Price Growth Research Articles

Nebulizers in pulmonary physical therapy: market overview and selection criteria

Aim. To analyze the market of nebulizers used to provide physical therapy for patients with pulmonary diseases in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The study was based on scientific publications, data from the State Register of Medical Devices of Ukraine, data from the websites of pharmacy chains, and the results of a survey of pharmaceutical professionals. The research methods were scientific generalization, comparison, graphical and mathematical analysis, and questionnaires. Results. The data on the technical characteristics of modern nebulizers and the peculiarities of their use in physical therapy of different groups of patients were summarized. The analysis of the range of nebulizers in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine showed that the dominant models were compressor-type models (almost 68 % of the range). The share of ultrasonic and mesh nebulizers was insignificant – 26 % and 6 %, respectively. Among the manufacturers of compressor nebulizers, the main share in the assortment belonged to models made in Ukraine (28 % of the subgroup assortment). In general, this type of nebulizers was supplied to the market by manufacturers from 10 countries. The share of domestic models in the ultrasonic nebulizer assortment was 23 %, while the remaining 6 countries accounted for 77 % of the range, respectively. Mesh nebulizers were available from 3 countries (Germany, Japan, China). It was found that the inhaler with the best reviews among doctors was the ArhiMED MESH Pro mesh nebulizer model (Poland), the second place was occupied by the B.Well pro-115 ultrasonic model (Switzerland), and the third place was occupied by the Medisana IN 525 compressor-type model (Germany). The analysis of price characteristics of nebulizers showed that the greatest fluctuations in cost indicators were experienced by the Medisana IN 510 compressor-type models (Germany) – the value of the price growth index was 2.4. Based on the calculations of the affordability index, it was determined that the Beurer IH 21 nebulizer (Germany) with an affordability index value of 1.43 was the most affordable during the period of analysis. The results of the survey of pharmacists involved in the selection of nebulizers for pharmacy visitors showed that compressor-type nebulizers were in the greatest demand, and the price category from UAH 1000 to UAH 1500 was acceptable for consumers to purchase this type of medical equipment. Conclusions. The results of the analysis indicate the physical availability and a wide range of nebulizers for providing physical therapy to patients with pulmonary diseases. However, it has been determined that to ensure the affordability of these devices, it is necessary to implement government measures and programs for the relevant groups of patients. In addition, it can be argued that developing and implementing standardization of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of various types of nebulizers, as well as determining the long-term impact of nebulizer therapy on patients with respiratory diseases, is relevant.

Does relaxing household credit constraints hurt small business lending? Evidence from a policy change in Texas

This paper studies the relationship between household credit and small business loans using the 1997 liberalization of home equity lending in Texas. First, we build a closed economy general equilibrium model that examines two opposing channels: a negative crowding out effect and a positive collateral effect. Our analysis shows that, following a household credit expansion, the crowding out effect dominates and leads to an overall decline in firm borrowing. We test this result empirically by exploiting the liberalization of home equity loans in Texas. The exogenous increase in household credit brought on by the liberalization results in a crowding out of business lending, as small business loan growth declines by roughly 20 percentage points. This negative effect is dampened in counties that experienced stronger house price growth, providing evidence of a subsidiary collateral effect. We further explore the bank-level factors that could influence the strength of the crowding out effect and find that the effect is weaker for banks with easier access to funding and a specialization in business lending.

Asymmetric effects of exchange rate and oil price on export performance and economic growth in WAMZ

The purpose of the study is to explore the effects of exchange rate and oil price asymmetries on export performance and economic growth in the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ). The study uses monthly data from 1970 to 2022. The study makes use of the asymmetric ARDL approach. Our findings show that there exists a long-run relationship between oil price, exchange rate, export performance, and output growth. We find that depreciation of the exchange rate and increases in oil prices generally hinder the economic prospects of these nations. Furthermore, it was found that currency depreciation did not significantly improve the export performance of these nations, primarily due to the largely stagnant manufacturing sectors and other challenges such as infrastructural decadence that these nations face. The findings imply that these countries, as well as the rest of Africa, still need to implement sincere and significant economic changes. We need to make large-scale investments in infrastructure development, revive the dormant manufacturing sector, actively and transparently combat corruption at all levels, and take other actions to stabilize their currencies and boost export performance, all of which will contribute to economic prosperity. We also recommend a strong institutional framework that will strengthen and support the effective policy outcomes.

