Grundy County Research Articles

Deriving corn and soybeans fractions with Land Remote-Sensing Satellite (System, Landsat) imagery by accounting for endmember variability on Google Earth Engine

ABSTRACT Timely mapping of corn and soybean plays an important role in food security in the USA. A subpixel fraction derived from Land Remote-Sensing Satellite (System, Landsat) imagery during growing seasons is desired in order to help local farmers monitor crop growth and manage them in a timely fashion. However, two obstacles need to be surpassed before such fractional information can be made available: 1) the endmember spectral reflectance of corn and soybean varies with time and location; 2) no methods have been tested for deriving fractional maps of corn and soybean throughout the growing season. Therefore, in this research, we have set aside two objectives: 1) To account for endmember variability of corn and soybean during their growing seasons; 2) To derive multi-temporal fractional maps for corn and soybeans with Landsat and monitor the growing status of corn and soybean. Accordingly, we employed three endmember optimization methods and the state-of-the-art unmixing method Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA) to acquire corn and soybean fractional maps based on Google Earth Engine (GEE). Applying the method on Landsat 8 images from April to September 2017, we generated multi-temporal fractional maps of corn and soybean in Grundy County and analysed their changes. Up to 94.76% of our study area was successfully explained by the unmixing model. The crop fraction in both corn and soybean fields was about 15.00% during the planting stage, and increased to nearly 80.00% in the peak growing season. The crop fractions remained high during harvest, which could be attributed to crop residues in the field. These findings correspond well with the growth stages provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). That the corn growing season was earlier than soybeans was also well represented by the fractional change analysis. Moreover, among all the fractional maps, the results in the peak growing time (29 July 2017 in this study) had the highest agreement with classification results, with an overall accuracy of 85.07%. This research shows the great potential of monitoring corn and soybean growth conditions with fractional maps. The methods in this study, implemented in GEE, can be easily transferred to other crops and other locations.

Yale University School of Medicine.

Yale University School of Medicine.

A Healthy Attitude Rural Leaders in TN County Organize to Address Well-Being in Appalachia.

When it came to formal philanthropy, Grundy County was not on the map. That changed with the 2012 establishment of South Cumberland Community Fund, which serves the plateau portions of Grundy, Franklin, and Marion counties.

Hesperia illinoisDodge (Hesperiidae): An Invalid Neotype and the Designation of a Lectotype

The nominal taxon Hesperia illinois Dodge, 1872 (now recognized as Euphyes bimacula illinois) was described from over 40 specimens collected in Bureau County, Illinois, by the brothers Edgar and George Dodge. Since 1999, H. illinois has been represented by a neotype from Grundy County, Illinois, but this designation is nomenclaturally invalid for technical reasons. In addition, at least three syntypes of H. illinois exist. A lectotype is designated, thereby returning the type locality to Bureau County, Illinois.

Aerial views and farm security administration photography

Between September 1939 and April 1940 Arthur Rothstein and John Vachon, photographers for the US Government's Farm Security Administration (FSA), made three trips to Grundy County, Iowa to make photographs of Midwestern agrarian life. During these excursions the two men wandered along the streets of small towns and the furrows of farmers' fields taking snapshots that documented the events, places and patterns of rural life (figures 1, 2). In addition, during the cold winter month of February 1940, Rothstein again visited this rural landscape, this time from the cockpit of a small airplane. From vantage points high above the land he made scores more photographs of the town of Grundy Center and its environs (figures 3, 4). These aerial images presented broad visions of the network of farms, roads and fields that composed the local landscape. In doing so, these views served as visual complements to the up-close, personal photographs of farmers and town residents taken from ground level.

