Growth Performance Of Red Tilapia Research Articles

Feasibility of molasses-fermented banana peel as a protein source in practical diet for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.): effect on growth and feed efficiency

This study aims to increase the utilization of banana peels, a local agricultural by-product, by improving nutrient value and partially reducing the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) as an alternative ingredient in fish feed. The feasibility of molasses-fermented banana peels (MFBP) as a protein source in a practical diet for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) fries was investigated. Five isonitrogenous experimental diets containing 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% substitution levels of fish meal by MFBP were formulated. Twenty tilapia fries per group with three replicates were fed for eight weeks. The growth performance and feed efficiency values of fish were recorded and evaluated. Fish fed with 0, 25, and 50% MFBP levels showed significantly higher growth parameters, survival rate, and feed utilization efficiency than those fed with 75 and 100% MFBP levels. Although the control diet produced better growth performance and feed utilization efficiency than MFBP-based diets there was no significant difference between fish fed with the control diet and the low MFBP levels (0-50%) diet. Based on the present findings, it could be concluded that the molasses-fermented banana peels (MFBP) could efficiently replace the fishmeal by up to 50% without affecting the growth performance of red tilapia.

The Effect of Water Spinach on the Water Quality, Antioxidant System, Non-Specific Immune Response, Growth Performance, and Carbon Balance in Red Tilapia Production

In this study, the compound aquaculture model of red tilapia (O. mossambicus albina × O. urolepis hornorum) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) was used to investigate the effect of water spinach rafts on the water quality, antioxidant system, non-specific immune response, and growth performance of red tilapia and the carbon balance of payments. Red tilapia is characterized by its high adaptability to different production environments and food sources, as one of the most productive fish in aquaculture, and is well accepted in the market due to its nutritional and organoleptic characteristics. The experiment lasted for nine weeks and included two systems: the red tilapia-water spinach raft aquaponics (AP) system with 10% cover ratio with water spinach floating beds, and the aquatic monoculture (AM) system with only red tilapia. The total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and nitrate nitrogen (NO−3-N) in the AM were higher than those in AP from the fifth to ninth week. On the second, third, fifth, and sixth weeks, the ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), in the AM was higher than those in the AP. From the seventh week, the pH of the AM was significantly lower than the AP, while the nitrite nitrogen (NO−2-N) was significantly higher than the AP. The water quality index of the AP was better than that of the AM, indicating that water spinach can remove the nutrients from aquaculture water bodies. The average daily gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish in AP were higher than those in the AM. The acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and catalase (CAT) activities in the hepatopancreas of red tilapia in the AP were also significantly higher than those in the AM, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in the AP was lower than the AM. The serum ACP and CAT of red tilapia in the AP were also higher than those in the AM, while the MDA of fish in the AP was lower than the AM. The results showed that both the experimental group and the control group were carbon sources and released greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, but the total carbon emissions of the red tilapia and the water spinach symbiotic system in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that the application of water spinach rafts in aquaponics can not only improve the water quality, but also improve the growth performance, antioxidant system and non-specific immune responses of red tilapia, while promoting the utilization of organic matter in the aquaculture system, improving the ecological benefits in terms of the carbon income and expenditure.

Growth Evaluation of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp) Under Different Cycles of Fasting And Re-Feeding

Feed restriction through fasting is a widely recommended feed management strategy in aquaculture, where this strategy is believed to have a positive effect on fish growth performance. This study aims to evaluate the growth performance of red tilapia in various cycles of fasting and re-feeding. The activity was carried out at Research Institute Fish Breeding from August to November 2020 . The research method used was experimental with 5 treatments with 4 replications, namely control (fish were fed daily), then the fasting treatment was S7 (7 days of fasting), S14 (14 days of fasting), S21 (21 days of fasting) and S28 (28 fasting day) followed by refeeding until the end of maintenance. Maintenance was carried out for 90 days in a concrete tub measuring 2x1m3 with a stocking density of 28 fishes / unit. During the rearing period the fish were fed satiation three times a day. The results showed that there was a decrease in growth along with the increase of the fasting period, but there was a trend of increasing growth after re-feeding with over compensatory growth in treatment S7 and partial compensatory growth in treatments S14 and S21. Likewise, the value of the condition factor and the hepatosomatic index during the fasting period decreased, but after feeding, the values were not different from those of fish fed continuously.

