Growth Of Private Enterprises Research Articles

Industrial Development Strategy Until 2030

The research is a vision of the future of industry in Iraq, so it is may be outside the ceiling of the capabilities of the Iraqi economy, and therefore it is exaggerated. Therefore, future plans must be applicable through the availability of capabilities. Everyone knows that the financial and administrative corruption and mismanagement of resources are the main cause of the inefficiency of the industrial sector, and the failure to exercise its real role in achieving economic development.; as well as the political situation and the dominance of parties and their insistence on addressing positions that have a strong relationship in managing the economic sector that has a significant impact on drawing the economic map in its current form. That is why it has become necessary to reform the political system as an important pillar for the success of this strategy.
 It presents the vision of the industrial system until 2030, which is summarized in the development of the industrial system in Iraq to support a diversified and sustainable national economy in terms of economic and environmental aspects. It works within a stimulating business environment based on creativity and works in an institutional and organizational system that ensures implementation and achievement of goals and contributes to providing more job opportunities and improving the standard of living for individuals and society. To implement this vision, four basic elements were identified that represent the axes of the industrial strategy, namely: building the nucleus of competitive industrial clusters based on large industrial facilities integrated with local and global value chains, creating effective and stable working conditions that allow the existence and growth of private enterprises, improving the industrial and knowledge infrastructure, and adopting an appropriate governance system that supports the implementation of the previous three axes. A set of goals have been set for each of these axes to form the whole path the strategy to follow

Biden – His Time?

Wilkinson talks about the US policy towards Cuba under the new Democratic regime. If the aim of the US is to engender political change in Cuba, it is clear that the policy of trying to starve the country of foreign investment and trade has not worked. Instead of facilitating the advance and growth of private enterprise on the Island, the policies of Donald Trump have had the opposite effect. It is simply high time the US helped Cuba reform economically.

Democratization, globalization, and institutional adaptation: the developmental states of South Korea and Taiwan

This paper concurs with Hamilton-Hart and Yeung that in South Korea and Taiwan, the predominance of global production networks, growth of private enterprises, and democratization have placed developmental state institutions under pressure. However, despite the reorganization of the pilot agency and state bureaucracy, new institutions have emerged to take on the functions of policy consultation and coordination. These institutions continue to control ample financial and regulatory resources, which allow state elites to coordinate industrial transformation and mediate global engagement. South Korea and Taiwan, however, differ in their ability to appease sociopolitical conflict and find common ground to defy neoliberal tendency. Moreover, they differ in their preexisting industrial structures, modes of engaging with the global market, and security considerations with respect to mainland China. Given path dependency, the two cases differ in their success in launching new industries and facilitating defensive globalization. Due to this divergence, the two economies hold disparate positions in the global division of labor: lead firms in South Korea, contract manufacturers in Taiwan, and aspiring platform leaders in both cases. Enterprises from these two economies also weave disparate types of production networks, with those from South Korea exhibiting a higher level of functional diversity and geographical expansion.

The Effect of R&D Input and Financial Agglomeration on the Growth Private Enterprises: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Industry

ABSTRACTTechnological innovation is an important factor in the growth of private enterprises, and technological innovation requires strong financial support. How to use financial tools to promote research and development (R&D) input at private enterprises has become an urgent issue. This article analyzes the influence of provincial and prefectural financial agglomeration and R&D input on the growth of private enterprises, using panel data on Chinese private enterprises in manufacturing from 2007 to 2015. We reached the following conclusions. First, the promotion of financial agglomeration and R&D input have a positive impact on the growth of private enterprises. Second, the impact of financial agglomeration on private enterprises is inversely related to the scale of private enterprises—that is, the larger the scale of enterprises, the smaller the impact of financial agglomeration on the growth of private enterprises. Third, financial agglomeration did not promote growth at private enterprises by increasing R&D input. Financial agglomeration can increase the absolute amount of R&D input; however, it will reduce the intensity of R&D input. Financial agglomeration, R&D input, and the growth of enterprises do not create their own virtuous circle, and they fail to provide financial support for technological innovation.