The Gazette Girls of Grundy County

The Gazette Girls of Grundy County

New Appalachian Books

New Appalachian Books by George Brosi* Cockrell, Amanda. The Moonshine Blade. New York: Bantam Books, 1988. 263 pages. Mass market paperback. $3.95. The heroine of this action/romance is a professor at a small college in the Blue Ridge Mountains. The author holds a graduate degree from Hollins College and lives in nearby Roanoke, Virginia. Dickinson, Jack L. Jenkins of Greenbottom: A Civil War Sage. Charleston, West Virginia: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1988. 100 pages, illustrated with a bibliography and index. Oversized trade paperback. $7.95. This- attractively presented book tells the story of a plantation owner in the Huntington, West Virginia, area who became a Confederate officer. Douglas, John. Shawnee Alley Fire. New York: St. Martin's Press, first paperback reprint, 1988. 215 pages. Mass-market paperback. $3.50. A "thoroughly seductive mystery debut . . . quietly enthralling and memorably evocative, the most auspicious or the many recent mystery debuts." -Publisher's Weekly. I enjoyed it, and felt that the author, a native of Cumberland, Maryland, now living in West Virginia, did a great job evoking his native ground. Dunn, Durwood. Cades Cove: The Life and Death of a Southern Appalachian Community: 1818-1937. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press, 1988. 319 pages. Trade paperback, illustrated, index and bibliography. $12.95. *George Brosi owns and operates the Appalachian Bookstore in Berea and publishes the bimonthly Appalachian Mountain Books. He also sells books through mail orders to clients in all parts of the country. If readers need more information about any of the above listings, write him at 123 Walnut Street, Berea, Kentucky 40403. 71 This is an important contribution to regional scholarship and popular understanding of our region-since it focuses upon one of the communities which is most dearly loved by tourists. It has both the strengths and weaknesses which come from being written by a scholar who has personal roots in the community he is studying. Cades Cove is located in Blount County, Tennessee, and Dunn is a professor at Tennessee Wesleyan. Frazier, Tom. "You Can Go Home Again" and Other Mountain Moments. Williamsburg , Kentucky: Mountain Moments Productions, 1988. 56 pages. Staplebound paperback. $3.50. The author grew up in a Harlan County coal-camp and is presently an English professor at Cumberland College in Williamsburg, Kentucky. This book is a compilation of his syndicated column carried by rural newspapers across America . Topics include: "Four Rooms and a Path, Screen Doors," and "Rasslin'." Garza, Amy. Retter. Nashville, Tennessee: Winston-Derek Publishers, 1988. 226 pages. Trade paperback, illustrated. $12.95. This first novel is fictional biography of the author's grandmother. It has an appealing, down-to-earth charm, and it portrays mountain people as neither saintly nor especially sinful. Those who read widely will have to get used to a writing style which some may consider idiosyncratic and others, amateurish. It is set in the high mountains of Jackson County, North Carolina. Giardina, Denise. Storming Heaven. New York: Ballantine Books, the first paperback reprint, 1988. 293 pages. Mass-market paperback. $3.95. "Brilliant, diamond-hard fiction, heartwrenching, tough and tender." -Los Angeles Times. This novel, based on the struggle to unionize the coal mines of southern West Virginia, is written by a gifted young author who grew up in a West Virginia coal camp. It was a co-winner of the Weatherford Award as the outstanding Appalachian book for 1987, and selected as the book of the year by the Appalachian Writers Association. Glen, John M. Highlander: No Ordinary School: 1932-1962. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1988. 309 pages, illustrated with a bibliographical essay and index. Hardback in dust jacket. $30.00. Highlander was founded in Grundy County, Tennessee, in 1932. Shut down by the state of Tennessee in 1961 and moved to Knoxville, it has been operating in Jefferson County, Tennessee, since 1972. This scholarly study of Highlander illuminates not just local history, but also the field of adult education and the social movements Highlander has been involved in-from Civil Rights to CIO to the Appalachian Land Ownership Study. Hagan, Chet. Redemption. New York: Richardson and Steirman, 1988. 263 pages. 72 Hardback in dust jacket. $16.95. "Redemption takes place, like James Dickey...

Potato Leafhopper Control, Missouri (Northern), 1986

Abstract Experimental plots measuring 40 × 40 ft were established in a 4-year-old stand of alfalfa at the University of Missouri’s North Missouri Center located in Grundy County. Sixteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 20 Jun at 16.5 gal/acre using 8002 flat fan nozzles, 50 mesh screens, and 20 lb/square inch pressure on a 20 ft tractor-mounted boom. The alfalfa was 10-12 inches tall at treatment time with a temperature near 85°F and no wind. PLH populations were estimated by 10 (180 degree) sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net at 3, 7, 14, and 24 days posttreatment. Measurable precipitation fell on 13 of the 24 days following treatment. The data were transformed by for analytical purposes, but actual counts of potato leafhopper (PLH) nymphs and adults were combined and expressed as means in the table.

