Plant Growth Research Articles

Effects of Individual and Combined Applications of Seaweed Extracts and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Plant Growth and Physio-Biochemical Properties of Soft Wheat and Faba Bean

ABSTRACT The research on carbon materials and plants primarily focuses on their use in soil, showing variable effects. However, significant gaps exist regarding their impact under stress conditions (such as drought, salinity, etc.) and their interactions with plant physiological processes. Long-term effects on plant health and ecosystems are understudied, as are their interactions with other biofertilizers like algae extracts and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of seaweed extracts and PGPR on plant growth and some physio-biochemical properties of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Two concentrations of aqueous extract from two seaweeds, Fucus spiralis (F) and Ulva rigida (U), and the PGPR bacillus strain solution S48 (S48S) were used either individually or in combination. All treatments were applied as foliar sprays. The findings showed that the combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S) promoted plant growth (50.93 cm for faba bean) and root development (17.90 cm for wheat). This treatment also resulted in increased chlorophyll content (3.25 mg/g Fresh Weight (FW) in soft wheat and 3.93 mg/g FW in faba bean), proteins (14.66 µg/mg FW in soft wheat and 23.79 µg/mg FW in faba bean), amino acids (0.46 mg/g FW in soft wheat and 0.56 mg/g FW in faba bean), and total carbohydrates (529.8 µg/ml in soft wheat and 340.7 µg/ml in faba bean) as compared to controls. On the other hand, the nitrate reductase activity was enhanced by seaweed extract application in both crops. Phosphorus (P) uptake by soft wheat and faba bean was significantly improved following the application of Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S), and the co-treatment of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F) with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S). The findings suggest that the combined application of Fucus spiralis extract (F) and Ulva rigida extract (U) with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S) can significantly improve plant growth and nutrient absorption in durum wheat and faba bean. This offers a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, reducing pollution and promoting healthier ecosystems. Furthermore, these biological treatments enhance plant resilience to abiotic stresses, potentially increasing yields in challenging conditions. By reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers, these practices can save money for farmers and advance sustainable agriculture.

GmAMT2.1/2.2-dependent ammonium nitrogen and metabolites shape rhizosphere microbiome assembly to mitigate cadmium toxicity

Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal, is negatively associated with plant growth. AMT (ammonium transporter) genes can confer Cd resistance and enhance nitrogen (N) uptake in soybeans. The potential of AMT genes to alleviate Cd toxicity by modulating rhizosphere microbiota remains unkonwn. Here, the rhizosphere microbial taxonomic and metabolic differences in three genotypes, i.e., double knockout and overexpression lines and wild type, were identified. The results showed that GmAMT2.1/2.2 genes could induce soybean to recruit beneficial microorganisms, such as Tumebacillus, Alicyclobacillus, and Penicillium, by altering metabolites. The bacterial, fungal, and cross-kingdom synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) formed by these microorganisms can help soybean resist Cd toxicity. The mechanisms by which SynComs help soybeans resist Cd stress include reducing Cd content, increasing ammonium (NH4+-N) uptake and regulating specific functional genes in soybeans. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for the developing microbial formulations that enhance Cd resistance in sustainable agriculture.

Jasmonate signaling modulates root growth by suppressing iron accumulation during ammonium stress.

Plants adapt to changing environmental conditions by adjusting their growth physiology. Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are the major inorganic nitrogen forms for plant uptake. However, high NH4+ inhibits plant growth, and roots undergo striking changes, such as inhibition of cell expansion and division, leading to reduced root elongation. In this work, we show that high NH4+ modulates nitrogen metabolism and root developmental physiology by inhibiting iron (Fe)-dependent Jasmonate (JA) signaling and response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transcriptomic data suggested that NH4+ availability regulates Fe and JA-responsive genes. High NH4+ levels led to enhanced root Fe accumulation, which impaired nitrogen balance and growth by suppressing JA biosynthesis and signaling response. Integrating pharmacological, physiological, and genetic experiments revealed the involvement of NH4+ and Fe-derived responses in regulating root growth and nitrogen metabolism through modulation of the JA pathway during NH4+ stress. The JA signaling transcription factor MYC2 directly bound the promoter of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1) and repressed it to optimize the NH4+/Fe-JA balance for plant adaptation during NH4+ stress. Our findings illustrate the intricate balance between nutrient and hormone-derived signaling pathways that appear essential for optimizing plant growth by adjusting physiological and metabolic responses during NH4+/Fe stress.

