Population Growth In Cities Research Articles

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND GLOBAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH SECTOR REFORMS IN PAKISTAN

Background: This paper analyzed historical, political, economic, social and global influences on the health sector reforms in Pakistan.Material & MethodsThe article is based on a critical analysis of secondary data from the public domain as well as from international development agencies. It also draws from scholarly articles about the experiences of health sector reforms carried out in other countries.ResultsHistorically, ever since the independence of Pakistan, the actual power remained in the hands of elite class, therefore, no meaningfulreforms were introduced in the basic socio-political structure of the Pakistani society. Financially, due to high debt burden and the huge military expenditure, the state is shifting its traditional responsibility of providing health services to its masses to the private sector leading to further marginalization of poor and the disadvantaged. Furthermore, social issues such as rapid population growth,unplanned urbanization and emergence of mega cities are putting further pressure on already constrained resources and infrastructure and therefore are a reason and future challenge for health sector reforms in Pakistan.ConclusionsTwo important conclusions can be drawn. One, any reform introduced for the improvement of health status of Pakistani population tosucceed, needs to consider the complex socio-political structure of the society. Second, all the historical, political, economic, social, andglobal factors discussed in this paper reinforces the need for major health sector reforms in Pakistan and it also demonstrates theconstraints that the system must overcome in order to initiate any meaningful change

Reducing urban energy consumption and carbon emissions: a novel GIS-based model for sustainable spatial accessibility to local services and resources

This study explores the complex interconnections among global population growth, energy consumption, CO2 production, and disparities in service access through the lens of a single case study. Rapid population growth in many major cities has created significant challenges related to equitable access to services and socio-economic development, thereby impacting both their energy consumption patterns and environmental impacts. The case investigated in this study, like many other cases in developing countries, exhibits differences in service provision, infrastructure development, and energy usage, particularly between the northern and southern regions, which significantly affect the quality of life, environmental sustainability, and economic development. Previous efforts to narrow these geographic disparities have yielded limited success and exhibited several shortcomings. By employing a GIS Analytical Network Process method, this study examines service accessibility patterns in a single-case city, with a particular emphasis on green spaces, food services, and educational facilities and services. This GIS-based approach seeks to achieve sustainable levels of access to multiple land uses by evaluating their accessibility and identifying areas of overlap between them. The study endeavors to increase access and density of service standards when planning the placement of new facilities based on these standards in new locations. The method developed in this study represents a critical stride toward achieving these key objectives. The findings reveal that only 47% of city population blocks enjoy high service accessibility, while 40% have moderate accessibility, and 2.6% experience poor accessibility. These insights are of significant value to urban planners, researchers, and policymakers striving to reduce energy shortages and promote sustainable energy and transportation strategies to mitigate environmental impact in urban areas.

Integrated Water Management Under Different Water Rights Institutions and Population Patterns: Methodology and Application

AbstractWhile numerous studies have investigated demand management policies as a means of mitigating the impacts of climate change and population growth, little attention has been given to the interaction of spatial population patterns and water institutions that affect water shortages. In this article, we develop a methodology to evaluate how population location under alternative water institutions and climate scenarios impacts water demands, shortages, and derived economic values. We apply this methodology to the South Platte River Basin (SPRB) in Northeastern Colorado under three scenarios with ∼1,800 simulations. Results suggest that while water rights institutions have a negligible impact on total volumetric shortages relative to climate change, they have substantial distributional and economic implications. Results also suggest that continuous population growth in upstream cities yields the lowest water shortages if per capita use decreases with urbanization. However, if we assume that per capita demands do not decrease with population density, an equal distribution of population to upstream and downstream regions yields the lowest water shortage and highest economic value. These findings indicate the need that planning efforts must account for return flows and development patterns throughout a watershed in order to reduce water shortages and promote economic prosperity.