Potato Leafhopper Control, Missouri, 1985

Abstract The trial was conducted on a 3-year-old stand of alfalfa at the University of Missouri’s North Missouri Center located in Grundy County. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jul to 40 x 40 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated controls in four replications. Treatments were applied at 16.5 gal/acre using 8002 flat fan nozzles, 50 mesh screens, and 20 lb/square inch pressure on a 20 ft tractor-mounted boom. The alfalfa was 12-14 inches tall at treatment time with a temperature near 88°F and winds of 3-5 mph. PLH populations were estimated by 10 (180 degree) sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net at 2.5, 7, 14, and 22 days posttreatment. Measurable precipitation fell on 12 of the 22 days following treatment.

Potato Leafhopper Control, Missouri, 1984

Abstract The test was conducted in a one-year-old stand of ‘Buffalo’ alfalfa at Spickard, Mo, Grundy County. Insecticides were applied on 11 Jul ’84 to 40 by 40-ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in 4 replications. A boom-type, tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8002 flat fan nozzles with 50-mesh screens and calibrated to deliver 16.5 gal per acre was used to apply the spray concentrations. Twenty 180° sweeps with a 15-inch diam sweep net were taken at 24 h, 7, 12 and 20 day posttreatment dates to estimate potato leafhopper populations. Alfalfa was 8 inches tall and conditions were 80° F and 8 mph wind at treatment. Virtually no precipitation was recorded in the 3 wks following treatment.

The Professional Communicator and the Interplay of History and Ethics: Nuclear Power Plant Development in Grundy County, Illinois

The Professional Communicator and the Interplay of History and Ethics: Nuclear Power Plant Development in Grundy County, Illinois

Developments in East-Central States in 1975

Total oil production in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee in 1975 was 39 million bbl, down 5.3% from 1974. This compares with a decline of 8.9% in 1974 and of 11.9% in 1973. All 4 states had decreased production. Gas production in Kentucky in 1975 was 62.9 Bcf, a decline of 9.8% from 1974. Gas production in the other states is insignificant. A total of 2,445 oil and gas tests was drilled in 1975, up 24.5% from 1974 and 60.4% from 1973. Exploratory tests totaled 868, up 31.9% from 1974; of these 168 (19.4%) were successful. Tennessee had 203 oil and gas tests in 1975, up 50.4% from 1974. Exploratory tests were up 68.2%. Most of the drilling was in Morgan, Fentress, and Scott Counties. Successful exploratory wells included 23 new fields, 8 new pools, and 13 extensions. None of the discoveries adds significant reserves. At Indian Creek field, operators began recycling gas to the Fort Payne reservoir for pressure maintenance, the first known secondary-recovery project in Tennessee. Oil and gas potential in fractured lower Trenton rocks in the Cumberland Plateau and eastward into the Valley and Ridge province was suggested by several wells in Grundy County that found gas in these rocks. Leasing activity continued in the Mississippian play in the northern Cumberland Plateau. Plans for deep tests in eastern ennessee appear to have been shelved because of tightened exploration budgets. Illinois had 956 oil and gas tests in 1975, up 20.3% from 1974. Exploratory tests were up 14.9%, development wells 22.3%. Two oil fields, 6 successful newpool wildcats, 6 deeper pools, 8 shallower pools, and 12 extensions were discovered. None of the discoveries adds significantly to reserves. The two new fields are Louisville in Clay County and Vergennes in Jackson County. Production in Louisville is from the Aux Vases, McClosky, Salem, and Ullin (all Mississippian). Production in Vergennes is from the Devonian. Deep testing increased in Illinois. Of the 106 new-field wildcats drilled in 1975, 2 tested Pennsylvanian rocks, 31 Mississippian (all but 6 Valmeyeran), 59 Devonian-Silurian, 10 Ordovician (all Trenton), 1 Cambrian-Ordovician (Knox), 2 Cambrian, and 1 Precambrian. A Cambri n test in Johnson County was drilled to TD of 14,274 ft, a new depth record in Illinois. It was dry and abandoned, and Johnson County has no production. Indiana had 374 oil and gas tests in 1975, down from 376 in 1974. Exploratory holes were down from 168 to 156. Development wells were up from 208 to 218. Success ratio of exploratory drilling was 12.8%. Successful exploratory wells included 3 new fields, 13 new-pool wildcat discoveries, and 5 extensions. One of the new fields, Elnora West, was an old dry hole that involved no new footage. A new-pool discovery, the Salem Limestone in Odon South field, established an additional productive reef-associated structure in Daviess County. In Owensville North Consolidated field, Gibson County, 12 wells were completed in the Salem in 1975. Drilling in 1976 is expected to continue at the current rate. Deeper stratigraphic units probably will command increased attention. A total of 1,011 wells was drilled in Kentucky in 1975, up 45% from 1974. They included 315 exploratory wells (up 71.2%), 597 development wells (up 25.9%), and 99 miscellaneous wells. The success percentage for exploratory wells was 23.8% and development wells 58.8%. Successful exploratory tests included 17 new fields, 6 new-pool wildcats, 25 extensions, 11 shallower pool tests, and 16 deeper pool tests. Recent new discoveries in Lower Mississippian strata have caused many old wells to be deepened and many new tests to be drilled to the Fort Payne-Warsaw-Salem sequence in the Illinois basin part of Kentucky with much success. The discovery of Knox and shallower Ordovician production in Adair County has caused additional drilling and exploratory successes in adjoining Green County, and much more Knox prospecting throughout central Kentucky. Devonian shale-gas exploration will be curtailed severely in 1976 because of increased drilling costs. Several tests were drilled, the deepest of which was a 14,340-ft Precambrian test in Webster County.