Heterologous expression of ACC deaminase gene in Pelargonium graveolens showed elevated tolerance to chromium stress.

An essential aromatic plant, Pelargonium graveolens, does not grow well in areas where chromium contamination is a problem. Because of oxidative stress and the collapse of the photosynthetic system, crops frequently sustain severe damage. The production of excess ethylene, known as stress ethylene, which is detrimental to plant growth, the formation of roots, and early senescence, is also increased by heavy metal exposure. The effectiveness of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase gene in transgenic Pelargonium graveolens under the control of CaMV 35S promoter was investigated to lessen the stress ethylene during chromium stress. Chromium was administered as potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) at four distinct concentrations (100µM, 200µM, 300µM, and 500µM) to transgenic and wild-type P. graveolens and stress-induced physiological changes were monitored. Transgenic P. graveolens demonstrated greater tolerance to chromium stress than wild-type P. graveolens, as evidenced by higher leaf-relative water content, chlorophyll content, CO2 absorption, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, proline buildup, and antioxidant activity. The L1, L5, and L7, ACC deaminase-expressing transgenic lines also show a drop in ACC content during chromium stress, which subsequently lowered ethylene synthesis. Therefore, the reported transgenic P. graveolens lines having the ACC deaminase gene could be useful resources for growing in chromium-prone regions.

High-Throughput Phenotyping for Everyone: A Low Cost, All-in-One Plant Growth Phenotyping System.

High-Throughput Phenotyping for Everyone: A Low Cost, All-in-One Plant Growth Phenotyping System.

A module involving HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE1 controls instantaneous water use efficiency.

Drought stress inhibits plant growth and agricultural production. Improving plant instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE), which is strictly regulated by stomata, is an effective way to cope with drought stress. However, the mechanisms of iWUE regulation are poorly understood. Through genetic screening for suppressors of mpk12-4, an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant with a major iWUE quantitative trait locus gene MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE12 deleted, we identified HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE1 (HT1). Genetic interaction and physiological analyses showed that MPK12 controls iWUE through multiple modules in a high CO2-induced stomatal closing pathway that regulate SLOW ANION CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED1 (SLAC1) activity. HT1 acts downstream of MPK12, whereas OPEN STOMATA1 (OST1) and GUARD CELL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT1 (GHR1) function downstream of HT1 by activating SLAC1 in iWUE. Photosynthetic-CO2 response curves and biomass analyses under different water-supply conditions showed that HT1 dysfunction improved iWUE and also increased plant growth capacity, and products of HT1 putative orthologs from Brassica (Brassica napus) and rice (Oryza sativa) exhibited functions similar to that of Arabidopsis HT1 in iWUE and the CO2-signaling pathway. Our study revealed the mechanism of MPK12-mediated iWUE regulation in Arabidopsis and provided insight into the internal relationship between iWUE and CO2 signaling in guard cells and a potential target for improving crop iWUE and drought tolerance.

Sodium nitroprusside as a signal molecule for up-regulating membrane characteristics, antioxidant defense system to improve flax productivity under water stress

Water stress is a critical environmental adversity that significantly impacts the growth, development, and yield of flax plants. In this study, flax seeds were cultivated under different water irrigation requirements (100%, 75%, and 50% WIR) to investigate the effects of exogenously supplied nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as foliar treatments at concentrations of 0.0 mmol/L, 0.5 mmol/L, 1.0 mmol/L, and 2.0 mmol/L. Drought stress led to a significant decrease in plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, yield components such as oil and total carbohydrate percentage. It also resulted in an increase in leaf H2O2 production, lipid peroxidation levels and activities of enzymatic antioxidants including polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate reductase enzymes. However, foliar application of SNP improved photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant defense system which mitigated the negative impact of water stress on growth and yield productivity by reducing oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species accumulation. The use of SNP also decreased H2O2 accumulation levels, lipid peroxidation levels, and improved membrane stability. SNP treatment at concentration of 2 mmol/L showed superior results compared to other concentrations with extremely significant increases observed in yield characteristics such as oil content, total carbohydrate percentages, and unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids ratio.

