damage and apoptosis in APP695V717I transgenic model mice. The experimental subjects were healthy 3-month-old APP695V717I transgenic model mice, while C57BL/6J mice of the same age and genetic background served as controls. The results demonstrated that the tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside derivatives significantly improved mouse behavioral performance. It also led to a decrease in the levels of H2O2, NO, MDA, and LD, along with an increase in LDH activity and in the antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. Moreover, it elevated the mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased the gene and protein expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, and increased the gene and protein expression of Bcl-2. Notably, the effectiveness of tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside derivatives was superior to that of traditional tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside.

Effects of Rutin and Selenomethionine in Selenium-Enriched Tartary Buckwheat Roasted Grain Tea on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in db/db Mice

Rutin and selenomethionine in selenium-enriched Tartary buckwheat roasted grain tea have certain effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in type II diabetes mellitus, but the mechanism of intervention is still unclear. This study utilized selenium-enriched Tartary buckwheat tea, rutin, and selenomethionine as research materials, with db/db mice serving as the research subjects. Diabetes control (DC), positive control group (PC), rutin group (RC), selenomethionine group (SC), low dose selenium-enriched Tartary buckwheat tea group (TBG-L), medium dose group (TBG-M) and high dose group (TBG-H) were set up. The effects of selenium enriched Tartary buckwheat tea, rutin and selenomethionine on glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice were investigated by blood biochemical analysis, liver function and oxidative stress measurement, histopathology and glycogen determination and mRNA expression analysis. Selenium-enriched Tartary buckwheat tea and its active ingredients rutin and selenomethionine can reduce fasting blood glucose and glucose resistance in db/db mice. Dyslipidemia of db/db mice was improved to some extent. The changes of MDA, CAT, T-SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities in liver also indicate that TBG can improve the oxidative stress of liver and exert liver protection activities. Selenium-enriched Tartary buckwheat tea, rutin and selenomethionine can mediate glycogen storage by increasing glycogen synthesis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver of diabetic db/db mice, and can effectively mediate the expression of related genes during gluconeogenesis. Among the selenium-enriched Tartary buckwheat groups, the effect of TBG-H group was the most obvious, which indirectly indicated that rutin and selenomethionine could play synergistic roles in gluconogenesis.

Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Improve the Quality of Fresh and Cryopreserved Semen in Bulls.

Oxidative stress leads to a decrease in semen quality during semen cryopreservation and fresh semen production. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) are endowed with well-recognized antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-aging activities. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to explore the effects of GSPs on the quality of fresh and cryopreserved semen to provide a basis for GSPs as a new dietary additive and semen diluent additive for males' reproduction. Fresh semen from three healthy bulls aged 3 to 5 years old were gathered and mixed with semen diluents dissolved with 0 µg/mL, 30 µg/mL, 40 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, and 60 µg/mL GSPs respectively. The motility, physiological structures (acrosome integrity, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity), and antioxidant capacity of frozen-thawed sperm were measured after storage in liquid nitrogen for 7 days (d). Bulls were fed with 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) GSPs in their diet for 60 days; the weight of the bull is about 600 kg. Then, the reproductive performance and antioxidant indexes of bulls were measured before and after feeding. The results demonstrated that GSPs supplementation significantly increased sperm motility, physiological structures, GSH-Px, and CAT enzyme activities and significantly decreased MDA content in sperm during semen cryopreservation. The optimal concentration of GSPs was 40 µg/mL (p < 0.05). After 20 mg/kg (body weight) GSP supplementation, sperm motility was significantly heightened (p < 0.05), the sperm deformity rate was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and antioxidant enzyme activities (such as SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05), and the production of MDA was significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) in serum compared with that before feeding. In conclusion, these results reveal that a certain concentration of GSPs has a good protective effect on sperm damage caused by semen cryopreservation and the reproductive performance reduction caused by stress in bulls, which may be attributed to the antioxidant function of GSPs. In summary, GSPs are a useful cryoprotective adjuvant and dietary additive for bull sperm quality.