Small firm growth in post-conflict Sri Lanka: micro-level evidence from two cities

Most empirical studies regarding micro and small enterprises focus on mature firms in developed countries implying that the growth of such enterprises in post-conflict situations remains largely unexplored. This paper examines embryonic firms in post-conflict Sri Lanka using data collected via a purpose-designed survey administered to 243 emerging enterprises in 2012. The results indicate that firm age positively affects growth, a finding which is opposed to that of most studies. As in previous studies, firm size negatively influences growth. Faster growth was experienced by businesses in the construction and related manufacturing sector which were the first to emerge following the restoration of peace. Previous business experience is critical to growth of private enterprises. Conversely, entrepreneur's education has no significant effect on firm growth. These findings highlight the need for a policy dialogue to create profitable business opportunities to consolidate the gains from peace.

Spontaneous Capitalism: An Entrepreneur-Centered Analysis of Market Transition

Capitalism from Below offers a highly original and compelling analysis of the growth of a thriving private manufacturing sector in China over the past three decades. From a marginal role limited to tiny family firms in the early 1980s, private enterprises grew rapidly in numbers and scale at the expense of state firms, and now comprise roughly 70 percent of national output and employment. Victor Nee and Sonja Opper find existing explanations for this evolution to be partial and one-sided, focusing too exclusively on the evolving role of the Chinese party-state. They contrast their perspective with what they call ‘‘state centered’’ views of the growth of capitalism offered by Douglas North and others, which emphasize the prior construction of institutions that clarify property rights, creating a ‘‘credible commitment’’ on the part of states not to expropriate assets or engage in arbitrary or unpredictable forms of revenue collection. They point out that a thriving private manufacturing sector has grown up in China despite the absence of clearly defined and legally enforceable property rights, and moreover that this is the way that economic history has unfolded as capitalism has developed elsewhere in the world. States respond to pressures created by entrepreneurs who create capitalism from below. The alternative offered in this study is a micro-analytic perspective that focuses single-mindedly on endogenous grassroots processes of institution-building, as entrepreneurs build networks, develop trust, and create informal enforcement mechanisms in the context of relentless competition on product and labor markets. These in turn alter the choices and incentives for government, creating pressures for the design of supporting regulations and laws. Nee and Opper do not dispute the important role of the state, but they make a compelling case for their claim that any account of the emergence and growth of private enterprise in China that neglects these micro-level processes will be partial and ultimately incomplete. It is beyond dispute that the literature on the evolution of China’s economy over the past three decades has been dominated by analyses of the state and its agents at various levels of the government hierarchy. This literature, however, is not founded on the premise that states must first create clear and enforceable property rights and regulatory institutions in order to permit a market economy to flourish. The focus on state actors, instead, was motivated by the very same puzzle that intrigues Nee and Opper: how is it that a thriving market-oriented economy was possible in the absence of the clear and enforceable property rights for private enterprise emphasized in some branches of economic theory? The most common approach, taken up primarily by political scientists, is perhaps more accurately characterized as ‘‘political economy’’ rather than ‘‘state-centered.’’ The political economy literature is now quite extensive and has a history that goes back to the beginning of China’s market reforms. Like Nee and Opper, it has also emphasized the construction of market economies ‘‘from below,’’ although it has often emphasized the behavior of government officials at the grassroots—in villages, townships, cities—as opposed to the design of formal institutions by the central state. The political economy literature essentially strives to view grassroots officials as themselves important actors in local economies, and seeks to explain the incentives and Capitalism from Below: Markets and Institutional Change in China, by Victor Nee and Sonja Opper. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. 431pp. $45.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780674050204. 40 Symposium

Crowding out! The role of state companies and the dynamics of industrial competitiveness in India

This article examines growth patterns of government companies in India, whether their presence has crowded out private entrepreneurial activity and whether there has been a decline in the competitiveness of India's industry, measured as relative productive efficiency, for a 45 year period from 1957–1958 to 2001–2002. There was a significant growth in the number of government companies in India that effectively crowded out the entry and growth of private enterprise. This took place from the mid to late 1950s to the late 1980s and early 1990s. Correspondingly, the amount of private equity capital invested in firms declined until the late 1980s and early 1990s when there was an upsurge of private investment activity. Another feature was that a small number of government companies absorbed most of the corporate sector equity investment in India. The growth in the share of government companies in India that crowded out the entry and growth of private enterprises has had a significantly negative effect on India's industrial competitiveness. After the introduction of reforms in 1991, there has been a significant crowding in by private enterprises, displacing the government companies from their key position as holders of a very large portion of equity capital, and also reversing the trend in the decline of competitiveness of Indian industry as a whole.

