Growth Restriction In Preterm Infants Research Articles

Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants born at gestational age less than 34 weeks.

This study aimed to develop and validate a model for predicting extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in preterm infants born ≤34 weeks gestation. Preterm infants from Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital (2019-2021) were randomly divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) sets. Collinear clinical variables were excluded using Pearson correlation coefficients. Predictive factors were identified using Lasso regression. Random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR) models were then built and evaluated using the confusion matrix, area under the curve (AUC), and the F1 score. Additionally, calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) were plotted to assess the performance and practical utility of the models. The study included 387 infants, with no significant baseline differences between training (n = 310) and testing (n = 77) sets. LR identified gestational age, birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, patent ductus arteriosus, cholestasis, and neonatal sepsis as key EUGR predictors. The RF model (19 variables) demonstrated an accuracy of greater than 90% during training, and superior AUC (0.62), F1 score (0.80), and accuracy (0.72) in testing compared to other models. Gestational age, birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, patent ductus arteriosus, cholestasis, and neonatal sepsis are significant EUGR predictors in preterm infants ≤34 weeks. The model shows promise for early EUGR prediction in clinical practice, potentially enhancing screening efficiency and accuracy, thus saving medical resources.

Myocardial perfusion and function dichotomy in growth restricted preterm infants.

Compared to preterm appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses, fetuses with fetal growth restriction (FGR) have earlier visualisation of coronary artery blood flow (CABF) but impaired cardiac function. This dichotomy remains uncharacterised during postnatal life. This study compared CABF and cardiac function in preterm FGR infants, against AGA infants during the postnatal period. FGR was defined as birthweight < 10th centile for gestation and sex with absent/reversed antenatal umbilical artery Doppler. Diastolic CABF was measured in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Twenty-eight FGR infants were compared with 26 AGA infants (gestation and birthweight, 29.7 ± 1.3 vs 29.9 ± 1 weeks, P = 0.6 and 918 ± 174 vs 1398 ± 263g, P < 0.001, respectively). Echocardiography was performed in the second week of life. FGR infants had higher CABF (velocity time integral, 2.4 ± 0.9 vs 1.6 ± 0.8 cm, P = 0.002). Diastolic function was impaired (↑ trans-mitral E/A ratio in FGR infants; 0.84 ± 0.05 vs 0.79 ± 0.03, P = 0.0002) while the systolic function was also affected (mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening [mVCFc], 1.9 ± 0.3 vs 2.7 ± 0.5 circ/s, P < 0.001). Indexing CABF to cardiac function noted significant differences between the groups (CABF: E/A [FGR vs AGA], 2.9 ± 1.1 vs 2.1 ± 1, P = 0.01 and CABF: mVCFc [FGR vs AGA], 1.3 ± 0.5 vs 0.6 ± 0.3, P < 0.001). Diastolic blood pressure (BP) was significantly higher, and CABF to diastolic BP ratio trended higher in FGR infants (30 ± 2 vs 25 ± 3 mmHg, P < 0.001 and 0.08 ± 0.03 vs 0.06 ± 0.03, P = 0.059, respectively). Greater CABF in FGR infants did not translate into better cardiac function. This dichotomy may be a persistent response to fetal hypoxaemia (fetal programming) and/or reflection of altered cardiac architecture.

Metabolomic profiling of intrauterine growth-restricted preterm infants: a matched case-control study.

