Growth Of Oyster Mushroom Research Articles

EFFECTS OF ADDITION BAGASSE DEGRADANT BY CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA Bacillus subtilis ON GROWTH MEDIA OF OYSTER MUSHROOM Pleurotus ostreatus

Background: Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) serves as a valuable resource for the sugar and beverage industries, a significant quantity of its by-product, bagasse, remains underutilized. A promising strategy for increasing the value of bagasse involves improving its substrate quality through the application of cellulose-degrading bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis. Methods: The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of bagasse degradant supplementation on the growth of oyster mushrooms. A randomized experimental design was employed to evaluate growth media containing varying concentrations of bagasse degradant (500, 600, 700, and 800 gram) in comparison to a control group. The study assessed the impact of bagasse degradant on pin diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, and water content, using ANOVA and the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of 5%. Results: The study showed the addition of bagasse degradant affected the pin diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of oyster mushroom. However, it is not effective towards the water content of oyster mushroom. Conclusion: The addition of bagasse degradant affected the pin diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight, whereas the water composition did not affected the growth of P. ostreatu

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tani Kana Melalui Pelatihan Budidaya Jamur Tiram Berbasis Pemanfaatan Limbah Furniture

This community service activity aims to increase the knowledge and skills of the Kana farmer group in cultivating oyster mushrooms by utilizing furniture waste. The method of implementing this service uses participatory action research with the stages of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The evaluation instrument for this activity uses a questionnaire sheet, and then the data obtained is analyzed descriptively. The results of this service show that there is an increase in knowledge about the utilization of furniture waste in oyster mushroom growth media and provide skill experience to farmer groups in cultivating oyster mushrooms.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Penyedap Rasa Non-MSG Berbahan Dasar Jamur Tiram Putih di Kelurahan Karang Taruna, Kecamatan Pelaihari, Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan

Karang Taruna Village has a group of oyster mushroom farmers where, under certain conditions, the productivity of oyster mushrooms that are too high can cause difficulties. The rainy season with high humidity will increase oyster mushroom growth, so harvests often occur. In addition, if the baglog used is new or when it enters the early harvest stage, the yield will usually peak. Judging from the problems of related partners, which can be seen in the condition of the oyster mushrooms' durability, which is susceptible to damage, it is necessary to diversify the processing of oyster mushrooms. An example of processed oyster mushroom products is non-MSG flavoring, which can be seen in the condition of the people of South Kalimantan, who have switched to using non-MSG seasoning because they are aware of healthy living but still want their food to have added flavoring. The fear that still haunts the public with the COVID-19 outbreak has made people now look for many products, both food and beverages, that can increase immunity as well as products that can prevent various kinds of diseases that will attack and the level of people's dependence on flavoring products. In this condition, the products offered to related partners are expected to become superior products in great demand and promise a large market segment so that, in the future, the family economic sector can improve.

Utilizing locally accessible substrate, to maximize oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) growth and bioconversion efficiency in Ambo, Central Ethiopia

The effect of different locally available wastes as the substrates on oyster mushroom growth and bioconversion efficiency was investigated. P. ostreatus was grown on different substrates prepared from corn cob, sorghum stem, faba bean straw, pea straw, coffee husk, and sawdust alone (100%), and all with cottonseed waste in (1:1) ratio. Cottonseed waste alone was used as a control. Spawn run days, harvest days, average mushroom weight, fruiting body, cap diameter, stipe length, total yield, and biological efficiency were evaluated. All the quantitative data gathered were analyzed by SPSS statistical software for Windows version 25. Pea straw alone (T7) and pea straw:cotton seed waste (1:1) ratio (T8) with 15±2 and 15±3.1 days, had the shortest mycelia run, whereas sawdust alone (T11) took longer with 33±6.7 days for mycelia run. T7 had the shortest incubation to the first harvest 24±5.2 days, while T11 had the longest incubation to the first harvest 46±8.1 days. T11, 90±12 days, took the longest total production cycle, while T7, 63±6.6 days had the shortest total production cycle. T7 produced the greatest, number of fruiting bodies (254±48.5), whereas T11 produced the fewest fruiting bodies (20±5). The highest and lowest yield was obtained from the T7 substrate with 1614±17.1g and T11 substrate with 384±37.9g, respectively. The best substrate was found to be the T7; with mycelia run 15±2 days; incubation to 1st harvest 24±5.2 days, shortest production cycle 63±6.6 days, fruiting bodies 254±48.5, the highest total yield of 1614±17.1g and biological efficiency of 323±48.9%.