Research on Crop Planting based on Linear Programming and Multiple Regression Functions

The purpose of this paper is to explore how to optimize crop planting strategies through linear programming and multiple regression functions to help rural revitalization and agricultural modernization. In the study, we consider a variety of factors such as crop planting seasons, plot types, and potential planting risks. By analyzing the crop suitability of different plots and combining constraints such as arable land area limitations and crop rotation requirements, we established a linear programming model with the objective of maximizing economic benefits. At the same time, for the two cases of stagnant and wasteful marketing and selling at a reduced price when the yield exceeds the expectation, binary decision variables are used to find the optimal solution. In addition, this paper uses multiple regression functions to predict the growth rate of sales of major crops such as corn and wheat and predicts the future price growth of edible mushrooms through a gray prediction model (GM (1,1)). In the course of the study, we also discuss the impact of extreme weather due to monsoon climate in the northern region and give the optimal planting scheme based on these perturbation factors. Through gray correlation analysis, this paper further explores the correlation coefficients between planting cost and selling price relative to expected sales volume and combines the principles of complementarity and substitutability to derive the highest yielding planting strategy. Finally, the stability of the model is verified by sensitivity analysis, and its adaptability in other agricultural scenarios is explored.

Analysis of the Performance and Influencing Factors of China's Carbon Market in 2022

China's carbon market is pivotal in the global battle against climate change, especially as the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. The establishment and effective management of this market are critical for advancing global environmental sustainability. Central to this effort is the carbon trade price (CTP), widely recognized as a key indicator of market fluctuations. In 2022, China's carbon market experienced significant turmoil, contrasting sharply with the resilience of the European carbon market, which demonstrated steady demand and price growth. This article reviews existing literature on the factors influencing CTP, identifying crucial elements such as environmental conditions, policy frameworks, market dynamics, and economic indicators that shape China's Emissions Trading System (ETS). A detailed analysis of these factors for the years 2021 and 2022 is provided. Additionally, I propose further factors that may impact the CTP and offer a series of policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and stability of China's carbon market.

Comprehensive Analysis of Risk and Return Associated with Equity Stock Investment

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the risk and return profiles of six prominent Indian automobile stocks: TVS Motor, Ashok Leyland, Bajaj Auto, MRF Ltd, Hero MotoCorp, and Mahindra & Mahindra, covering the period from 2020 to 2024. The findings reveal significant growth across the sector, with varying degrees of volatility. Key metrics such as stock price growth, earnings per share (EPS), return on equity (ROE), and price-to- earnings (P/E) ratios were analyzed, highlighting the importance of understanding both growth potential and associated risks

The role of corruption in the oil price–growth relationship: Insights from oil-rich economies

The role of corruption in the oil price–growth relationship: Insights from oil-rich economies

Impact of Oil Price, CO2 Emissons, Inflation and Economic Growth on FDI Inflow: Case of Kazakhstan

Impact of Oil Price, CO2 Emissons, Inflation and Economic Growth on FDI Inflow: Case of Kazakhstan

Relationship between Oil Price, Inflation, and Economic Growth in BRICS Countries: Panel Cointegration Analysis

Relationship between Oil Price, Inflation, and Economic Growth in BRICS Countries: Panel Cointegration Analysis