The biochemical variations occurring in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), when a fetus is unable to achieve its genetically determined potential, are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to compare the urinary metabolomic profile between IUGR and non-IUGR very preterm infants to investigate the biochemical adaptations of neonates affected by early-onset-restricted intrauterine growth. Neonates born <32 weeks of gestation admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were enrolled in this prospective matched case-control study. IUGR was diagnosed by an obstetric ultra-sonographer and all relevant clinical data during NICU stay were captured. For each subject, a urine sample was collected within 48 h of life and underwent untargeted metabolomic analysis using mass spectrometry ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. Among 83 enrolled infants, 15 IUGR neonates were matched with 19 non-IUGR controls. Untargeted metabolomic revealed evident clustering of IUGR neonates versus controls showing derangements of pathways related to tryptophan and histidine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA and steroid hormones biosynthesis. Neonates with IUGR showed a distinctive urinary metabolic profile at birth. Although results are preliminary, metabolomics is proving to be a promising tool to explore biochemical pathways involved in this disease. Very preterm infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have a distinctive urinary metabolic profile at birth. Metabolism of glucocorticoids, sexual hormones biosynthesis, tryptophan-kynurenine, and methionine-cysteine pathways seem to operate differently in this sub-group of neonates. This is the first metabolomic study investigating adaptations exclusively in extremely and very preterm infants affected by early-onset IUGR. New knowledge on metabolic derangements in IUGR may pave the ways to further, more tailored research from a perspective of personalized medicine.

Disrupted establishment of anaerobe and facultative anaerobe balance in preterm infants with extrauterine growth restriction.

BackgroundExtrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in preterm birth infants could have long-term adverse impacts on health. Less is known about the gut microbiota regarding its establishment in early life and its role in long-term growth in preterm birth infants.MethodsA prospective, longitudinal observational study was conducted with 67 preterm infants in a level III neonatal intensive care unit. Clinical information was obtained from medical records, and fecal samples were collected weekly during hospitalization and processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.ResultsThe bacterial profiles from the weekly sampling of preterm infants demonstrated that the early-life gut microbiota was clustered into the following four stages in chronological order: stage 1: 0–4 days, stage 2: 1–2 weeks, stage 3: 3–7 weeks, and stage 4: 8–10 weeks. The development of gut microbiota showed latency at stage 4 in EUGR infants compared with that in non-EUGR infants, which resulted from their consistently high level of facultative anaerobes, including Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus, and lack of obligate anaerobes, including Clostridium and Veillonella. In the 2-year follow-up, infants with a high level of obligate anaerobes-to-facultative anaerobes ratio at stage 4 had a lower risk of long-term growth restriction at the margin of statistical significance.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that the development of gut microbiota in the early life of EUGR infants is delayed compared with that of non-EUGR infants. The obligate-to-facultative anaerobes ratio could be an indicator of the maturity of gut microbiota development and associated with the risk of long-term growth restriction in preterm infants.

Extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants: Postnatal growth pattern and physical development outcomes at age 3-6 years.

ObjectivesTo investigate the postnatal growth trajectories of preterm infants and evaluate the association between extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) at discharge and adverse physical growth outcomes at age 3–6 years.MethodsPremature infants admitted to Shanghai Children’s Medical Center within 24 h after birth from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018 were enrolled. Neonatal complications, nutrition support, and anthropometric data were collected and analyzed to diagnose EUGR on different definitions at discharge. The weight and the height of each subject were collected by telephone investigation from 1 September 2021 to 31 November 2021 to access the incidences of overweight/obesity, short stature, and thinness at age 3–6 years.ResultsA total of 527 preterm infants were included in the final sample. The overall mean weight and height Z-scores were –0.37 ± 0.97 SD and –0.29 ± 1.18 SD at birth, and increased to –0.03 ± 1.11 SD and 0.13 ± 1.2 SD at follow-up, respectively. The logistic regression analysis indicated longitudinal EUGR on head circumference as the risk factor of overweight or obesity, cross-sectional EUGR on height as the risk factor of short stature, and delayed EN as the risk factor of thinness.ConclusionThe growth trajectories of the preterm newborns tended toward the normal direction. Longitudinal EUGR on the head circumference and cross-sectional EUGR on height at discharge were associated with adverse physical growth outcomes at age 3–6 years.