DETECTION OF FRESH WATER AQUIFERS IN THE GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF NORTHWESTERN MISSOURI BY GEOELECTRICAL METHODS1

ABSTRACTGeoelectrical investigations in Grundy County of northwestern Missouri, where the groundwater resources of the glacial deposits have already been examined through an extensive drilling program by the Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources, indicate that water‐bearing gravel deposits can be distinguished from glacial deposits containing appreciable amounts of clay and limited amounts of water. The Schlumberger method used for the geoelectric depth soundings in the vicinity of the Survey's drillholes demonstrates the exploratory usefulness of the method in that it can partly replace the more expensive procedure of drilling. The method also provides improved interpretation between drillholes. Results of the investigation show that, in the area, clay has a resistivity below 20in, that the fresh water‐bearing gravel at the bottom of the buried glacial stream channels has a resisitivity of 40 to 50fim, and that the near surface glacial gravel deposits have a resistivity above lOOfim. Interpretation of the depth soundings and the conductivity of water obtained from a local well implies that its water is drawn from the saline water of the bedrock. A recommendation is made for the quality improvement of this particular well.

Expectations, Variances, and Sensitivity of Net Returns from Corn Fertilization Experiments1

AbstractMany experiments designed to provide data for estimating production response surfaces have been conducted for only one year and as a result, the findings were applicable to only one set of environmental conditions. To obtain more general results a series of experiments measuring corn (Zea mays L.) yield response to applied N and plant population were conducted at three locations for several years in northern Missouri. Expected profit functions were estimated for each experiment and the input amounts that would have maximized profits for the time period of the experiments were derived. The resulting amounts (expected optima) were 197 kg of N and 45,360 plants/ha for Grundy County, 140 kg of N and 40,488 plants for Saline County, and 135 kg of N and 34,455 plants in Boone County. These amounts were lower than many of the annual optima. Furthermore, expected profits over the experimental periods were relatively insensitive to departures from the annual optima. Additional analyses determined input rates that (i) minimized the cost or (ii) minimized the variance of a fixed expected profit level for the period. Expected profits from many of the annual optima could have been produced at substantially lower cost. Compared to cost minimization, variance minimization increased N and reduced stand; although N is more expensive than plant population, it “costs less” in terms of variance. Expected profits were quite sensitive to corn price and, to a lesser degree, N price; optimal inputs were much less sensitive to these same prices.

Physical Properties of an Illitic Clay Due to Specific Base-Exchange Cations

An illitic clay from Grundy County, Illinois, was fractionated at 5μ. The base-exchange cations of the < 5μ fraction were exchanged for Ca++, Mg++, Na+, and NH4+ cations to study the changes in physical properties due to specific base-exchange cations. Studies on water of hydration, bulk density of dry-pressed clay, viscosity, and fired properties showed that the base-exchange cation had a definite effect on the physical properties of the clays studied.