Genomics and taxonomy of the glyphosate-degrading, copper-tolerant rhizospheric bacterium Achromobacter insolitus LCu2.

A rhizosphere strain, Achromobacter insolitus LCu2, was isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots. It was able to degrade of 50% glyphosate as the sole phosphorus source, and was found resistant to 10mM copper (II) chloride, and 5mM glyphosate-copper complexes. Inoculation of alfalfa seedlings and potato microplants with strain LCu2 promoted plant growth by 30-50%. In inoculated plants, the toxicity of the glyphosate-copper complexes to alfalfa seedlings was decreased, as compared with the noninoculated controls. The genome of A. insolitus LCu2 consisted of one circular chromosome (6,428,890bp) and encoded 5843 protein genes and 76 RNA genes. Polyphasic taxonomic analysis showed that A. insolitus LCu2 was closely related to A. insolitus DSM23807T on the basis of the average nucleotide identity of the genomes of 22 type strains and the multilocus sequence analysis. Genome analysis revealed genes putatively responsible for (1) plant growth promotion (osmolyte, siderophore, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase biosynthesis and auxin metabolism); (2) degradation of organophosphonates (glyphosate oxidoreductase and multiple phn clusters responsible for the transport, regulation and C-P lyase cleavage of phosphonates); and (3) tolerance to copper and other heavy metals, effected by the CopAB-CueO system, responsible for the oxidation of copper (I) in the periplasm, and by the efflux Cus system. The putative catabolic pathways involved in the breakdown of phosphonates are predicted. A. insolitus LCu2 is promising in the production of crops and the remediation of soils contaminated with organophosphonates and heavy metals.

Trichoderma produces methyl jasmonate-rich metabolites in the presence of Fusarium, showing biostimulant activity and wilt resistance in tomatoes.

Bioactive secondary metabolites from fungi, including Trichoderma, are an excellent source of plant biostimulants. Although production of novel biostimulants from known microbes is critical, challenging them may produce novel bioactive compounds. With this hypothesis, the study used live Fusarium chlamydosporum (FOL7) culture as the inducer during T. harzianum (IF63) growth in broth. Plate assays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were used to characterise the metabolites. Microscopy, pot experiments and, biochemical estimations of the defence-related enzymes in tomato plants established the biostimulant activity of the induced Trichoderma metabolites. Fungal crude metabolites (FCM) obtained from IF63+FOL7 broth and its extracts (ethyl acetate) showed increased antimicrobial activity. Extracts (dissolved in methanol) of the mixed culture FCM (TF.ex), 50 μgmL-1, inhibited the FOL7 growth by 68.33% compared to the Trichoderma alone extract (T.ex). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed morphological disruption of FOL7 mycelia by TF.ex. GC-MS analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of approximately 64 compounds, of which at least 13 were detected explicitly in TF.ex. Methyl (3-oxo-2-pentylcyclopentyl) acetate (Methyl di-hydrojasmonate), a lipid functionally related to jasmonic acid, was the major metabolite (∼21%) present in TF.ex. Tomato seed dressing with TF.ex promoted plant growth and induced systemic resistance against FOL7 compared to T.ex and F.ex. The TF.ex treatment increased the superoxide dismutase (33%) and catalase activity by 2.5-fold in tomato plants. The study concludes that fungal secondary metabolites may be modulated by providing appropriate challenges to produce effective metabolite-based biostimulants for agricultural applications.

Influence of Mineral Liquid Fertilization on the Plant Growth of Perennials on Sheep’s Wool–Coir–Vegetation Mats

Influence of Mineral Liquid Fertilization on the Plant Growth of Perennials on Sheep’s Wool–Coir–Vegetation Mats

Alpine wetlands degradation leads to soil nutrient imbalances that affect plant growth and microbial diversity

Alpine wetlands degrade rapidly due to climate change and human activities. Studying degradation effects on flora, soil, and microbes, and their mechanisms, can aid wetland management and global carbon dynamic insights. Here, we conducted transect surveys across various levels of degradation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, ranging from non-degraded to severely degraded alpine wetlands. Severe degradation reduced aboveground biomass by 72.5%. As degradation intensified, the abundance of high-quality forage plants, especially Cyperaceae, gradually declined. Degradation resulted in soil nutrient deficiencies and stoichiometric imbalances, which significantly affected plant growth and soil microbial diversity. These changes ultimately led to a decline in carbon sequestration. The diversity of microbial and plant communities’ response to degradation aligned with the “intermediate interference hypothesis.” The altered bacterial community composition, which favors oligotrophic dominance, and its nonlinear response to soil stoichiometry and pH, could explain the maintenance of diversity and species richness of microbial communities under intermediate disturbance.