Visualization of Fashion in European Engravings of the 16th — Early 18th Century

Images of people from different countries in their traditional costumes as a genre emerged in the second half of the 16th century and actively existed in the form of prints until the first fashion magazines appeared in the late 18th century. The article attempts to build a chronology of iconic examples of costume prints of the 16th — early 18th century on the basis of a number of sources of theoretical, historical and pictorial nature. The functions it fulfilled as a kind of graphic art in its time and artistic and technological features of its creation are defined. The study considers the works of artists and engravers from Germany, the Netherlands, England and France, since it is in these countries that the art of costume engraving was most developed. Not being for the most part highly artistic works of art, having no portrait resemblance to the depicted characters, protomod illustrations did not attract close attention of art history, which regarded them as one of many ordinary sources, as elements of applied creativity, which largely prevented their detailed analysis. However, these numerous costume prints (woodcuts and etchings) are worthy of attention as examples of graphic art that give an idea of the fashion of the time. The decline in the popularity of costume prints in the middle of the 18th century, despite the development of printing technologies and the growth of population in cities, which implies the demand for products of this kind, is connected, in our opinion, with the absence of a descriptive part — text as an explanation to the picture. For in the epoch of the formation of fashion journalism in the 18th century, costume engravings were revived as part of women’s magazines, acquiring the form of fashionable pictures-illustrations that would exist throughout the 19th — first half of the 20th century.

PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK UNIT HUNIAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN BERMUKIM PENGHUNI PERUMAHAN

The rapid population growth and urbanization in major cities across various developing countries have increased the demand for urban infrastructure, including housing. As projected in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), by the year 2030, more than 60% of the population is expected to reside in urban areas. Meeting housing needs is a fundamental requirement for humans that evolves according to different life stages. This study aims to examine the effect of housing characteristics on residential satisfaction in simple housing in the city of Kendari. The research type is explanatory, with the research population consisting of type 36 houses. The sample size is set at 195 units, and data collection was carried out using questionnaires. The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS version 24 to obtain causal relationships between the variables developed in this study. The results indicate that the effect of housing unit characteristics on residential satisfaction has a path coefficient of 0.01 with a probability level of 0.968. These findings suggest a positive effect of housing unit characteristics; however, this effect is not significant in relation to the level of residential satisfaction among occupants of simple housing.

Rethinking City Population Growth: How Reclassification Matters

AbstractCity populations grow due to natural change, migration, and areas that are reclassified as part of a city. Because a time series of city boundaries was not available, most analyses ignore reclassification. This paper measures reclassification in a harmonized and transparent manner by applying a new harmonized definition of cities, towns, and rural areas, called the degree of urbanization, to gridded population data between 1980 and 2020. Ignoring reclassification would attribute city population growth equally to natural change and migration. Including the effects of reclassification reveals that two‐thirds of the growth is due to natural change, followed by reclassification (29 percent), and the remainder to migration (4 percent). This demonstrates the importance of accounting for reclassification. It also underlines that discouraging migration to cities will not significantly reduce city population growth.

Assessment of Chinese urban land-use efficiency (SDG11.3.1) utilizing high-precision urban built-up area data

Assessment of SDG11.3.1 indicator of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a valuable tool for policymakers in urban planning. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of the SDG11.3.1 evaluation and explore the impact of varying precision levels in urban built-up area on the indicator's assessment outcomes. We developed an algorithm to generate accurate urban built-up area data products based on China's Geographical Condition Monitoring data with a 2 m resolution. The study evaluates urban land-use efficiency in China from 2015 to 2020 across different geographical units using both the research product and data derived from other studies utilizing medium and low-resolution imagery. The results indicate: (1) A significant improvement in the accuracy of our urban built-up area data, with the SDG11.3.1 evaluation results demonstrating a more precise reflection of spatiotemporal characteristics. The indicator shows a positive correlation with the accuracy level of the built-up area data; (2) From 2015 to 2020, Chinese prefecture-level cities have undergone faster urbanization in terms of land expansion relative to population growth, leading to less optimal land resource utilization. Only in extra-large cities does urban population growth show a relatively balanced pattern. However, urban population growth in other regions and cities of various sizes lags behind land urbanization. Notably, Northeast China and small to medium cities encounter significant challenges in urban population growth. Our comprehensive framework for evaluating SDG11.3.1 with high-precision urban built-up area data can be adapted to different national regions, yielding more accurate SDG11.3.1 outcomes. Our urban area and built-up area data products provide crucial inputs for calculating at least four indicators related to SDG11.