Postnatal Growth Restriction in Preterm Infants: A Major Impact of Nutritional Practices and Methods of Assessment

Background: Nutritional management of preterm infants represents a significant challenge for most practitioners caring for sick and/or premature babies. Despite aggressive parenteral and enteral alimentation, a considerable number of preterm infants continue to fall far short of expected growth trajectories that match infants of similar gestation in-utero. Postnatal growth failure may be associated with future neurodevelopmental and cognitive impairments. Objective: The aim of the research is to investigate the incidence of postnatal growth restriction (PNGR) and characteristics of nutritional practices and growth parameters in a cohort of preterm infants born &lt;32 weeks’ gestational age (GA) in a single neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methodology: This prospective study included 130 preterm infants born &lt;32 weeks’ GA and admitted to the NICU between February 2018 and January 2020. The infants were divided into two groups: A (GA 23–26+6 weeks [n=50]) and B (27–31+6 weeks [n=80]). The association between PNGR and predicting risk factors was evaluated using logistic regression models. Results: PNGR was found in 62 (47%) infants at 28 days of life and increased to 73% of infants at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age. Low birth weight and GA were independent factors predicting growth failure. PNGR was significantly correlated with birth weight (p &lt; 0.01), length (p &lt; 0.002), and GA (p &lt; 0.03) at birth; however, HC was not a predictor of PNGR at 28 days. At 36 weeks’ PMA or discharge, PNGR was more pronounced in length, with a mean Z-score of -3.0, followed by weight, with a mean Z-score of -2.1, and an HC Z-score of -1.4. Conclusion : PNGR was significantly high in preterm infants &lt;32 weeks’ gestation. A significant nutritional gap still exists between the recommended and actual caloric and protein supplementation, especially in the first few days after birth. Delayed optimization of caloric intake may be insufficient to promote growth trajectories, especially in preterm infants with significant morbidities.

Initiation of complementary feeding before four months of age for prevention of postnatal growth restriction in preterm infants

Cochrane Neonatal is withdrawing the protocol because it is out of date and does not meet the current methodological standards of Cochrane

Extra-uterine growth restriction in preterm infants: Neurodevelopmental outcomes according to different definitions

Aim Extra-uterine Growth Restriction (EUGR) is common among preterm infants. Two types of EUGR definitions are still now available: cross-sectional definitions and longitudinal ones. In a cohort of very preterm infants, we aimed to evaluate which definition could better predict neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of corrected age. We used Italian Neonatal Study Charts (INeS) growth charts and INTERGROWTH-21st (IG-21) standard charts and compared results. Method We restrospectively collected data from clinical charts of 324 preterm newborns with a gestational age ≤30 weeks born from 2012 to 2017. Then we compared forty-eight definitions (24 cross-sectional and 24 longitudinal) of EUGR, in term of neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of corrected age. Results We included in the study 254 preterm infants, whose clinical information met the enrolment criteria. Nineteen out of 48 definitions of EUGR were significantly predictive both for Griffith's Development Quotient (GDQ) and Neurodevelopment Impairment (NDI). Among these, longitudinal definitions appeared to have a higher negative predictive value for NDI than cross-sectional ones. Furthermore, infants with EUGR appeared to have a lower cognitive score than their peers without EUGR. Interpretation A loss of Zs > 1 SDS in weight and head circumference, calculated from when physiological weight loss is over and identified as soon as possible rather than at discharge, better predicts neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants.

Cardiovascular response and sequelae after minimally invasive surfactant therapy in growth-restricted preterm infants.

To study cardiovascular response to minimally invasive surfactant therapy in preterm infants with and without foetal growth restriction (FGR). Poractant alfa was administered and echocardiograms were performed before and 30 min after. FGR infants were compared with those appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Ten FGR infants were compared with 20 AGA infants (gestation [weeks], 28.9 ± 2 vs. 28.6 ± 1, p = 0.55 and birthweight [g], 813 ± 157 vs. 1141 ± 257, p = 0.01, respectively). The change in echocardiographic parameters was more prominent in AGA infants ([global contractility] fractional area change [FAC, %], FGR, 24.7 ± 2.2 to 27.9 ± 0.4, p = 0.08 vs. AGA, 26.6 ± 3 to 30.5 ± 1, p < 0.01, and [longitudinal contractility] tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion [mm], FGR, 3.9 ± 0.3 to 4.6 ± 0.5, p = 0.003 vs. AGA, 4.6 ± 0.3 to 5.5 ± 0.4, p = 0.0001). Significant difference was noted for change in FAC (%), FGR 2.1 ± 1.7 vs. AGA 4.1 ± 1.2, p = 0.02. Differential cardiovascular response to minimally invasive surfactant therapy amongst FGR infants may reflect an in-utero maladaptive state.