Some Features of Early Woodland and Prairie Settlement in a Central Iowa County

HE general relations of woodland and prairie settlement in Illinois are fairly well known, thanks to such studies as those of Barrows, Pooley, Poggi, and Brown,' but scant attention has been given to the historical geography of the Iowa prairies,2 which, except in their western margins, did not present settlement conditions markedly different from those of Illinois. Generally speaking, the major types of land in the Iowa Prairies at the time of white settlement were: 1) woodland, 2) well-drained prairie, and 3) poorly drained prairie and marsh. The well-drained prairie was the most extensive type except in a portion of the region of late Wisconsin glaciation, located in the north-central portion of the state, where poorly drained prairie was more common.3 Woodland, commonly confined to stream valleys and sloping land adjacent to them, varied greatly in amount. Figure 1 represents the distribution of woodland in Iowa. The most wooded sections were in the northeast and southeast; the northwestern quarter, roughly, was the only large portion of the state in which woods were scarce. The least wellwooded county in the eastern one-half of the state, Grundy, is known to pioneers and their children as a prairie county. In contrast, neighboring Hardin County is known as a wooded county. A glance at the map will show that the decription of Grundy was merited; that of Hardin was an exaggeration, but an understandable one when it is noted that Hardin County woodlots are reported to have furnished wood to pioneers even in the central part of Grundy. The amount of natural woodland reported for the counties of Iowa in the Iowa Census of 1875 is in general agreement with the distribution shown in Figure 1, although considerable cutting and clearing must have taken place in the older portions of the state. Grundy County was the

Annals of Iowa [turning of sod in Grundy County

Annals of Iowa [turning of sod in Grundy County

An Interesting "Dadoxylon" from Northern Illinois

The object of this report is to record an interesting piece of fossil wood from the coal beds of northern Illinois. The specimen was collected in the spring of 1934 by the writer in company with Dr. Waldo E. Steidtmann during a collecting trip to the coal fields of east central and northeastern Illinois. It was found on the dump heap of the Northern Illinois Coal Co., several miles north of Braidwood, Will County; and a few miles east of Coal City, Grundy County, Illinois. This locality is in the eastern part of the Coal City-South Wilmington field of District No. I (Cady, 1915). The coal bed in this field is the socalled No. 2 vein (Noe, 1925, 1930; Cady, 1915) and is wide spread throughout this region. The shale above the coal contains fossil-bearing nodules or concretions, and many of these were collected from the dump heap along with the specimen of fossil wood. A few of the most common plants found in these concretions were, Annularia stellata, A. radiata, A. sphenophylloides, Sphenophyllum emarginatum, Lepidophyllum majus, Neuropteris rarinervis, N. decipiens, Pecopteris vestita, P. Miltoni, P. unita, Alethopteris Serlii, and others. White (1907a, b, 1908) made a preliminary study of the Paleozoic plants of Illinois; as a result of his observations the Pennsylvanian system in that state was divided into the Pottsville, Carbondale, and McLeansboro formations. Coal bed No. 2 is considered the base of the Carbondale, and No. 6 the top-most member. Noe (1925) has made a more complete study of the fossil flora of northern Illinois. From a comparison of the Pennsylvanian plants of Illinois with those of the Upper Carboniferous of Europe (Noe, 1930) the No. 2 coal seam (Carbondale) has been correlated with the uppermost Westphalien of Europe, and the Pennsylvanian formations above No. 2 with the Stephanien. The specimen of fossil wood was about the size of one's fist and formed the center core of a gray limestone rock which was over a food in diameter. The wood was calcified, and the preservation varied from good to poor in different parts of the material. A solid covering of calcium carbonate crystals, a little over one sixteenth of an inch thick, encased the whole specimen; in some places this intruded into the material causing some distortion and destruction of the wood. Small masses or mats of leaves and other plant remtiains were embedded in various parts of the rock, among whlich could be recognized such genera as Pecopteris and Neuropteris. The wood is all secondary and Cordaitean in character; and, for the

Geology of Grundy County

Geology of Grundy County