A neutral heteropolysaccharide from Halenia elliptica D. Don: Extraction, structural characterization, antioxidant and antiaging activities

Halenia elliptica D. Don (H. elliptica), which is also known as “heijicao” and “luanehuamao” in China, is recognised as a valuable Tibetan medicinal plant with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. However, studies on the polysaccharides isolated from H. elliptica are few. A polysaccharide (HEPN-1) with a molecular weight of 10.80 kDa was mainly composed of Gal, Ara, Man, Glc, Rha and Fuc in a molar ratio of 25.56:24.52:4.58:3.37:2.62:1.00. Structural analysis showed that HEPN-1 had a backbone mainly consisting of 4-β-Galp, 3,6-β-Galp and 3,4,6-β-Galp and branched chains that contained two arabinan (R1 and R2) and two heteropolysaccharide (R3 and R4) side chains. The branching degree of HEPN-1 was 0.52. Within the range of doses (75–300 μg/mL), HEPN-1 increased the enzyme activity of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and decreased the MDA level in H2O2-induced RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. After 6 weeks of intragastric administration, 300 mg/kg HEPN-1 considerably improved the learning and memory deficits in mice and the antioxidant enzyme system. Moreover, the MDA formation in D-gal-induced aging mice was inhibited, possibly partly via the activation of the PI3K/Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathways. Therefore, HEPN-1 could serve as a potential natural antioxidant to prevent aging.

Toxic effects of the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin on the hematological parameters and antioxidant enzyme systems of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L.

This study investigated changes in hematological and antioxidant parameters of carp exposed to two different doses of synthetic pyrethroid permethrin (control, vehicle, 10 ppm, and 20 ppm) for two different periods (4 days and 21 days). Hematological analyses were then performed on a veterinary Ms4 (Melet Schloesing, France) blood counter using commercially available kits (Cat. No. WD1153). Buege and Aust for MDA, Luck for CAT, McCord and Frivovich for SOD, Lawrence and Burk methods for GSH-Px were used to determine antioxidant parameters. Decreases in RBC count, Hb amount, Hct value, granulocyte ratios, and increases in total WBC and lymphocyte ratios were statistically significant in both dose groups treated with permethrin compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in monocyte ratios (p > 0.05). Overall, permethrin exposure caused an increase in MDA levels in the liver and gill tissues of carp in both dose and duration groups compared to the control group. Also, no statistically significant difference between the two dose groups in the liver tissue was observed in terms of duration (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, the increase in MDA levels in PERM10 and PERM20 dose groups in the gill tissues over 21 days was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, permethrin exposure increased CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px enzyme activities in the gill tissue, while impacting in the opposite direction the liver tissue. Finally, regarding MDA, CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px levels, the control, and control acetone dose groups of all experimental groups were observed to be similar (p > 0.05). As a result, permethrin produced a toxic effect on Cyprinus carpio, triggering changes in blood parameters and inducing the antioxidant enzyme system.

Latilactobacillus curvatus FFZZH5L isolated from pickled cowpea enhanced antioxidant activity in Caenorhabditis elegans by upregulating the level of glutathione S-transferase.

Latilactobacillus curvatus is a potential probiotic that possesses beneficial health properties and fermentation traits; however, the extent of understanding of the antioxidant activities of L. curvatus is limited. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of a new L. curvatus FFZZH5L strain. The strain exhibits broad tolerance to acids, bases and salts and demonstrated good adaption to the gastrointestinal environment, with a survival rate of 45% after 24 h of treatment in artificial gastrointestinal juice. Moreover, L. curvatus FFZZH5L exhibits inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, with a self-aggregation rate of 34.8% and a co-aggregation rate of 82.2%. In vitro, the DPPH radical scavenging ability and GSH-px enzyme activity of L. curvatus FFZZH5L reach 64.27% and 15.95 U mL-1, respectively. Treatment of C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L in vivo significantly extended the organism's lifespan. Furthermore, the activity of SOD, GSH-px and T-AOC was increased by 33.6%, 43.4% and 58.3%, respectively. Feeding C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L decreased the MDA, lipofuscin and ROS levels by 9%-36.4%. L. curvatus FFZZH5L effectively protected C. elegans against juglone-induced oxidative stress damage and led to a significant increase in the organism's survival under heat stress. The RT-qPCR analysis suggests that feeding C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L upregulates the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes including glutathione S-transferase 4 (gst-4), gst-1, gst-10, sod-3, sod-5, and sod-10 in C. elegans. Our investigation confirms the probiotic and antioxidant properties of L. curvatus, indicating its potential application in functional foods and the pharmaceutical industry.

Preparation of antioxidant peptides from Moringa oleifera leaves and their protection against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells.