Comorbidities in childhood associated with extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants: a scoping review.

Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) is a frequent morbidity of preterm infants that can affect short- and long-term prognosis as it involves different EUGR-related alterations in growth and neurological development, as well as cardiometabolic risk. However, knowledge about the prognosis of EUGR is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study is to review the evidence regarding EUGR-related comorbidities in childhood by a systematic approach. This review was carried out using the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual Methodology and the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses)-Search Extension for scoping review. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were used to identify papers published until September 2017. Twenty-four publications were included and 19 examined cohort studies. EUGR is mainly associated with (1) lower weight, length, and head circumference measures in childhood; (2) poor neurodevelopment; and (3) alterations in cardiometabolic risk markers. The definition for EUGR and the populations studied differ among authors.Conclusion: EUGR is mainly associated with poor growth and neurodevelopment, as well as with cardiometabolic alterations in childhood. Evidence is based on observational studies with variability in the included populations due to the lack of consensus regarding the definition for EUGR. Finding a gold standard definition becomes paramount in order to select phenotypes at risk later in life. What is known? • EUGR is a frequent condition of preterm infants. Up to date little is known about the effect of the metabolic programming on prognosis. What is new? • The available evidence, which is based on observational studies with variability in the population and the existing different definitions for EUGR, do not enable appropriate data collection. EUGR is mainly associated with poor growth and neurodevelopment, as well as with cardiometabolic alterations in childhood.

Physical Activity and Spatial Memory Are Minimally Affected by Moderate Growth Restriction in Preterm Piglets

Background: Preterm birth is associated with impaired brain functions, but it is unknown whether fetal growth restriction (GR) makes these deficits worse. Using piglets as a model for preterm infants, we hypothesized that moderate GR reduces growth rate, physical activity, and spatial memory in the first weeks after preterm birth. Methods: Preterm pigs were delivered by caesarean section and fed until 19 days (n = 830 from 55 pregnant sows) and received intensive clinical care. GR pigs were classified as animals with the lowest 5–20% percentile birth weight within each litter and were compared with litter-mate controls (21–100% percentile birth weight). Basic motor skill development, physical activity, and morbidities (e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis) were recorded within the first week. Weight of internal organs and data from a T-maze spatial memory test were noted until 19 days. Results: Moderate GR and control preterm pigs (birth weights 728 ± 140 and 1,019 ± 204 g, respectively) showed similar relative weights of internal organs (relative to body), except higher adrenal gland weights in GR pigs (+20–50%, p < 0.05). This was associated with a tendency to higher plasma cortisol (p < 0.05 on day 11). GR preterm pigs showed delayed ability to stand and walk (days 2–5, p < 0.01), but physical activity and proportion of correct choices in a T-maze test (70.3 vs. 71.6%) were similar. Conclusion: Moderate GR has limited effect on motor function and spatial memory in the early postnatal period of preterm pigs, despite some initial delays in basic motor skills. In the postnatal period, moderately growth-restricted preterm infants may adapt well with regards to organ growth and neurodevelopment.

Association of serum angiogenic factors with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The ANGIODYS cohort study.