China's Continuing Urban Transition

Urban growth in China has proceeded in step with the growth and transition of the socialist economy. Year 2000 Census data indicate an urban population of 456 million; this is 36% of the total population and is increasing much more rapidly than the overall population. Several factors drive this rapid urbanization and growth of cities and towns: continuing, although diminishing, population growth; migration of rural people, as regulations on rural and urban household registration change; rapid structural shift in employment activities and the decline of farm employment; foreign trade and foreign investment, especially in coastal areas; restructuring of state-owned enterprises and growth of private enterprises and activities; and allocation of domestic funds in fixed assets for urban infrastructure, also concentrated in coastal areas. Key issues for continuing urbanization focus on the capacity of the emerging private sector in parallel with the state and collective sectors to generate new jobs, and the willingness of the central state to reconcile the subsidies and privileges of state-sector urban employees with other recent migrants in cities and towns who do not enjoy the state-sector subsidies.

Growth of Private Enterprises in China: An Unintended Consequence of the State Sector Reforms

Growth of Private Enterprises in China: An Unintended Consequence of the State Sector Reforms

Entering the PRC market: a case‐based conceptual framework for small business

Explores how easy (or otherwise) it is for small businesses to take advantage of the huge markets opening up in the People’s Republic of China. Profiles a Hong Kong‐based office furniture manufacturer and distributor (Logic Office Supplies) as an example of successful market penetration. Outlines the research methodology used ‐ field research conducted in 1992 and 1993, which looked at the historical development of the market, the industry size and profile, the growth of private enterprise, government relations, the legal environment and an analysis of the competition. Explains why the company chose to follow a four‐pronged entry strategy and how they implemented that strategy. Infers that the company’s success was largely due to a careful choice of partners. Points out that sales increased from HK$40 million in 1989 to HK$400 million in 1994. Applies this successful approach to drawing up a conceptual framework for smaller businesses wishing to expand into China. Talks about stage of entry, mode of entry, and whether to opt for permanent representation or joint ventures. Provides a model showing five stages in the process of expanding into China. Concludes that it is not easy to expand into China and that the best route for small businesses to follow is to sell through trading houses and distributorships.

The Role of Ownership and Property Rights in China's Economic Transition

The ever-greater roles played by markets and pecuniary incentives, and the increasing decision-making authority of localities, enterprises and individuals, have been central elements of China's economic reforms. Compared with these radical departures from the past, change in the area of property rights has been ambiguous. Depending on one's perspective, China might be seen as on its way to establishing a socialist market economy, in which public and collective ownership forms are predominant, or well along the path to a radical transformation of property rights, including a de facto private agriculture, massive private foreign investment, stock markets and the growth of private enterprise. What role property rights have played in the successes and problems of China's reforming economy is similarly debatable. The view that property rights have remained largely “social” leaves open interpretive possibilities ranging from the conclusion that China offers evidence of the viability of a market socialist option, to arguments that the transformation of property rights remains a major hurdle on the road to an economy that can support sustained growth. The quite different view that sectors experiencing substantial privatization have been the main contributors to the achievements of the reform economy, and that those maintaining public ownership have held back economic growth, is also taken by some.The nature of the property rights that have characterized China's economy during the years of economic reform, and the influence of property rights and property rights reform on the performance of the economy during that era are the subjects of this article.

Political Economy of Medical Education in India

This paper explores the interface between professional training and national development by focusing on the politics of medical education in India. After placing the problem in context, it analyses the cost of medical education, traces the growth of private enterprise and the capitation fee phenomenon, examines the problem of quality control, discusses the socio-economic implications of the present system and exposes its redundancy vis-a-vis the health needs of the masses.

The decay of socialism and the growth of private enterprise in Poland

The decay of socialism and the growth of private enterprise in Poland