THE ROLE OF A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH IN BUILDING AN EFFECTIVE INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The continuous growth of population in large cities, the intensive development of the economy, and the rising number of vehicles on the roads lead to the overload of transportation networks, resulting in traffic congestion. These congestions cause significant delays in movement, increase time and fuel consumption, and also have a negative impact on the environment. To address this problem in large cities, it is worthwhile to implement intelligent traffic flow management systems. The variability of methodologies underlying these systems significantly differs depending on their initial purpose. However, the resources of such individual methodologies deplete over time, necessitating the search for and implementation of new ones. The rapid loss of efficiency in such systems is rooted in the absence of a centralized node facilitating communication between systems and managing them. In other words, combining intelligent methodologies into a unified system can be useful in the creation of efficient and dynamic traffic flow management systems with significantly greater re-sources. Such an approach to organizing an intelligent traffic flow management system for the city’s transpor-tation network has been considered in this work. During the research, a brief overview of approaches to improv-ing the efficiency of the city’s transportation network along key directions was conducted. The structure, princi-ples, and ways of forming a robust integrated system for managing the traffic flow were outlined. This system consists of subsystems based on effective optimization and organization methodologies for traffic processes. The effectiveness of tested methodologies that meet the needs of such an integrated system was also discussed and evaluated. Keywords: intelligent transportation systems, traffic congestion, comprehensive approach, adaptive traffic light control, traffic prediction, Internet of things.

Spatio-temporal dynamic analysis of greenness base on NDVI equation for change detection from 2004 to 2024 at River Nile State, Atbara City, Sudan by using remote sensing and geographical information system

Urban regions' ability to maintain high environmental standards is largely dependent on their vegetation. A decrease in the amount of vegetated area on land has resulted from city expansion and population growth. An examination of land cover change in urban settings is necessary, particularly for urban regional planning that takes green, open space into account. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in urban vegetation cover in two Medan sub-districts from 2004 to 2014. Change analysis and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were performed in the study. The range of plant diversity in these locations was Observed. The results showed changes in vegetation cover areas in the mentioned years. In 2004, most of the areas were under a highly dense vegetation class while in 2014, they were under a low-density vegetation class with new sub-class. This indicates a decrease in vegetation cover due to changes to non-vegetation cover or land cover areas with less vegetation.

Decomposing the comprehensive efficiency of major cities into divisions on governance, ICT and sustainability: network slack-based measure model

The rapid urbanization and population growth in major cities have given rise to enduring urban challenges, prompting local governments to assess urban development performance and customize urban planning strategies to meet these challenges. This study aims to formulate an evaluation framework for the comprehensive efficiency of major cities, centering on governance, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and sustainability as fundamental aspects. Distinct from prior research, the framework employs the network slack-based measure (SBM) to unravel efficiency, concurrently scrutinizing input/output slack and link efficiency. Utilizing the network SBM model, the study assesses the comprehensive operational efficiencies of 38 major Chinese cities spanning from 2015 to 2019. The application of the Kruskal–Wallis test discerns differences in comprehensive efficiency between coastal and inland areas. The results indicate that governance, ICT, and sustainability significantly influence the comprehensive operations of cities. In addition to general and short-term policies, the implementation of the National New-Type Urbanization Plan by the Chinese central government has led to an increase in the number of cities demonstrating sustainable efficiency. Despite fluctuations in the efficiency gap during the study period, coastal cities consistently outperform their inland counterparts in terms of efficiency. Persistent geographical disparities underscore the imperative for balanced development. While acknowledging positive strides in sustainable urbanization, the study emphasizes the ongoing necessity to address the adverse impacts of urban development, positioning governance, ICT, and sustainability as indispensable elements in confronting the multifaceted challenges inherent in urban development. The research findings contribute significantly to the field of urban efficiency evaluation, accentuating the collaborative impact of governance, ICT, and sustainability.