Soil Type and Associated Microbiome Influence Chitin's Growth Promotion Effect in Lettuce

Chitin amendment of peat substrate has been proven effective in promoting lettuce growth and increasing phenolic compounds in lettuce seedlings. However, the effect of chitin soil amendment on lettuce growth in mineral soil remains unexplored. The effect of chitin amendment of mineral soil on lettuce growth and metabolite changes was investigated for the first time in the present study in comparison with chitin-amended peat substrate. Our findings showed that chitin addition in peat substrate increased lettuce head weight by approximately 50% at harvest, whereas this increase was 30% when chitin was added to mineral soil. Targeted metabolomics analysis indicated that chitin addition affected the phenolic compounds in lettuce seedlings, but this effect varied between soil types. Moreover, untargeted metabolomics analysis suggested that using peat substrate or mineral soil had a greater influence on produced lettuce metabolites than chitin addition. Rhizobiome analysis showed that specifically Mortierellaceae family members, known for chitin degradation and plant growth promotion, significantly increased in peat substrate upon chitin treatment. In mineral soil, three bacterial genera and five fungi, including known plant-growth-promoting genera, were significantly more abundant upon chitin treatment but Mortierellaceae family members were not. We assume that the observed effects primarily stem from soil characteristics and from chitin-induced alterations in rhizobiome composition, particularly the presence of Mortierellaceae members, leading to promoted lettuce growth. Despite the variability, chitin remains an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic fertilizers in lettuce production, but its beneficial effects are dependent on rhizobiome composition, which should be considered before chitin application. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Characterization and stress-responsive regulation of CmPHT1 genes involved in phosphate uptake and transport in Melon (Cucumis melo L.)

BackgroundPhosphorus (P) deficiency, a major nutrient stress, greatly hinders plant growth. Phosphate (Pi) uptake in plant roots relies on PHT1 family transporters. However, melon (Cucumis melo L.) lacks comprehensive identification and characterization of PHT1 genes, particularly their response patterns under diverse stresses.ResultsThis study identified and analyzed seven putative CmPHT1 genes on chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 using the melon genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed shared motifs, domain compositions, and evolutionary relationships among genes with close histories. Exon number varied from 1 to 3. Collinearity analysis suggested segmental and tandem duplications as the primary mechanisms for CmPHT1 gene family expansion. CmPHT1;4 and CmPHT1;5 emerged as a tandemly duplicated pair. Analysis of cis-elements in CmPHT1 promoters identified 14 functional categories, including putative PHR1-binding sites (P1BS) in CmPHT1;4, CmPHT1;6, and CmPHT1;7. We identified that three WRKY transcription factors regulated CmPHT1;5 expression by binding to its W-box element. Notably, CmPHT1 promoters harbored cis-elements responsive to hormones and abiotic factors. Different stresses regulated CmPHT1 expression differently, suggesting that the adjusted expression patterns might contribute to plant adaptation.ConclusionsThis study unveils the characteristics, evolutionary diversity, and stress responsiveness of CmPHT1 genes in melon. These findings lay the foundation for in-depth investigations into their functional mechanisms in Cucurbitaceae crops.

Correction: Glycine Betaine is a Phytohormone-Like Plant Growth and Development Regulator Under Stress Conditions

Correction: Glycine Betaine is a Phytohormone-Like Plant Growth and Development Regulator Under Stress Conditions

Actin-bundling protein fimbrin serves as a new auxin biosynthesis orchestrator in Arabidopsis root tips.