Effect of freeze-dried biofloc as A Dietary Supplement on Water Quality and Growth Performance of red Tilapia (Hybrid)

To investigate the effect of supplementation of dried biofloc produced by freeze-drying method on water quality and growth performance of red hybrid tilapia, two experimental diets (T0 treatment: 0 % biofloc; and T1 treatment: 4 % freeze-dried biofloc) were examined during 57 days of feeding trial. Diet T0 resulted in higher feed intake than T1 treatment (P < 0.05), while no significant differences were found between the two treatments in terms of weight gain, SGR, and FCR (P > 0.05). For water quality parameters, values of temperature, EC, TDS, ammonia and nitrate were significantly higher for T1 treatment (P < 0.05). While dissolved oxygen level was significantly lower for T1 treatment compared to T0 treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, no significant differences were found for pH and salinity (P > 0.05). However, the two treatments showed water quality parameters levels within the range of standard levels of water quality for tilapia culture. In addition, proximate composition of experimental diets showed significantly higher lipid content for T0 treatment than T1 treatment (P < 0.05). While no significant differences were found between means of treatments for organic matter, protein, fiber, ash and energy contents (P > 0.05). Based on these results, a 4 % supplementation of freeze-dried biofloc can be successively included in formulated diets for red hybrid tilapia without any effects on growth in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survival, and can result in acceptable water quality levels for red hybrid tilapia.

EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RED TILAPIA IN ZEOLITE SUPPLEMENTED CLOSED SYSTEM

Food demand is expected to surge due to the increase of world population. Malaysia is one of the top fish consumption countries in Asia, but the reduction of capture fishery has led to the increase for aquaculture for tilapia to overcome the demand. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the growth performance of red tilapia at different stocking densities of zeolite supplemented closed system. Red tilapia fry was stocked into aquarium. Five treatments (containing zeolite and without zeolite) with two replicates were used. Food was given twice a day with 2% of total biomass of the fish. Weight and length of red tilapia were measured every two weeks. The zeolite treatments which recorded the highest final mean weight was T1 with the lowest stocking density (5 fish) while in T5 (highest stocking density), lowest mean weight was recorded. Specific growth rate and length gain in T1 was significantly higher than other treatments. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in growth parameters between the treatments with and without zeolite. The results revealed that red tilapia stocked in the T1 of the lowest stocking density (5 fish) had the highest growth performance than the fish in other treatments. Compared to other treatments, T1 recorded the highest final length and weight, weight and length gain, Specific Growth Rate % (SGR) among the treatments. The findings will be useful for the practitioners to understand the best practice for stocking density in zeolite supplemented closed system.

Antioxidant and immune response of juvenile red tilapia (Oreochromis sp) cultured at different densities in sea water with biofloc plus probiotics

Scarce information is available about the benefits of adding probiotics to biofloc systems on the growth and health status of red tilapia reared in seawater. This study aimed to assess the growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) reared in seawater with two stocking densities (D1, 120 fish/m3; D2, 240 fish/m3) with biofloc plus probiotics. For each density, juvenile red tilapia (6.7 ± 0.2 g) were cultured under three different experimental conditions: clear seawater (control group, C), seawater enriched with biofloc (B), and seawater enriched with biofloc plus probiotics (BP). The bioassay lasted 7 weeks. Fish reared in D2 showed the lowest specific growth rate value, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity but the highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and viscerosomatic index (VSI). However, fish from BPD2 showed FCR and PER values similar to those of fish in D1. Fish from the control group showed the highest globulin concentration (GB) with the lowest albumin:globulin ratio (AL:GB), in contrast to fish from BPD2, which also showed the highest glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. In conclusion, a high culture density affects the growth performance of red tilapia regardless of biofloc and probiotics in the system; however, supplying biofloc plus probiotics into the cultures improves the feed efficiency as well as immune and antioxidant responses of hybrid red tilapia when reared at high densities in seawater.

