Growth Of Wheat Varieties Research Articles

Seed priming with proline improved photosystem II efficiency and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

BackgroundProline can promote growth of plants by increasing photosynthetic activity under both non-stress and abiotic stress conditions. However, its role in non-stressed conditions is least studied. An experiment was conducted to assess as to whether increase in growth of wheat due to seed priming with proline under non-stress condition was associated with proline-induced changes in photosystem II (PSII) activity. Seeds of four wheat varieties (S-24, Sehar-06, Galaxy-13, and Pasban-90) were primed with different concentrations of proline (0, 5, 15 and 25 mM) for 12 h and allowed to grow under normal conditions. Biomass accumulation and photosynthetic performance, being two most sensitive features/indicators of plant growth, were selected to monitor proline modulated changes.ResultsSeed priming with proline increased the fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and plant height of all four wheat varieties. Maximum increase in growth attributes was observed in all four wheat varieties at 15 mM proline. Maximum growth improvement due to proline was found in var. Galaxy-13, whereas the reverse was true for S-24. Moreover, proline treatment changed the Fo, Fm, Fv/Fo, PIABS, PITot in wheat varieties indicating changes in PSII activity. Proline induced changes in energy fluxes for absorption, trapping, electron transport and heat dissipation per reaction center indicated that var. Galaxy-13 had better ability to process absorbed light energy through photosynthetic machinery. Moreover, lesser PSII efficiency in var. S-24 was due to lower energy flux for electron transport and greater energy flux for heat dissipation. This was further supported by the fact that var. S-24 had disturbance at acceptor side of PSI as reflected by reduction in ΔVIP, probability and energy flux for electron transport at the PSI end electron acceptors.ConclusionSeed priming with proline improved the growth of wheat varieties, which depends on type of variety and concentration of proline applied. Seed priming with proline significantly changed the PSII activity in wheat varieties, however, its translation in growth improvement depends on potential of processing of absorbed light energy by electron acceptors of electron transport chain, particularly those present at PSI end.

Evaluation of Jatropha curcas L. leaves mulching on wheat growth and biochemical attributes under water stress

BackgroundOrganic mulches are widely used in crop production systems. Due to their benefits in improving soil fertility, retention of soil moisture and weed control. Field experiments were conducted during wheat growing seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 to evaluate the effects of Jatropha leaves mulch on the growth of wheat varieties ‘Wadan-17’ (rainfed) and ‘Pirsabaq-2013’ (irrigated) under well irrigated and water stress conditions (non-irrigated maintaining 40% soil field capacity). Jatropha mulch was applied to the soil surface at 0, 1, 3 and 5 Mg ha−1 before sowing grains in the field. Under conditions of water stress, Jatropha mulch significantly maintained the soil moisture content necessary for normal plant growth.ResultsWe noted a decrease in plant height, shoot and root fresh/dry weight, leaf area, leaf relative water content (LRWC), chlorophyll, and carotenoid content due to water stress. However, water stress caused an increase in leaf and root phenolics content, leaf soluble sugars and electrolytes leakage. We observed that Jatropha mulch maintained LRWC, plant height, shoot and root fresh/dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll content under water stress. Moreover, water stress adverse effects on leaf soluble sugar content and electrolyte leakage were reversed to normal by Jatropha mulch.ConclusionTherefore, it may be concluded that Jatropha leaves mulch will minimize water stress adverse effects on wheat by maintaining soil moisture and plant water status.

Effect of presowing seed treatments on germination and early seedling growth of wheat varieties under saline conditions

The effect of presowing wheat seed treatments was investigated for the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver and relatively salt-tolerant variety PARI-73 at the germination and early seedling stages. Seeds were treated with distilled water (DW) or 10/50 mm KCl, KNO3 , CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2 and then germinated in DW or 200 mm NaCl. Treatment with calcium (Ca) or potassium (K) did not lead to a significantly higher rate for final germination than the DW treatment. Ca salt treatments significantly improved shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage in both varieties, especially in the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver. There were significant differences in the Ca content of seeds after various presowing treatments. There were also significant differences between both varieties in the ion contents after seed treatment. However, these differences appeared to be related to the improvement of shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage and not to the effectiveness of pres owing seed treatments in increasing germination.

Studies on the Affects of Soil Temperature upon the Growth of Crop Plants (II) : Effects of soil temperature upon the growth of wheat varieties (1)

The soil temperature is one of significant factors affecting the growth of plants, but no study was intended to examine the effect of soil temperature in winter period upon the growth and yield of wheat varieties. In this study, two winter wheat varieties: Konosu No. 25 and Norin No. 17 were used and seeded in the containers at Dec. 1. 1957. The soil temperature treatments were performed by placing pots in two constant temperature water tanks at outdoors maintained at about 6°C. and 11°C. in winter period (Jan. 11.-Mar. 31.) respectively, but those temperatures were rised about 5°∼6°C. during Apr. 1. to May 31. (Fig. 1) The results were as follows: 1) The growth of both top and root were retarded by low soil temperature (ca. 6°C.) and the degree of retardation in growth by low soil temperature was larger in root. 2) As the development of ears were promoted by high soil temperature (ca. 11°C.), heading, flowering and ripening times were hastened about one week by high soil temperature treatment. 3) Grain yield was significantly increased in the high soil temperature plot in Norin No. 17, but in Konosu No. 25, there was little difference between each plots. 4) From the above results, we concluded that the soil temperature in winter and early spring affects markedly on the vegetative and reproductive growth of wheat plants and there is varietal differences in the degree of retardation of growth by low soil temperature. It is supposed that the susceptibility to low soil temperature of Norin No. 17 may be related to the cold and snow resistance of this variety.

Studies on the Effects of Soil Temperature upon the Growth of Crop Plants (V) : Effects of soil temperature upon the growth of wheat varieties.(2)

The soil temperature is one of significant factors affecting the growth of plants, but no study was intended to examine the effect of soil temperature in winter period upon the growth and yield of wheat varieties. In this study, two winter wheat varieties: Konosu No. 25 and Norin No. 17 were used and seeded in the containers at Dec. 1. 1957. The soil temperature treatments were performed by placing pots in two constant temperature water tanks at outdoors maintained at about 6°C. and 11°C. in winter period (Jan. 11.-Mar. 31.) respectively, but those temperatures were rised about 5°∼6°C. during Apr. 1. to May 31. (Fig. 1) The results were as follows: 1) The growth of both top and root were retarded by low soil temperature (ca. 6°C.) and the degree of retardation in growth by low soil temperature was larger in root. 2) As the development of ears were promoted by high soil temperature (ca. 11°C.), heading, flowering and ripening times were hastened about one week by high soil temperature treatment. 3) Grain yield was significantly increased in the high soil temperature plot in Norin No. 17, but in Konosu No. 25, there was little difference between each plots. 4) From the above results, we concluded that the soil temperature in winter and early spring affects markedly on the vegetative and reproductive growth of wheat plants and there is varietal differences in the degree of retardation of growth by low soil temperature. It is supposed that the susceptibility to low soil temperature of Norin No. 17 may be related to the cold and snow resistance of this variety.