Plants delicately regulate endogenous auxin levels through the coordination of transport, biosynthesis, and inactivation, which is crucial for growth and development. While it is well-established that the actin cytoskeleton can regulate auxin levels by affecting polar transport, its potential role in auxin biosynthesis has remained largely unexplored. Using LC-MS/MS-based methods combined with fluorescent auxin marker detection, we observed a significant increase in root auxin levels upon deletion of the actin bundling proteins AtFIM4 and AtFIM5. Fluorescent observation, immunoblotting analysis, and biochemical approaches revealed that AtFIM4 and AtFIM5 affect the protein abundance of the key auxin synthesis enzyme YUC8 in roots. AtFIM4 and AtFIM5 regulate the auxin synthesis enzyme YUC8 at the protein level, with its degradation mediated by the 26S proteasome. This regulation modulates auxin synthesis and endogenous auxin levels in roots, consequently impacting root development. Based on these findings, we propose a molecular pathway centered on the 'actin cytoskeleton-26S proteasome-YUC8-auxin' axis that controls auxin levels. Our findings shed light on a new pathway through which plants regulate auxin synthesis. Moreover, this study illuminates a newfound role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulating plant growth and development, particularly through its involvement in maintaining protein homeostasis via the 26S proteasome.

NOx precipitation and valorization driven by photocatalysis and adsorption over red soil

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions can cause air pollution that is harmful to human health, even producing serious ecological problems. Whether it is diluted in the air or not, the management and valorization of NOx from industrial emissions have been constrained by technology and finance. This study shows that red soil can be used as a photocatalyst to convert NOx into soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) in the soil. The addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) onto the soil surface improves the photocatalytic precipitation efficiency of 1 ppm NO, approaching a removal efficiency of 77 % under ultraviolet (UV) light. The efficiency of red soil in precipitating NOx through adsorption exceeded that of photocatalysis at 100 ppm NOx (e.g. 16.02 % versus 7.70 % in 0.1-mm soil). Pot experiment reveals that the precipitated NO3−-N promoted biomass of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk). Additionally, adding ZnO or TiO2 also affects mineral nutrition. This demonstration of converting air pollutants into available nitrogen (N) for plant growth not only provides a new perspective on treatment and valorization for NOx but also sheds light on the transport of N in the air-soil-plant path.

Enhancement of Plant Growth with Plant-Based Compost and the Heterotrophic Azotobacter and Streptomyces Inoculation under Greenhouse Conditions

Compost is a natural and sustainable way to improve soil fertility and enhance plant growth. Moringa leaves have high mineral, cytokinin, and vitamin content which are useful for growth so that they can be used as organic fertilizer. Azotobacter and Streptomyces are from soil and have many biological activities. This study aimed to detect the importance of bioagents formula with Moringa Compost (MC) to enhance plant growth in poor sterile soil and plants were irrigated with half strength of Hoagland nutrient solution. Moringa leaves were collected and cleaned, and organic compost was prepared and analyzed for microbial and chemical composition. The prepared MC was rich in nitrogen and minerals and had high content of bacteria and fungi. The two bioagents used were isolate MB5 and MB11 which were characterized and molecular identified as Azotobacter chroococcum MB5 and Streptomyces griseus MB11. The free-living A. chroococcum can fix atmospheric nitrogen while Streptomyces is a filamentous bacterium with a high ability to produce secondary metabolites. The addition of 20% MC to soil increased soil EC and microbial counts compared to MC-free soil. Moreover, inoculation of soil with either AZ or ST increased the microbial counts and soil EC and the clearest increase was in the case of inoculation of soil with MC+AZ+ST. It also found that MC extract alone with the bacterial filtrates increases seed germination of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean), which is a herbaceous annual worldwide plant, grown for its edible dry seeds or green unripe pods. In this regard, inoculation of soil with inoculum of both A. chroococcum MB5, and S. griseus MB11, in the presence of MC has the most pronounced effect and enhances both the growth, fresh and dry weights, leaf number, plant height, and root length of P. vulgaris grown under greenhouse conditions for one month and chemical content of the plant protein carbohydrates, P, N, Ca++ and K+. In conclusion, the combined application A. chroococcum MB5 and S. griseus MB11, as a biofertilizers with Moringa compost is recommended to enhance P. vulgaris growth. The use of these biofertilizers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, which can have detrimental effects on soil and the environment. Therefore, further research on the inoculation and application of these microorganisms with MC is essential for sustainable agriculture.