SISTEM MONITORING KUMBUNG JAMUR TIRAM OTOMATIS BERBASIS IoT (Internet of Things) MENGGUNAKAN METODE K-NEAREST NEIGHBOUR

In response to the growing market demand for oyster mushrooms, effective monitoring of the growth environment becomes crucial. This research aims to develop an automated Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system for oyster mushroom cultivation, utilizing Wemos D1 R1 hardware, DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor, LM35 temperature sensor, and the K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) method for data analysis. The IoT platform employed in this study is Antares. The system is designed to monitor real-time temperature and humidity within the mushroom cultivation chamber. The DHT22 sensor is employed for simultaneous measurement of air temperature and humidity, while the LM35 sensor gauges the soil temperature in the mushroom growth substrate. Data collected by these sensors are automatically transmitted to the Antares platform through Wemos D1 R1 via WiFi connectivity. The K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) method is applied to analyze the accumulated temperature and humidity data. KNN provides the capability to identify patterns and trends in oyster mushroom growth based on environmental conditions. The results of this analysis offer valuable insights for oyster mushroom farmers to optimize growth conditions and enhance harvest yields. Through the implementation of this system, it is anticipated that efficiency and productivity in oyster mushroom cultivation will be improved. This IoT-based automated monitoring system provides an effective and practical solution for real-time monitoring of oyster mushroom growth conditions, offering farmers the opportunity to take prompt and informed actions to enhance their harvest yields.

Application of Substrate Supplements to the Yield Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida)

Oyster mushroom is an edible, saprophytic, and lignocellulolytic fungi. The folic acid present in oyster mushrooms helps to cure anemia. Oyster mushroom contains most of the mineral salts necessary for the human body. The amount of niacin is almost ten times higher than that of any other vegetables.
 In this study, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida (Jacq: Fr) Kummer) were grown with various substrate additions to determine their effects on yield. We ran tests to know different supplements affected the yield and growth of mushrooms. The substrate, composed primarily of sawdust and straw, served as the growth medium. The research encompassed controlled environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light, over a defined study period. Our findings revealed significant variations in mushroom yield and growth parameters across the different supplement treatments. The best supplements to the substrate treatment combination were observed T14- Wheat Straw (60%), + Rice Straw (34 %) + Gram Flour (2% of the substrate) (451.69g) and (452.33g) followed by T11 – Rice Straw (60%), + Wheat Straw (34 %) + Maize Flour (2% of the substrate) which increased the yield of oyster mushroom, while others exhibited nuanced effects on mushroom quality. Statistical analyses supported these observations. The implications of this research extend to both commercial and amateur mushroom cultivators. Understanding the influence of substrate supplements on Oyster mushroom growth can lead to more efficient and cost-effective cultivation practices. By optimizing substrate composition, growers can enhance yields, potentially increasing profitability and sustainability in the mushroom industry. This study also highlights the need for further exploration in the field, including investigations into the specific mechanisms underlying supplement-substrate interactions.