Moringa oleifera leaves are a kind of new food raw materials, rich in functional factors, M. oleifera leaves aqueous extract have antioxidant activity and M. oleifera leave protein is an important active ingredient in the aqueous extract. Numerous studies have shown that peptides have strong antioxidant activity. To reveal the antioxidant effects of M. oleifera (MO) leaves peptides, MO leave antioxidant peptides were isolated and prepared to clarify their antioxidant activity. MLPH1 (<1 kDa), MLPH3 (1~3 kDa), MLPH5 (3~5 kDa), and MLPH10 (5~10 kDa) fractions were obtained by the membrane ultrafiltration classification of MO leaves proteolytic hydrolysate (MLPH). MLPH1 was further separated by centrifugal filters, and the fraction separated by <1 kDa (MLPH1-1) was identified and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of MO leaves antioxidant peptide pretreatment on H2O2-treated HepG2 cells and to refine the antioxidant activity. The results showed that MLPH1 had the strongest antioxidant activity, and three MO leaves antioxidant peptides (LALPVYN, LHIAALVFQ, and FHEEDDAKLF) were obtained. The peptide with the sequence LALPVYN and a molecular weight of 788.44 Da had the strongest antioxidant activity. After 24 h of LALPVYN pretreatment, the cell viability and the CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD enzyme activity were significantly increased, and the MDA, ROS, and apoptosis rates were significantly decreased. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the antioxidant mechanism of MO leaves peptides.

Ameliorative effect of Berberidis radix polysaccharide selenium nanoparticles against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Berberidis radix polysaccharide (BRP) extracted as capping agents was applied to prepare BRP-selenium nanoparticles (BRP-SeNPs) in the redox reaction system of sodium selenite and ascorbic acid. The stability and characterization of BRP-SeNPs were investigated by physical analysis method. The results revealed that BRP were tightly wrapped on the surface of SeNPs by forming C-O⋯Se bonds or hydrogen bonding interaction (O-H⋯Se). BRP-SeNPs presented irregular, fragmented and smooth surface morphology and polycrystalline nanoring structure, and its particle size was 89.4nm in the optimal preparation condition. The pharmacologic functions of BRP-SeNPs were explored in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that BRP-SeNPs could heighten the cell viabilities and the enzyme activity of GSH-Px and decrease the content of MDA on H2O2-induced AML-12 cells injury model. In vivo tests, the results displayed that BRP-SeNPs could increase the body weight of mice, promote the enzyme activity like SOD and GSH-Px, decrease the liver organ index and the hepatic function index such as ALT, AST, CYP2E1, reduce the content of MDA, and relieve the proinflammation factors of NO, IL-1β and TNF-α in CCl4-induced mice injury model. Liver tissue histopathological studies corroborated the improvement of BRP-SeNPs on liver of CCl4-induced mice. The results of Western blot showed that BRP-SeNPs could attenuate oxidant stress by the Nrf2/Keap1/MKP1/JNK pathways, and downregulate the proinflammatory factors by TLR4/MAPK pathway. These findings suggested that BRP-SeNPs possess the hepatoprotection and have the potential to be a green liver-protecting and auxiliary liver inflammation drugs.

Biorefining process of agricultural onions to functional vinegar

Biorefinery of onion vinegar (OV) is attractive as a method for producing functional foods from onions or onion by-products. In this study, a two-stage fermentation of OV using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC9763 and Acetobacter pasteurianus CICC20001 was carried out at 28 °C, the titratable acidity reached 4.01%, and the Y A/E was 69.64% at 72 h. Based on this, semi-continuous fermentation was performed, proceeded to charge-discharge consisting of three cycles, and the yield, productivity, and specific production rate were 76.71%, 17.73 g/(L·d), and 20.51 h−1, respectively, which was higher than fed-batch fermentation. The in vivo antioxidant experiments showed that OV significantly increased GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT enzyme activities of Caenorhabditis elegans at 271.57, 129.26, and 314.68%, respectively. Nutritional analysis revealed that the total flavonoids and polyphenols were 3.01 mg/mL and 976.76 µg/mL, respectively. It was also shown that the acetic acid to total organic acid (A/T) ratio of OV was 79.02%, and the total free amino acid content was 262.30 mg/100 mL, 1.78–7.44 times higher than other fruit vinegar. The OV prepared in this study showed higher quality than the commercial vinegar.