Locked In: Rate Hikes, Housing Markets, and Mobility

Rising interest rates in 2022 introduced large moving costs for homeowners with low, fixed-rate mortgages. Using a novel dataset linking mortgage loans, consumer credit profiles, and property sales, we examine the effects of rate hikes on household mobility and the broader economic impacts of the resulting mortgage rate lock-in. As market rates rise relative to those on borrowers’ existing loans, likelihood of moving falls with the highest elasticity among borrowers just “in the money.” Our results suggest about 44% of the decline in moves among mortgage holders between 2021 and 2022 may be attributable to the widening gap between borrower’s existing and market rates. We find limited scope for labor misallocation due to lock-in, as moves across labor market areas are rather unaffected. Instead, lock-in primarily reduces within-metro churn and moves up the housing ladder, leading to fewer real estate listings and greater house price growth. We explain lock-in-driven price increases through a housing search model: in a seller’s market, reduced churn raises market tightness, driving up prices. Consistentwith such a model, we show measures of market tightness increase in response to lock-in, with the most significant effects in markets that were already tight.

Commercial inpatient hospital price growth driven by system affiliation and nonprofit-status hospitals.

As policymakers continue to grapple with rising health care costs and prices, understanding trends and variations in inpatient prices among hospital characteristics is an important benchmark to allow policymakers to craft targeted policies. In this study, we provide descriptive trends on variation in inpatient prices paid by commercial health plans stratified by hospital characteristics using data from Health Care Cost Institute's employer-sponsored insured claims data. Our analyses found evidence of considerable variation among inpatient price levels and growth among system affiliation and profitability. Prices among system-affiliated hospitals grew from $14 281.74 in 2012 to $20 731.95 in 2021, corresponding to a 45.2% increase during this period. On the other hand, prices among independent hospitals grew more slowly, from $13 460.50 in 2012 to $18 196.90 in 2021, corresponding to a 35.2% increase. We did not observe a similar trend in growth rates among case mix index by hospital characteristics, implying that differential inpatient price growth is not driven by changes in case mix by hospital characteristics. Heterogeneity in hospital prices and price growth by type of hospital suggests that public and private policymakers aiming to rein in health spending should consider policies that address this variation.

Driving Forces of the Consumer Price Index During the Crises in the Eurozone: Heterogeneous Panel Approach

This paper examines key driving forces of inflationary pressures, taking into account supply and demand side determinants and actions of policy makers, during the pandemic and geopolitical crises in the Eurozone. Using heterogeneous nonstationary macro-panel models, especially the Mean Group (MG) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) methods in the period 2020q1–2024q4, it is concluded that the dominant determination of inflationary pressures comes from the supply side. There is a long-run positive equilibrium relationship between the growth of energy prices and the growth of the consumer price index (CPI), and between the index representing supply bottlenecks (SBI) and the growth of CPI, while the relationship with the unemployment rate is insignificant. Also, the existence of a long-run equilibrium between the interest rate and CPI is homogeneous due to the unique monetary policy on a sample, and negative, indicating the efficiency of that policy. However, the speed of adjustment of individual economies is heterogeneous, and in the case of Greece and Ireland, insignificant. The heterogeneous or insignificant response of Eurozone member states, especially related to core-periphery asymmetry, refers to the vulnerability and structural weakness of the Eurozone economies, and the need for deeper integration.

Eddison Walters Housing Market Globalization Theory: Building On, Eddison Walters Real Estate Housing Technology Structural Change Transformational Theory

Today’s housing affordability crisis has been caused by failure to acknowledge technological advancements that globalized housing markets that were once local. Policymakers, banking regulators, and the academic community slept at the wheel. On the heels of the Dot.com bubble, policymakers eagerly stepped in to avoid another economic crisis, accepting the false theory of a real estate housing bubble. Policymakers never considered that the growth in home prices could be real. Two decades after the declaration of a housing bubble, home prices continue to increase rapidly today. Evidence is clear the housing bubble never existed. The growth in home prices was real. Despite all the evidence suggesting real estate housing bubbles never existed. Policymakers have struggled to address today’s housing affordability crisis because of the failure to change course on ineffective policies implemented to address a real estate housing bubble that never existed. Lower interest rates will not solve the housing crisis we face today. The experts who concluded housing bubbles existed were wrong. The idea that lower interest rates will decrease housing costs suggests policymakers do not understand the problem. The failure to understand the structural transformation of the housing market means policymakers worldwide are still at a loss for solutions to address today's housing affordability crisis (Walters, 2024). The increased housing costs from the technological-structural transformation of the housing market between 1995 and 1999 resulted in globalized markets (Walters, 2024). The globalization of housing markets caused a significant shift in the demand curve of the global housing market that policymakers failed to address because policymakers accepted the misinformation of real estate bubbles as suggested by Eddison Walters Risk Expectation Theory of The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 in Walters (2018). Walters and Djockic (2019) and Walters (2019) presented evidence supporting the theory developed by Walters (2018). The current research presents Eddison Walters Housing Market Globalization Theory that builds on Eddison Walters Real Estate Housing Technology Structural Change Transformational Theory.