Mycelial growth of oyster mushroom in spawn made using different cereal grains, sawdust and vermiculite as substrate

Mycelial growth of oyster mushroom in spawn made using different cereal grains, sawdust and vermiculite as substrate

Effect of Honey, Palm Oil and NPK Fertilizer on the Growth of Oyster Mushrooms Cultivated on Sawdust

The study was carried out to determine the effect of honey, palm oil and NPK fertilizer on the growth of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jack.) Kumm. on Celtis zenkeri Engl. sawdust. Composted sawdust was supplemented with honey, palm oil and NPK fertilizer at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% on the dry weight basis and inoculated with 5% spawn. The substrate amended with 4% palm oil was fully colonized by Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius after 26.0±2.1 and 32.2±1.3 days, respectively. The mushroom took shorter time (43 days) for primordial emergence at 6% palm oil. Average of 55 fruitbodies of P. ostreatus was harvested from 4% palm oil supplemented sawdust. The best mushroom yield was recorded from 8% palm oil (278.5 ±5.0 g) and 8% honey (270.1±2.7 g). The highest biological efficiency was observed at 8 % palm oil (77.36±1.5 %) and 8 % honey (75.03±2.5 %) for P. ostreatus. The two mushrooms species performed significantly (p=0.05) with palm oil and honey supplementation. The best performance was observed at 6% and 8% supplementation with palm oil and honey. The research has shown that supplementation of sawdust substrate with honey and palm oil at 4 - 8% can be a good formulation for commercial cultivation of oyster mushrooms.

A Comparative Study on the Growth of Oyster Mushroom in Different Substrates

Mushrooms are cultivated worldwide for their taste, nutritional attributes, and potential application industries. The edible oyster mushrooms Pleurotus florida and Hypsizygus ulmarius were selected for the present study. The different organic wastes such as paddy straw, coconut dry leaves, and palm dry leaves were used as the substrates for mushroom cultivation. Among the three substrates, paddy straw is a good substrate and provides a good yield of oyster mushrooms. Because paddy straw contains higher quantities of minerals and irons than other substrates which are needed for the growth of mushrooms. Pleurotus florida showed a total weight yield of 1.250 gm and Hypsizygius ulmarius was 1.300 gm Mycelium growth was very slow in the palm and coconut leaves. Meanwhile, mycelium was quickly grown in paddy straw. Cultivation of Pleurotus florida, Hypsizygius ulmarius oyster mushrooms on paddy straw was proven as the best substrate and follow the concept of conversion of agricultural waste into value-added products.

Inhibition of Tolaasin Cytotoxicity Causing Brown Blotch Disease in Cultivated Mushrooms Using Tolaasin Inhibitory Factors.

Tolaasin, a pore-forming bacterial peptide toxin secreted by Pseudomonas tolaasii, causes brown blotch disease in cultivated mushrooms by forming membrane pores and collapsing the membrane structures. Tolaasin is a lipodepsipeptide, MW 1985, and pore formation by tolaasin molecules is accomplished by hydrophobic interactions and multimerizations. Compounds that inhibit tolaasin toxicity have been isolated from various food additives. Food detergents, sucrose esters of fatty acids, and polyglycerol esters of fatty acids can effectively inhibit tolaasin cytotoxicity. These chemicals, named tolaasin-inhibitory factors (TIF), were effective at concentrations ranging from 10-4 to 10-5 M. The most effective compound, TIF 16, inhibited tolaasin-induced hemolysis independent of temperature and pH, while tolaasin toxicity increased at higher temperatures. When TIF 16 was added to tolaasin-pretreated erythrocytes, the cytotoxic activity of tolaasin immediately stopped, and no further hemolysis was observed. In the artificial lipid bilayer, the single-channel activity of the tolaasin channel was completely and irreversibly blocked by TIF 16. When TIF 16 was sprayed onto pathogen-treated oyster mushrooms growing on the shelves of cultivation houses, the development of disease was completely suppressed, and normal growth of oyster mushrooms was observed. Furthermore, the treatment with TIF 16 did not show any adverse effect on the growth of oyster mushrooms. These results indicate that TIF 16 is a good candidate for the biochemical control of brown blotch disease.