1H, 1'H-3,3'-Biindazol Maddesinin Ratlarda Bazı Biyokimyasal Parametrelere Etkisinin Araştırılması

İndazoller kimya ve farmakoloji’de önemli bileşiklerdir. Bu çalışmada, ratlara belirli sürelerde enjekte edilen 1H,1'H-3,3'-biindazol maddesinin, ratların kan serumu, karaciğer ve böbrekteki antioksidan vitaminler (A, E, C), Se, MDA miktarları ile GSH-Px enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Serum, karaciğer ve böbrek numunelerindeki selenyum miktarları florimetrik metotla, A, E, C ve MDA seviyeleri ise yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC) ile belirlenmiştir. Eritrositlerin GSH-Px enzim aktivite miktarları spektrofotometrik metotla ölçülmüştür. Deneysel sonuçlarımız, A, E, C vitaminleri ve Se düzeylerinin genel olarak kontrol grubuna göre daha düşük olduğu, 3. enjeksiyon periyodunda GSH-Px enzim aktivite miktarının maksimum arttığı ve diğer enjeksiyon periyodlarındaki aktivitelerin kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. 1H,1'H-3,3'-biindazolmaddesi uygulamasından sonra ratların A, E, C vitaminleri ve Se düzeyleri azalırken, MDA seviyeleri ve GSH-Px enzim aktivite miktarlarının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Pek çok hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılan bu tıbbi maddelerin hayati önem taşıdığı ancak metabolizmada oksidatif strese yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Bu maddeleri içeren ilaçların kullanımlarında antioksidan vitaminlerin ve selenium desteğinin faydalı olabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Multi-leveled insights into the response of the eelgrass Zostera marina L to Cu than Cd exposure

Seagrass beds are recognized as critical and among the most vulnerable habitats on the planet; seagrass colonize the coastal waters where heavy metal pollution is a serious problem. In this study, the toxic effects of copper and cadmium in the eelgrass Zostera marina L. were observed at the individual, subcellular, physiologically biochemical, and molecular levels. Both Cu and Cd stress significantly inhibited the growth and the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm); and high temperature increased the degree of heavy metal damage, while low temperatures inhibited damage. The half-effect concentration (EC50) of eelgrass was 28.9 μM for Cu and 2246.8 μM for Cd, indicating Cu was much more toxic to eelgrass than Cd. The effect of Cu and Cd on photosynthesis was synergistic. After 14 days of enrichment, the concentration of Cu in leaves and roots of Z. marina was 48 and 37 times higher than that in leaf sheath, and 14 and 11 times higher than that in rhizome; and the order of Cd concentration in the organs was root > leaf > rhizome > sheath. Heavy metal uptake mainly occurred in the organelles, and Cd enrichment also occurred to a certain extent in the cytoplasm. Transcriptome results showed that a number of photosynthesis-related KEGG enrichment pathways and GO terms were significantly down-regulated under Cd stress, suggesting that the photosynthetic system of eelgrass was severely damaged at the transcriptome level, which was consistent with the significant inhibition of Fv/Fm and leaf yellowing. Under Cu stress, the genes related to glutathione metabolic pathway were significantly up-regulated, together with the increased autioxidant enzyme activity of GSH-PX. In addition, the results of recovery experiment indicated that the damage caused by short-term Cd and Cu stress under EC50 was reversible. These results provide heavy metal toxic effects at multiple levels and information relating to the heavy metal resistance strategies evolved by Z. marina to absorb and isolate heavy metals, and highlight the phytoremediation potential of this species especially for Cd.

Oxidative stress and expression of inflammatory factors in lung tissue of acute mountain sickness rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in lung histomorphology and oxidative stress, as well as the expression of interleukin (IL)-17C and other inflammatory factors during acute mountain sickness (AMS) in male Sprague-Dawley rats and to explore the underlying mechanism. Rats were randomly divided into a control group (0 h) and three hypoxia stress groups, exposed to low-pressure oxygen storage at a simulated altitude of 6,000 m for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Morphological changes in lung tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining under light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of inflammatory factors IL-17C, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lung tissue was assessed by RNA sequencing and verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting (WB). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) expression were also measured. Experimental groups were compared to the control group following 24, 48 and 72 h of hypoxic stress. Lung tissue suffered from different degrees of injury, and the damage was the most severe after 48 h of hypoxic stress. RNA sequencing data from the lung tissue of rats from each group suggested that the expression of IL-17C, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increased significantly after hypoxic stress. RT-qPCR and WB demonstrated that the expression of IL-17C and NF-κB increased significantly after hypoxia lasting 48 and 72 h. IL-1β expression increased significantly after hypoxia stress lasting 24 and 48 h, and the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 increased significantly after hypoxia stress lasting 24, 48 and 72 h (P<0.01). The enzyme activity of SOD and GSH-Px decreased significantly after lasting 24, 48 and 72 h of hypoxia (P<0.01), and MDA increased significantly after hypoxic stress lasting 48 and 72 h (P<0.01). In conclusion, under hypoxic stress, rats quickly initiate oxidative stress and immune responses. However, with prolonged hypoxic stress time, excessive oxidative stress can further stimulate the immune system in vivo, and release a large quantity of inflammatory factors accumulating in the body. This, in turn, may lead to the occurrence of inflammatory storms and further damage the lung tissue resulting in AMS.