Effect of dietary probiotics SEAL on growth performance of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) nilasa strain

Aims of this study were to determine the effect of probiotic application on the growth performance and feed utilization of red tilapia nilasa strain juveniles. Yeast and bacterial strains of different origin (Saccharomyces sp., Enterobacter sp. JC10, Aeromonas sp. JC33, and Lactococcus sp. JAL12) were administered to fish in daily and three day intervals at dose of 5×104 CFU/gram feed. The control groups were only administered with fish pellet with saline buffer. The fish were stocked in 95 × 72 × 55 cm containers (50 each) and fed approximately 3 % of their body weight thrice a day for 62 days. Absolute, relative and specific growths of weight were examined at one and two months of probiotic application. Fish survival rate, total production, feed conversion ratio (FCR) were analyzed at the end of experiment. The results showed that probiotics application in fish affected absolute weight, relative weight, specific weight, and total production (P<0.05). No significant effects on fish feed utilization parameters were obtained. It is concluded that probiotics SEAL application is efficacious in the growth performance of tilapia nisala strain. The application with three-day interval improves the growth and total production of red tilapia similar to the daily probiotics application.

REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL BY JOJOBA MEAL (SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS) IN THE DIETS FOR RED TILAPIA, OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS X O. NILOTICUS FRY

The study was directed to estimate the effect of jojoba meal Simmondsia chinensis protein as alternative protein source of fish meal protein with replacing levels of 0, 25, 50,75 and 100 % on the performance of red tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus fry. One hundred and fifty fries (average weight 0.97±0.08 g/fry) wererandomly distributed into 15 aquaria, ten fish /aquaria fish were fed experimental diets in triplicate aquaria for 98 days. The inclusion of jojoba meal in the experimental diets did affect significantly the growth performance of red tilapia among all treatments. Significant differences were observed in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and/or protein efficiency ratio (PER) by increasing jojoba meal protein level in the diets. Fish fed diet 2 which contained 25% jojoba meal protein had significantly the best growth performance parameters. Increasing jojoba meal protein significantly reduced the growth performance parameters. Fish fed D5 with 100% jojoba meal exhibited the highest value of crude protein. Fish fed D5 with 100% jojoba meal exhibited the highest value of crude protein. Also, the contents of carcass lipid and ash were increased significantly (P < 0.05) by increasing jojoba meal replacement in the experimental diets. No histopathological effect was observed among all treatments. It could be concluded that jojoba meal protein can be replaced in the diets for red tilapia fries up to 25% of fish meal protein without affecting the performance of red tilapia fries and/or histopathological indices.

Effects of X-xylanase Incorporated in the Diet on the Growth Performance of Red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using X-xylanase in the diet to improve tilapia growth. Four experimental diets containing X-xylanase (Hostazym®, Huvepharma, Antwerp, Belgium) at levels of 0 (control), 1050, 1500, and 1950 endopentosanase units (EPU) were used in this study. The growth performance trial was carried out for 56 days. At the end of the study, there were no significant differences between the groups fed by control and the experimental diets in terms of survival rate, condition factor and weight gain. However, the highest weight gain was recorded in fish fed a diet containing 1500 EPU of X-xylanase. Fish fed diets containing 1500 and 1950 EPU X-xylanase for 56 days had significant better feed efficiency compared to those of fish fed the commercial diet and other experimental diets. It was therefore concluded that the addition of X-xylanase to the tilapia diet was able to improve the feed utilization and consequently enhance fish growth.

Comparative performance of four red tilapia strains and their crosses in fresh- and saline water environments

A complete diallel cross involving four strains of red tilapia ( Oreochromis spp .) from Malaysia, Stirling, Taiwan and Thailand was performed with the aim to establish a foundation population for genetic improvement. The mating involved 16 parental breeders per sex per strain, producing 64 full-sib families in total. Statistical analyses were carried out on data consisting of records from 1280 individuals reared in both freshwater (0 ppt) and saline water (30 ppt) environments. Among the purebreds, and across the testing environments, the Malaysian strain exhibited the highest additive genetic performance for harvest weight. Whereas the Stirling strain was the poorest (7.4% above and 13.4% below the overall mean of pure strains, respectively). The average level of heterosis was generally low (4.2%) and the average of all crossbreds was not statistically different from the mean of the pure strains. Overall, the growth performance of red tilapia was significantly lower in saline than in freshwater environments ( P < 0.001). The high correlation between additive genetic and total performance suggests that improvement of red tilapia can be effectively based on the exploitation of additive genetic variation (i.e. through selective breeding). A synthetic base population was therefore formed with the best performing individuals regardless of their genetic makeup and of the environments tested. Strategies for the future breeding program in red tilapia are discussed.