Waste Mixture Utilization as Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Growing Media

Growth media composition needs to be considered because it can affect the growth and development of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Wood factory waste in the form of sawdust is commonly used as oyster mushroom’s growth media. However, problem arises when the source of growing media is difficult to access from the cultivation location. There’s a need for an alternative mushroom growing media that is cheap and accessible. Some of them are rice bran, soybean husk, and bagasse which are agricultural wastes. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain the best media composition for oyster mushroom’s growth and production. This study was compiled using one factor completely randomized design (CRD) namely, (M1) 1 kg of sengon sawdust and 1 ounce rice bran; (M2) 1 kg of sengon sawdust and 1 ounce soybean husk; (M3) 1 kg of sengon sawdust and 1 ounce bagasse; (M4) 1 kg of sengon sawdust, ounce rice bran and ounce soybean husk; (M5) 1 kg of sengon sawdust, ounce rice bran and ounce bagasse; and (M6) 1 kg of sengon sawdust, ounce rice bran, ounce soybean husk and ounce bagasse. Result showed that M2 and M4 media composition with soybean husk as one of the constituents was able to increase mushroom’s stem diameter, number of mushroom caps, and the fresh weight of the mushroom. More than ounces of rice bran and soybean husk was more optimal for supporting oyster mushroom growth than < ounces dosage.

Affecting Biotik and Abiotic Components Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in Kualanamu, North Sumatera

Oyster mushroom (Pleoratus ostreatus) is one of the mushroom species cultivated by residents of Pasar VI Kualanamu Village, Beringin District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province. Residents gain knowledge of oyster mushroom cultivation through the training provided. Therefore, researchers are interested in conducting research in Pasar VI Kualanamu Village. The purpose of this study is to determine the biotic and abiotic components that can affect the growth of oyster mushrooms and what efforts need to be made so that they can cultivate oyster mushrooms and increase their production. The research carried out is a type of field research that is descriptive qualitative, namely research that describes existing phenomena by finding patterns of interactive relationships, discovering new theories, describing complex realities and gaining understanding of meaning. In this study, the researcher was involved as a participant observer to further explore the research process carried out. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the biotic and abiotic components that can affect the growth of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) are kumbung building materials (mushroom houses), pests in kumbung (mushroom houses), sunlight, water, sterilization of materials (wood powder & bran), soil temperature and humidity, planting and harvesting media

Effects of spent mushroom substrate biochar on growth of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

China produces the largest amount of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in mushroom production industry. The SMS are the residual compost waste that can lead to environmental pollution. Recycling the SMS as fertilizer is a growing opportunity for agriculture, but its efficiency is relatively low. In this study, we introduced a novel application strategy in mushroom production industry to turn the conventional SMS into a renewable biochar SMS. A cultivation experiment with oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) was conducted to evaluate the benefits of renewable SMS in producing edible mushrooms. The results showed that the renewable SMS had greater mushroom yields (20%–25%) and faster fruiting time (4–6 days) than conventional SMS. Biochar increased mushroom yields by retaining substrate moisture and reducing nutrient loss. Further metabolomic and contaminant analyses showed that the renewable SMS could guarantee the food safety of oyster mushrooms. Economic analyses show that renewable SMS has a greater output-to-input ratio than conventional SMS. More importantly, the basic properties of renewable SMS and their effect on mushroom growth remained even after repeated uses. Our study demonstrates that the sustainable recycling of SMS can be achieved through the use of biocharred substrate, which exhibits great application potential in edible mushroom production and environmental security. • Production of renewable mushroom substrate from spent mushroom substrate biochar. • Renewable mushroom substrate had higher mushroom yields and faster fruiting time. • Faster mycelium growth than conventional substrates in renewable mushroom substrate. • A higher output-to-input ratio compared with traditional recycling solutions. • Renewable mushroom substrate could be used repeatedly and stably.

Dynamic succession of microbial compost communities and functions during Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom cropping on a short composting substrate.