Oil Price and Long-run Economic Growth in Oil-importing Developing Countries

The recent spikes in oil prices are a significant setback for the world economy, which has already faced multiple challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is particularly concerning for developing countries as maintaining a sustained growth in real GDP is crucial for lifting their population out of poverty. While the short-run negative macroeconomic effects of a spike in oil prices are well established in the context of the developed world, the long-run growth effect has received little attention, especially in developing countries. Using the World Bank's development indicators database covering the period 1990 to 2020, this study aims to investigate the oil price-growth nexus in low and middle-income net oil-importing countries to shed light on how oil price increases could be a challenge for sustainable development. Specifically, we first set up a theoretical model to establish the relationship between growth in output per capita and oil price. Following the traditional growth regression approaches, we empirically estimate the causal effect of growth in oil prices on the economic growth of 65 net oil-importing developing countries using fixed effect panel IV regression methods. The empirical results confirm statistically significant negative effects of oil prices, indicating that a higher oil price reduces long-run economic growth in oil-importing developing countries. Our results on the other determinants of growth are consistent with the existing empirical growth literature. Oil-importing developing countries, therefore, must allocate resources towards alternative domestic energy sources, in addition to pursuing fuel efficiency and conservation strategies, to mitigate the negative effects of oil price fluctuations on their long-run economic output and uphold sustainable development.

On ways to reduce the energy supply costs in Russia

Purpose: is to research of ways to reduce the energy supply costs for Russian consumers.Methods: the analysis of the transformation of the electric power industry was carried out using the tools of tectology and system economic theory.Results: the key reason for the constant increase in the cost of energy supply has been identified, which is the transition from a systematic approach to energy development aimed at increasing general economic efficiency to maximizing the economic performance of independent energy companies. The need to adjust the basic principles laid down in the concept of electric power industry development is substantiated.Conclusions and Relevance: the result of the successful completion of the reform of the Russian electric power industry is a steady influx of significant investments into the industry over the course of decades. But despite the increase in power system capacity, which is outstripping the dynamics of electricity demand, the need for the most expensive peak power sources and energy storage systems is growing, which leads to an increase in electricity prices in addition to the investment component. A positive feedback has been identified that reduces the structural stability of the energy sector, namely: between rising electricity prices; reduction of electricity consumption from the network as a result of the installation of their own generation by some consumers; increasing costs of generating and network companies; more intensive growth in electricity prices and increased motivation to install their own generation for that part of consumers who continue to use grid electricity. The ways are proposed and the solutions are considered aimed at forming new connections between participants in the single technological process of production, transmission and consumption of energy resources, with the aim of reducing the energy supply costs and improving the specific performance indicators of the energy system, and in the future reducing the costs of integrating renewable energy sources into it.

The effect of house price constraint conditions in land granting on the second-hand housing market: evidence from Beijing, China

ABSTRACT To curb the surge in housing prices, Chinese governments have introduced various measures in the real estate market. House price constraint conditions (HPCCs) are conditions for sale in land granting which restrict the selling price of newly built houses. Such unique practice has been used as price regulation and signal in many cities with little understanding of its impact. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness, mechanism, and cost of HPCCs on the second-hand housing market for policy improvement, completing existing literature primarily focusing on housing policies. We collected data on land granting and second-hand house transactions in Beijing, which was the first to implement HPCCs. Employing difference-in-difference and other empirical techniques, we find that land granting with HPCCs alters buyers’ and sellers’ behaviours and expectations, leading to a significant decrease in the price level and growth rate. However, HPCCs are associated with lower supply, increased speculation, inequality issues, and potential loss of fiscal revenue. Policymakers need to improve HPCCs while considering market-oriented regulation tools.