Relationship between Enzymatic Antioxidant Activities and Reproductive Hormones in the Cows with Retained Placenta in Basrah Province, Iraq.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the activity of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-px], glutathione transferase [GSH-tr], and glutathione [GSH]) in the plasma of cows that suffered from retained placenta (RP), compared to cows without RP. Estrogen, progesterone, and cortisol hormones were also evaluated for the two groups of animals. In total, 38 pregnant cows were investigated in this study, and eight cows were suffering from RP (RP group) and did not release the placenta up to 12 h after giving birth. The other 30 cows did not suffer from RP (non-RP group) and left as a control. The results revealed a significant increase in CAT, GSH-tr, and GSH-px enzyme activities after calving in RP animals, compared to the other group of animals with normal placenta release before and after calving. In addition, SOD and GSH showed a significant increase in their levels before calving that reduced after giving birth, compared to the other antioxidant enzymes levels. The hormonal study also revealed a significant decrease in the estrogen level in the RP group, compared to the non-RP group, while the progesterone and cortisol showed non-significant levels in the studied groups. In conclusion, a strong relationship of RP with the antioxidant enzymatic activity and hormones in RP cow was observed in this study, which can be used to predict the incidence of RP throughout the levels of enzymatic antioxidants before parturition.

Copper induces oxidative stress and apoptosis of hippocampal neuron via pCREB/BDNF/ and Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway.

Disordered copper metabolism has been suggested to occur to several neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying mechanism was still unclear. This might link to copper-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and decrease in neurons viability. Our vitro experiment showed copper exposure induced oxidative stress and promoted apoptosis of HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cell. Mechanistically, we found copper, on the one hand, prevented phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) to decrease expression its downstream target protein Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and to decrease mitochondrial membrane potential and Bcl-2/Bax ratio; on the other hand, copper-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoted lipid peroxidation, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity of GSH-Px. Copper-induced oxidative damage further decreased the phosphorylation of CREB, decreased expression of Bcl-2, enhanced expression of Bax, and accelerated the dissociation of keap1-Nrf2 complex, promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, stimulate the expression of antioxidant molecules HO-1 and NQO1. In conclusion, we found copper inhibited pCREB/BDNF signaling pathway by prevent CREB from phosphorylation, further found that oxidative damage not only inhibited neuroprotective signaling pathways and induced apoptosis, but activated antioxidant protection signals Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway.

DNA polymerase β may be involved in protecting human bronchial epithelial cells from the toxic effects induced by methyl tert-butyl ether exposure.

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a widely used gasoline additive and a ubiquitous environmental pollutant in many countries and regions, can cause various kinds of toxic effects on human health. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its toxic effects remains elusive. The present study aimed to explore the cytotoxicity, DNA damage and oxidative damage effects of MTBE on human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) and the possible role of DNA polymerase β (pol-β) in this process. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to obtain pol-β gene knocked-down cells (pol-β-). CCK-8 assay was adopted to analyze the cell viability. Alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) was performed to detect the DNA damage effects of MTBE. The enzyme activity of GSH-Px, SOD, CAT and the level of MDA were assessed. The data indicated that when treated with MTBE at the concentration exceeding 50 μmol/L and for the time exceeding 24 h, the pol-β- exhibited significantly decreased cell viability and increased DNA damage effects, as compared to the control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was significant difference in the levels of GSH-pX, SOD, CAT and MDA between the pol-β- and the control (P < 0.05). Our investigation suggests that MTBE can cause obvious cytotoxicity, DNA damage and oxidative damage effects on 16HBE cells. DNA polymerase β may be involved in protecting 16HBE cells from the toxic effects induced by MTBE exposure. These findings provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the toxic effects of MTBE on human cells.