An urban emergy footprint: Comparing supply- and use-extended input-output models for the case of Vienna, Austria

Urban activities currently consume 75% of global final energy demand, which is expected to increase given absolute and relative population growth in cities. Assessments of both producer (upstream) and consumer (downstream) ecological and socioeconomic impacts of urban inter-industry exchanges are needed to reduce energy consumption and resource use behind the industrial footprints of cities. Environmental extensions in the input-output analysis are designed from the user side perspective, focusing only on commercial energy supply and use. This study introduced emergy-evaluated supply-extended and use-extended carbon footprint models for Vienna and compared their empirical and conceptual implications. Emergy-evaluated footprints of Vienna's urban consumption were estimated by combining industrial and systems ecology approaches as per the research question, based on previous investigations of GHG emissions and energy supply- and use-extensions. Results showed that the ranking of footprints of final product categories is sensitive to the evaluation method, with products of extractive and manufacturing industries differing by more than 10% depending on whether emergy or carbon evaluation is chosen. The emergy-based comparison further reveals that for products of extractive industries, the difference between use and supply extension results can be more than 20% as opposed to carbon-based comparison with the difference between supply and use extension results for services not even amounting to 5%. Future studies could address the over-estimation of direct energy supply to the economy, under-estimation of product and service, inconsistency in standard use-extension design, and challenges in assembling emergy-evaluated supply and use extensions. Fundings are relevant for unified responsibility assessment of upstream and downstream sectors without prioritising structural features.

Effect of Dry Ice Gel PCM on Wall Freezer Temperature Variance

The increasing population growth in cities will cause environmental detriments such as global warming and ozone depletion. The electricity need will increase in the future due to the higher temperature in the cities, leading to the higher usage of cooling equipment such as freezers. The current study proposed a method to improve the freezer's energy efficiency by using phase change material of dry ice gel. Most of previous studies only focused on the impact of position of phase change materials on the temperature of wall freezer while no previous studies consider the detailed methodology of measurement and the impact of phase change material based on dry ice gel to the variance of wall temperature. The sensor thermocouple type T and data logger ADAM 6018+ were used to measure the wall temperature of the freezer. The results showed that the sensor thermocouple was verified to the calibrated thermometer with R2 = 0.99. The installation of phase change material based on dry ice gel on the wall freezer could maintain the temperature around 1-2oC while the freezer was turned off for 4, 6, and 8 hours. The efficiency of freezer could be increased from 10% to 30% due to using dry ice gel phase change material. The future study should investigate the various types of phase change materials and the new combination of phase change materials.

Transit-oriented development (TOD) in a scattered city: applied study in Brasília, Federal District

This research aims to analyze the territorial urban strategy entitled transit-oriented development (TOD), a methodology originated in the United States, which for at least 30 years has been little discussed and applied in Brazil. Faced with the challenges imposed in the 21st century in terms of sustainability and the projection of upward population growth of Brazilian cities, DOT planning is a viable concrete alternative for the transformation of today's dispersed, distant, and disconnected (3D) cities into future compact, connected and coordinated urban complexes (3C). Thus, based on the characterization of the DOT, it has led to the conclusion that this methodology is suitable for application in Brasília, Federal District, so that mass transport planning in the city would integrate with urban planning, in a fairer and more equitable way.

Rapid urban expansion and potential disaster risk on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the 21st century

ContextCities are still expanding in many parts of the world in the 21st century, especially in developing regions, where socioeconomic transition has triggered urbanization. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, characterized by its high elevation, developing economy, and fragile environment, has undergone rapid urbanization in the past twenty years, potentially heightening the region’s risk of geological and hydrometeorological disasters.ObjectivesThis article examines the process of urbanization on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in order to better understand the relationship between urban expansion and population change and to explore whether geological and hydrometeorological disasters threaten urban expansion.MethodsWe created a high-resolution urban built-up boundary dataset from 2000 to 2020 based on remote sensing and GIS. By examining the spatio-temporal pattern of urban expansion and its population dynamics from 2000 to 2020 in 15 cities across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we quantified the urban expansion characteristics and explored the rising geological and hydrometeorological disaster risks urban areas face.ResultsThe Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has experienced rapid and uneven urbanization in the past 20 years. The total expansion rate was over 252% – 1.48 and 2.81 times higher than that of China and the world, respectively. Urban expansion exceeded population growth in most cities throughout the whole period. The urban built-up areas and population of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau tended to concentrate in the Yellow River-Huangshui River Valley of Qinghai Province and the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries of Tibet. High-density urban built-up areas and population distribution were exposed to geological and hydrometeorological disasters. The urban boundary dataset produced in this study has better accuracy than the other five existing datasets, for the given area and time range.ConclusionsThis study will not only provide a scientific reference for urban development research and future urban planning on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau at the regional scale, but will also contribute to research on the urbanization process of the plateau and mountainous regions on a global scale, raising awareness of geological and hydrometeorological disaster risk prevention in these areas worldwide