The Role of Liriodendron Dof Gene Family in Abiotic Stress Response

The DOF (DNA-binding with one finger) transcription factors are exclusive to plants and play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Although extensive research has been conducted on the Dof gene family in Arabidopsis, maize, and Solanum, investigations concerning the role of this gene family in Liriodendron remain unreported, leaving its biological function largely unknown. In this study, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide identification of the Dof gene family based on the Liriodendron genome, resulting in the discovery of a total of 17 LcDof gene members. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, the 17 LcDof proteins were classified into eight subfamilies. The motif analysis revealed the diverse nature of motifs within the D1 subfamily, which includes a distinct type of Dof transcription factor known as CDF (Cycling Dof Factor). We further characterized the chromosomal distribution, gene structure, conserved protein motifs, and cis-elements in the promoter regions. Additionally, utilizing transcriptome data from Liriodendron hybrids and conducting RT-qPCR experiments, we investigated the expression patterns of LhDofs under various abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, and heat stress. Notably, we found that several LhDofs, particularly LhDof4 and LhDof6, were significantly upregulated in response to abiotic stress. Furthermore, we cloned LhDof4 and LhDof6 genes and found that its encoding protein was mainly located in the nucleus by transient transformation in Liriodendron hybrids protoplast. Subsequently, we used LhDof6-overexpressing Liriodendron hybrid seedlings. We found that overexpression of LhDof6 enhanced the cold tolerance of the plants, increasing their survival rate at −20 °C. This result was further validated by changes in physiological indicators.

Synergistic impact of Rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on lentil plant tolerance to heavy metal-rich fly ash amended soil

The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of microbes [symbiotic bacteria viz. Rhizobium (Frank) and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) viz. Funneliformis caledonius (Nicolson & Gerd.) and Glomus bagyarajii Mehrotra] on the growth and physiology of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivated in soil alone and soil amended with fly ash. The experiment had twenty-four treatments, twelve in sterilized soil and twelve in unsterilized soil (with six treatments in soil alone and six in soil amended with fly ash in both the sets). Amendment of soil with 25% fly ash significantly increased plant growth. Microbial inoculation further increased the plant growth and physiological parameters studied (plant length, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and protein content, and nitrate reductase activity). Microbial parameters like nodule number and fresh weight, mycorrhizal root colonization and spore numbers were also significantly higher in plants inoculated with Rhizobium + AMF. Soil amendment with 25% fly ash together with inoculation of Rhizobium + AMF further improved the growth of lentil. Plant heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Zn) content was significantly more in soil amended with fly ash, but microbial inoculation significantly decreased heavy metal uptake. Of the two AM fungus studied F. caledonius proved to be better, resulting in higher plant growth and physiological parameters studied with reduced heavy metal uptake.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect early phenological stages of three secondary vegetation species in a temperate forest

AbstractThe relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and secondary vegetation (SV) species at early phenological stages is critical for the successful establishment of these plants on disturbance sites in temperate forests. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of AMF colonization on the early phenological stages (germination and early growth) of three shrub species present in the SV of a temperate forest in central Mexico. We collected soil from different sites in the Abies religiosa forest in central Mexico. We collected seeds of Acaena elongata, Ageratina glabrata, and Solanum pubigerum. We used a controlled experimental design with pasteurized soil (-AMF treatments) and unpasteurized soil (+ AMF treatments). We monitored germination percentage, growth (shoot and root weight and total biomass), AMF root colonization, and the mycorrhizal response index (MRI) for each plant species. All three species tested benefited by AMF, showing higher germination rates. Shoot and root weight and total biomass were significantly higher in the + AMF treatment. Solanum pubigerum showed greater stem length and Ageratina glabrata showed greater root development due to AMF. Ageratina glabrata and Acaena elongata were the most responsive to AMF as indicated by MRI. This research underscores the critical role of AMF in the early phenological stages of SV and highlights the potential ecological benefits of AMF in supporting plant germination and plant growth. These results suggest that AMF enhance germination and early growth of secondary vegetation species, which can be considered in management plans for forest ecosystems.