Angiogenic factors may be involved in lung development. To evaluate the relations between maternal and cord blood angiogenic factors (sFlt-1, placental growth factor [PlGF], soluble endogline [sEng], transforming growth factor β [TGF-beta]) and their association with moderate and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in very preterm growth-restricted infants. Prospective monocentric cohort study. Twenty-four mother-child dyads featuring antepartum preeclampsia, intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) and birth before 30 weeks' gestation were included. This ensured a 80% power to test whether sFlt-1 maternal levels would be twice as high in cases of BPD as in the absence of BPD. Four pro/anti-angiogenic factors from two pathways (sFlt-1, PlGF and sEng, TGF-beta) were measured in maternal serum before delivery (at the time of hospitalization or the day of birth) and in neonates' cord blood. Neonatal outcome was moderate to severe BPD, defined as oxygen requirement for at least 28 days and persistent need for oxygen or ventilatory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. sFlt-1 levels were positively correlated in maternal serum and cord blood (rs = 0.83, p < .001) but levels of PlGF and TGF-beta and its receptor sEng were not. Among all the factors studied in cord and maternal blood, none was associated with BPD. In IUGR preterm babies born before 30 weeks' gestation from preeclamptic mothers, serum sFlt-1, PlGF and sEng, TGF-β levels were not correlated with BPD. The increased BPD risk in preterm neonates born from preeclamptic mothers cannot be related to high sFlt-1 levels.

Quantile contours and allometric modelling for risk classification of abnormal ratios with an application to asymmetric growth-restriction in preterm infants.

We develop an approach to risk classification based on quantile contours and allometric modelling of multivariate anthropometric measurements. We propose the definition of allometric direction tangent to the directional quantile envelope, which divides ratios of measurements into half-spaces. This in turn provides an operational definition of directional quantile that can be used as cutoff for risk assessment. We show the application of the proposed approach using a large dataset from the Vermont Oxford Network containing observations of birthweight (BW) and head circumference (HC) for more than 150,000 preterm infants. Our analysis suggests that disproportionately growth-restricted infants with a larger HC-to-BW ratio are at increased mortality risk as compared to proportionately growth-restricted infants. The role of maternal hypertension is also investigated.

Extrauterine growth restriction among neonates with a birthweight less than 1500 grams

Abstract Introduction Growth restriction in preterm infants has been related to a poor neurodevelopment outcome. Objectives To define the incidence of postnatal growth restriction in premature babies ≤1500 g and to detect related clinical or biochemical markers. Methods Retrospective longitudinal observational study. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine variables that can predict the change in weight z-score during admission. Results The study included 130 patients with a mean birthweight of 1161 ± 251 g and a gestational age of 29.9 ± 2.5 weeks. At hospital discharge, 59.2% had a weight below P10. During admission, the z-scores of weight and length decreased by −0.85 ± 0.79 and −1.09 ± 0.65, respectively. The largest decrease in z-score occurred during NICU admission, with a weight gain rate of 6.6 ± 8.8 g/kg/day, after which growth acceleration took place (16.7 ± 3.8 g/kg/day), but was insufficient to catch-up. Higher levels of urea were negatively correlated with the change in the z-score of weight (P Conclusions More than half of newborns ≤1500 g have a weight at discharge of

Extrauterine growth restriction among neonates with a birthweight less than 1,500grams

Growth restriction in preterm infants has been related to a poor neurodevelopment outcome. To define the incidence of postnatal growth restriction in premature babies ≤1,500 grams and to detect related clinical or biochemical markers. Retrospective longitudinal observational study. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine variables that can predict the change in weight z-score during admission. The study included 130 patients with a mean birthweight of 1,161±251grams and a gestational age of 29.9±2.5 weeks. At hospital discharge, 59.2% had a weight below P10.During admission, the z-scores of weight and length decreased by -0.85±0.79 and -1.09±0.65, respectively.The largest decrease in z-score occurred during NICU admission, with a weight gain rate of 6.6±8.8g/Kg/day, after which growth acceleration took place (16.7±3.8g/Kg/day), but was insufficient to catch-up.Higher levels of urea were negatively correlated with the change in the z-score of weight (P<.001), and a weight <P10 at birth positively correlated (P=.013). More than half of newborns ≤1,500 grams have a weight at discharge of <P10. This growth restriction occurs during NICU admission, and affects low birth weight infants less frequently.Urea levels correlate negatively with weight gain, which requires further study of the relationship between growth and the protein compartment.

Preterm growth restriction and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the vascular hypothesis and related physiology.