Interceptor sewer for abatement of pollution in surface water

Abstract Unplanned population growth in urban cities has largely caused unplanned habitations called slums. Due to various complexities, service providers are unable to provide basic amenities, i.e., water, roads, sanitation, and sewerage in these slums. Water, being the basic need for human survival, is either managed by these residents by extracting groundwater or the minimum required water is provided by the government through water tankers or tube wells. In the absence of sewerage facilities, sewage is discharged directly into stormwater drains, rivers, ponds, lakes, etc. It contaminates the freshwater of these water bodies. The Yamuna River (22 km stretch) from the Wazirabad Barrage to the Okhla Barrage, and about 600 lakes in Delhi, India, are highly polluted. To avoid such severe events of contamination of water resources, it is necessary to develop a system to intercept wastewater at the source, transfer it to the nearest sewage treatment plant, and treat it to the required discharge standard, called the interceptor sewer. This case study is an outcome of a successful mega project of an interceptor sewer along three major drains (Najafgarh, Supplementary, and Shahadra) for the abatement of pollution in river Yamuna, Delhi.

IoT-based smart garbage monitoring system and advanced disciplinary approach

The rapid urbanization and population growth in cities have led to an unprecedented increase in municipal waste generation. Efficient management of this waste is crucial to maintaining a clean and healthy environment. Traditional waste management methods often fall short in addressing the dynamic nature of waste generation patterns. This project presents a Garbage Monitoring System (GMS) that utilizes advanced sensor technologies and data analytics to revolutionize waste collection processes in urban areas. The system integrates different sensors, devices for communication, and software applications to furnish real-time monitoring and data analysis for waste management. The system not only enhances the operational efficiency of waste management but also promotes environmental sustainability. By optimizing collection schedules, reducing waste overflow, and reducing environmental negative impact, the system represents a significant step towards building smart and eco-friendly cities. The approach is to help in an innovative way while collecting garbage and monitoring systems in an effective way.

The Russian vernacular from the second half of the 19th to the first half of the 20th century

The article considers two issues: I) the content and history of the term ?vernacular?, II) non-linguistic and linguistic reasons for the formation and transformation of the vernacular into a common substandard. The author believes that vernacular is a natural non-literary, everyday, generally understandable form of existence of the national language - i.e. speech, which is characterized by a significant and immanently conditioned representation of vernacular lexemes, accentology, morphological and grammatical forms, etc., which functioned in large cities, primarily Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad), from about the second half of the 19th century until the 1970?s. The vernacular basically contains an interdialect. The functioning of the vernacular was associated with the growth of the urban population in large cities. This population, representing the majority of peasants from different regions of Russia, used an interdialect, or vernacular, for communication. On the periphery of this sublanguage, there were various kinds of interference from the jargons and nominations-localities of the city. The vernacular had linguistic features at all levels of the language, but above all at the lexico-semantic level. Since about the 1970?s, under the influence of education and improved means of communication, it began to transform. Today, its place is taken by interjargon, which in linguistics is called ?common substandard? (?????? 2001), ?common jargon? (???????? et al. 1999), ?vernacular-2? (?????? 1998), etc. The vocabulary of the old vernacular has partially gone into the passive language stock, or has moved to the periphery of the new general substandard.