OPTIMIZATION OF WAGE STRUCTURE AND LIMITS OF ABOVE-TARIFF PAYMENTS IN KAZAKHSTAN

The policy of forming the wage system is largely determined by the economic situation in the country, the amount of inflation caused by the growth of prices for goods and services. The article substantiates the relationship between the size of real wages and economic growth caused by changes in labor productivity, as the main indicator determining the long-term standard of living. In the structure of the wage fund, a special place is occupied by above-tariff payments, which carry the function of regulating the basic wage. Their amount depends on the profession, industry and regional characteristics. Therefore, the assessment of above-tariff payments in distribution relations is objectively conditioned and significant. The following results were obtained during the study: - in general, for all types of economic activity, the share of above-tariff payments amounted to 27-30% of the wage fund. This means that 1/3 of wages is formed to a greater extent subjectively, i.e. decent wages are compensated by incentive payments; - in the regions of Kazakhstan, the threshold of payment at the tariff, which should be constant and ensure a decent life without above-tariff payments, is not ensured; - the variable part of wages (payments) should be used only when stimulating the achievement of exceptional results, and not become a tool for maintaining wages at the appropriate level.

The impact of e-sports championships on stock prices of sponsoring companies

This paper studies the impact of esports matches results on the dynamics of sponsoring companies shares. Statistics on three main esports leagues is reviewed: Defense of the Ancient 2, League of legends and Counter Strike: Global Offensive, with Samsung, MegaFon, Intel, HTC corporation, MSI, Asus, Comcast Xfinity, Logitech, Lenovo, BMW, Honda, AMD and a number of several lesser-known companies as sponsors. The study will test the assumption concerning the growth of share prices of the companies sponsoring esports events. Another purpose of the study is to identify the most profitable esports teams and championships. The work will also include an event analysis designed to answer the question of which leagues for which sponsor companies may be preferable in terms of return on investment and why. In particular, the event window will be considered in the context of the teams in middle places, as well as in the context of the winners and losers in a particular esports league. In addition, all sponsors will be divided into their production areas to track the impact of the industry factor. The main result is that the profitability of companies associated with the video game industry will have low correlation with the outcomes of matches of esports teams. The findings show that if a team has the least number of sponsors, there is a greater return on shares than for other teams with a greater number of sponsors.

Energy prices and the structure of inflation in European Union countries

Abstract Since 2022, in almost every inflation category, a strong divergence in price dynamics among the EU countries has become visible. The first aim of this paper is to assess the impact of changes in energy prices on the differentiation in price dynamics in individual inflation categories in EU countries. The second aim is to isolate those components of inflation that have significantly differentiated the countries in the crisis year of 2022. The research was conducted based on the vector-autoregressive model, the Granger causality test, cluster analysis and analysis of variance. It can be concluded that there is a causal relationship between energy prices and the differentiation in the price growth rate in certain inflation categories. In 2022, the EU member states were divided into two quite distinct clusters. This article adds value to current research by taking into account the level of variation in the inflation structure among EU countries.

Detecting house price bubbles in G7 countries: New evidence and heterogeneous determinants

In recent years, the high growth of house prices in G7 countries has attracted some attention from all sectors due to the role of the real estate bubble in the global financial crisis of 2008. In this research, we analyzed the house price bubbles and their determinants in G7 countries. Firstly, we detected multiple house price bubbles in G7 countries between 1970 and 2022 and located when the house price bubbles emerged and burst. Second, we investigated the determinants of house price bubbles in each country and in the G7 countries as a whole. The results show that the level of house price bubbles and their determinants is significantly diversified over countries. However, total population, size of private debt, GDP per capita, and urbanization are among the common drivers of the whole G7 countries. Based on these results, we provide some suggestions on the critical points for a stable real estate market development.