Approximately 5-10% pregnancies are affected by fetal growth restriction. Preterm infants affected by fetal growth restriction have a higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The present study is the first to measure pulmonary artery thickness and stiffness. The findings show that impaired vasculogenesis may be a contributory factor in the higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm growth restricted infants. The study addresses the mechanistic link between fetal programming and vascular architecture and mechanics. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is the most common respiratory sequelae of prematurity and histopathologically features fewer, dysmorphic pulmonary arteries. The present study aimed to characterize pulmonary artery mechanics and cardiac function in preterm infants with fetal growth restriction (FGR) compared to those appropriate for gestational age (AGA) in the early neonatal period. This prospective study reviewed 40 preterm infants between 28 to 32weeks gestational age (GA). Twenty infants had a birthweight <10th centile and were compared with 20 preterm AGA infants. A single high resolution echocardiogram was performed to measure right pulmonary arterial and right ventricular (RV) indices. The GA and birthweight of FGR and AGA infants were 29.8±1.3vs. 30±0.9weeks (P=0.78) and 923.4g±168vs. 1403g±237 (P<0.001), respectively. Assessments were made at 10.5±1.3 days after birth. The FGR infants had significantly thicker right pulmonary artery inferior wall (843.5±68vs. 761±40μm, P<0.001) with reduced pulsatility (51.6±7.6μm vs. 59.7±7.5μm, P=0.001). The RV contractility [fractional area change (28.7±3.8%vs 32.5±3.1%, P=0.001), tricuspid annular peak systolic excursion (TAPSE) (5.2±0.3%vs. 5.9±0.7%, P=0.0002) and myocardial performance index (0.35±0.03vs. 0.28±0.02, P<0.001)] was significantly impaired in FGR infants. Significant correlation between RV longitudinal contractility (TAPSE) and time to peak velocity/RV ejection time (measure of RV afterload) was noted (r2 = 0.5, P<0.001). Altered pulmonary vascular mechanics and cardiac performance reflect maladaptive changes in response to utero-placental insufficiency. Whether managing pulmonary vascular disease will alter clinical outcomes remains to be studied prospectively.

Comparative Study of Early Versus Delayed Enteral Feeding in Development of Necrotizing Enterocolitis for Preterm Small for Date Babies

Background: Growth-restricted preterm infants are at increased risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and initiation of enteral feeding is frequently delayed, even though delayed enteral feeding could diminish the functional adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract and result in feeding intolerance later.Objectives: To evaluate the development of necrotizing enterocolitis of early and delayed enteral feeding in preterm small for date babies (weighing 1000-1499 grams).Materials and Methods: This was a consecutive sampling technique, conducted in the Department of Paediatrics Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital during the period from July 2012 to June 2014. One hundred and forty neonates with preterm small for date babies were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were baby born preterm (&lt;37 completed weeks) having birth weight below 10th percentile for gestational age, birth weight 1000- 1499 grams (VLBW), less than 48 hours postnatal age. Exclusion criteria were major congenital anomaly, Rhesus iso-immunization and Multiorgan dysfunction. They were divided randomly into two groups as Group A (early feeding group) and Group B (late feeding group) each consisting of 70 patients. After randomization 10 patients from group-A and 5 patients from group-B were excluded from analysis due to incomplete data. So, final sample size was 60 patients in Group A and 65 patients in Group B.Results: Gestational age (34.27 ±1.07 weeks vs 33.97 ± 1.30 weeks; p=0.167), sex (41 male, 19 female vs 40 male, 25 female; p=0.427) and weight (1196.3 ±135.9 gram vs 1172.3 ±136.4 gram; p=0.288) were statistically similar in early and late feeding group. Development of necrotizing enterocolitis [4 (6.7%) vs 5 (7.7%); p=1.000] and sepsis [3 (5.0%) vs 5 (7.7%); p=0.719] did not differ between early and late feeding group. Final outcome such as discharged home [45 (75.0%) vs 47 (72.3%); p&gt;0.05], death [10 (16.7%) vs 11 (16.9%); p&gt;0.05], oral feeding not established [1 (1.7%) vs 2 (3.1%); p&gt;0.05], referred to paediatric surgery [4 (6.7%) vs 5 (7.7%); p&gt;0.05] did not differ significantly between early and late feeding group. Causes of death were sepsis in 3 (30.0%), recurrent apnoea in 4 (40.0%)] and hypothermia in 3 (30.0%) in early feeding group; while causes of death were sepsis in 5 (45.5%), recurrent apnoea in 4 (36.4%)] and hypothermia in 2 (18.1%) neonates in late feeding group (p=0.861,p=0.881,p=0.781 respectively).Conclusion: Findings of this consecutive sampling technique concludes that early enteral feeding with breast milk does not increase the incidence of NEC, sepsis and death.Bangladesh J Child Health 2017; VOL 41 (2) :84-91