Зонирование территории России на основе региональных особенностей изменения численности городского населения в период с 1989 по 2020 г.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a change in the settlement system of the population, including urban ones. This was due to the socio-economic transformations that were taking place at the time. As a result, the process of megacity urbanization has been actively ongoing, with the concentration of people in large cities and regional capitals being a key feature. This has had a significant impact on the current state of Russia's urban landscape, and there is a need for further research into these processes. To better understand the current situation and potential future directions for the urban structure of the country, statistical analysis methods were used to analyze population dynamics in all Russian cities from 1989 to 2020. To visualize the data obtained, a cartographic method was used and areas of population growth or decline in cities were identified. The country is divided into nine regions, with six regions seeing an increase in urban population (Southwest, Northwestern, Central, Volga-Ural, Southern, and Siberian) and three regions seeing a decrease (Asian, European, and South Siberian). Over the period under consideration, the settlement pattern of urban areas has changed, with polarization increasing (between cities and rural areas, as well as between large cities and small cities), and regional inequalities deepening. However, there are also opportunities to overcome these negative trends through the implementation of an active regional policy, the promotion of new employment opportunities in remote areas, and the provision of social support to the population.

Assessment of waste management practices and waste banks in urban areas of Indonesia: A case study of East Jakarta and Depok City

The rapid population growth in major cities in Indonesia, including East Jakarta and Depok City, has resulted in increased consumption patterns that have an impact on the quantity and quality of generated waste. These communities’ current waste management practices are inadequate, encompassing sorting, collection, and processing—evaluating existing waste management conditions involve sampling, observation, interviews, and questionnaires. In Pancoran Mas, the average waste generation was found to be 0.24 kg per person per day, with food waste comprising 51% and plastic waste 18%. Pulo Gebang exhibited similar results, with a waste generation rate of 0.22 kg per person per day, consisting of organic waste accounting for 46.7% and plastic waste at 19%. However, both districts have established Waste Banks, namely Hasvil (HWB) and Sekar Wangi (SWB) in Pancoran Mas and Pulo Gebang. The waste bank data revealed that HWB had a waste generation rate of 0.08 kg per person per day, while SWB had a rate of 0.12 kg per person per day, predominantly paper waste. HWB successfully reduced individual waste going to landfills by 33% for approximately 120 people, whereas SWB achieved a reduction of 52% for around 80 people.

Earthquakes, sustainable settlements and traditional construction techniques

Urbanization is increasing all around the world due to population growth and big cities receive a high volume of migrants due to economic and social reasons. However, rapid population growth should be prevented in big cities in order to provide comfortable living conditions to the population. When urban planning practices do not catch the speed of urbanization; the tendency towards vertical architecture increases, the amount of green space decreases and problems related to unplanned urbanization come to the fore. These important problems, which have considerably increased recently in Türkiye, may lead greater problems in many respects. The parallel and self-sufficient development of urban and rural areas, which is defined as urban sustainability, is considered as the best-case scenario in urban planning practices. This aim is adopted nowadays by most of the countries in the world as it prevents rapid population growth in cities and depopulation in rural areas. Decisions which are taken to ensure urban sustainability are important for all countries. However, these decisions become even more important in regions with disaster risk. As the majority of Türkiye’s land area is under seismic risk, the problems which may arise due to rapid urbanization during an earthquake should be prevented. The damage and losses which could occur during an earthquake and the security, health, education problems which will arise after the earthquake can be solved by preventing dense housing and uncontrolled migration in urban areas. The connection between urban and rural areas should be strengthened. Besides, the social and economic sustainability of the rural area should be ensured. Settlements should be designed away from fault lines with a holistic approach as “living spaces” which consist components such as; transportation, infrastructure, green spaces and educational spaces. Additionally; the use of appropriate construction techniques and materials should be accepted as a priority. In this context, it can be mentioned that traditional building techniques, which have been developed over centuries and whose deficiencies have been improved during this period, should be preferred especially in rural areas. In this study, the criteria that gain importance in the construction of earthquake resistant and sustainable settlements are evaluated on Türkiye case. The precautions which should be taken to ensure rural sustainability and to prevent the depopulation of rural areas are emphasized. Within this scope, the importance of protecting the architectural texture and regenerating traditional building culture was discussed in constructing earthquake resistant settlements.