Influence of Timing of Antenatal Glucocorticoid Exposure on Umbilical Cord Blood Neurotrophins Concentration in Appropriately Grown and Growth Restricted Very Preterm Infants

Influence of Timing of Antenatal Glucocorticoid Exposure on Umbilical Cord Blood Neurotrophins Concentration in Appropriately Grown and Growth Restricted Very Preterm Infants

Three-dimensional ultrasound cranial imaging and early neurodevelopment in preterm growth-restricted infants.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with increased perinatal morbidity, mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. The objective of this study was to examine whether information about early neurodevelopmental deficits was evident using three-dimensional head ultrasound and developmental assessments in preterm infants with FGR, compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants in the early post-natal period. Twenty preterm FGR infants weighing <10th centile and born between 28 and 32 weeks were compared with age-matched AGA infants. In the second post-natal week after birth, we used three-dimensional ultrasound to assess cerebral ventricular volumes. Prechtl General Movement Assessments were performed at 4-6 weeks after birth. Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) to measure functional motor behaviour was performed at 4-6 and 12-14 weeks corrected age. There was no statistically significant difference in the combined cerebral ventricular volume between the two groups (FGR, 0.81 ± 0.42 vs. AGA 0.72 ± 0.38 cm3 , P = 0.4). The TIMP assessment at 12-14 week term corrected demonstrated lower scores (worse performance) in FGR infants compared with the AGA cohort (regression coefficient: -7.74 (95% CI -16.06, 0.57); P = 0.07). We observed a significant correlation between greater ventricular volume and lower TIMP scores in the cohorts separately and also overall (FGR, r = -0.5, P = 0.06 vs. AGA, r = -0.62, P = 0.007 and overall, r = -0.53, P = 0.001). Ultrasound in the early weeks may be useful to detect the neuropathology which could then mediate functional consequences.

Vascular aging and cardiac maladaptation in growth-restricted preterm infants.

To assess arterial morphology and mechanics in preterm infants with fetal growth restriction (FGR) compared with those appropriate for gestational age (AGA) in the early neonatal period. This observational study involved 20 preterm FGR infants (28 to 32 weeks) of gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) <10th centile and 20 preterm AGA infants. Vascular ultrasound was performed to measure aortic properties. GA and BW of FGR and AGA infants were 29.8±1.3 vs 30±0.9 weeks (P=0.78) and 923.4±168 vs 1403±237 g (P<0.001), respectively. At 10.5±1.3 (s.d.) days after birth, blood pressure (systolic 51±3 vs 46±4 mm Hg, P<0.001) and maximum aorta intima-media thickness (621±76 vs 479±54 μm; P<0.001) were significantly higher in FGR infants. Arterial wall stiffness and peripheral resistance were also increased in the FGR infants (2.36±0.24 vs 2.14±0.24, P=0.008 and 22.2±5 vs 13.7±2.3 mm Hg min ml-1, P<0.001), respectively. Significant correlations between vascular mechanics and cardiac function were observed (resistance vs E/E', r=0.7 and Tei index, r=0.79). Maladaptive arterial-ventricular coupling was noted. Early detection may aid in early therapeutic strategies such as afterload reduction.