Cultivating oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), a typical primary decomposer of lignocellulose, on a short composting substrate is a novel procedure which possesses energy conserves, reduced the chance of infection by competitive species, shorter production duration and achieved high production efficiency. However, the microbiome and microbial metabolic functions in the composting substrate during the mushroom cropping is unknown. In the present study, the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin and the activities of protease, laccase and cellulase were evaluated in the corncob short composting substrate from before oyster mushroom spawning to first flush fructification; meanwhile the changes in the microbiome and microbial metabolic functions were surveyed by using metagenomic sequencing. Results showed that the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in the short composting substrate were decomposed of 42.76, 34.01, and 30.18%, respectively, during the oyster mushroom cropping process. In addition, the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in the composting substrate were reduced rapidly and negatively correlated with the abundance of the Actinobacteria phylum. The activities of protease, laccase and cellulase fastly increased in the period of before oyster mushroom spawning to full colonization and were positively correlated to the abundance of Actinobacteria phylum. The total abundance of bacteria domain gradually decreased by only approximately 15%, while the abundance of Actinobacteria phylum increased by 68% and was positively correlated with that of oyster mushroom. The abundance of oyster mushroom increased by 50 times from spawning to first flush fructification. The dominant genera, all in the order of Actinomycetales, were Cellulosimicrobium, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces and Saccharomonospora. The total abundance of genes with functions annotated in the Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) for Bacteria and Archaea and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database for all three life domains was positively correlated. The three metabolic pathways for carbohydrates, amino acids and energy were the primary enrichment pathways in KEGG pathway, accounting for more than 30% of all pathways, during the mushroom cropping in which the glycine metabolic pathway, carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes and methane metabolism were all dominated by bacteria. The genes of cellulolytic enzymes, hemicellulolytic enzymes, laccase, chitinolytic enzymes, peptidoglycanlytic enzymes and ammonia assimilation enzymes with abundances from 0.28 to 0.24%, 0.05 to 0.02%, 0.02 to 0.01%, 0.14 to 0.08%, 0.39 to 0.16%, and 0.13 to 0.12% during the mushroom cropping identified in the Evolutionary Genealogy of Genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG) database for all three life domains were all aligned to COG database. These results indicated that bacteria, especially Actinomycetales, were the main metabolism participants in the short composting substrate during the oyster mushroom cropping. The relationship between oyster mushrooms and bacteria was cooperative, Actinomycetales were oyster mushroom growth promoting bacteria (OMGPB).

Growth of oyster mushroom using sawdust and agriculture waste as substrates

Mushroom culture is an important micro-industrial source of protein in developing countries such as Guyana. This study investigated the growth and mineral composition of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) using rice straw, grass clippings [Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)] and sawdust as substrate materials. Growth was only successful in the treatment that contained rice straw as substrate, whereas no growth was obtained from substrates that contain grass clippings and sawdust. N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn and Mg were present in the oyster mushroom samples and the spent mushroom substrates.

Production of Oyster Mushroom Using Sterilized and Carbonized Fruiting Bags: A Comparative Study

The study was conducted for production of oyster mushrooms using sterilized and carbonized fruiting bags. Using these agro-wastes as substrates in different mixture proportions, the productivity of oyster mushrooms was investigated in terms of the number of yields, mass, size, and height. An experimental research design was used to test the hypothesis of the significant difference in the yields and growth of oyster mushrooms between SPH-LS and CPH-LS. The percentage, weighted mean, ANOVA TEST, and two-tailed test were used to interpret the data gathered based on a comparative study of mushroom productivity in terms of the earlier mentioned variables. Analysis of data revealed that SPH-LS (25%?75%) is not significantly different (p > 0.05) from CPH-LS (25% ? 75%) as both showed almost the same average height produce. However, compared with the other two CPH-LSs is more recommended. Carbon could be mixed with another substrate rich in cellulose to grow mushrooms. The results showed that increasing the percentage of lye straw in the CPH and the SPH increases the yields, mass, and size of oyster mushrooms. This means that the said mixture combination is effective for mushroom production; however, no significant effect in the height of the mushroom in different mixture proportions with (P=0.015) was recorded. The results showed that increasing the percentage of lye straw in the carbonized palay husks and the sterilized palay husks increases the yields, mass, size and height of oyster mushrooms. Substrates with sterilized palay husks 25% with lye straw 75% were the most suitable substrate formulas for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms. This substrate gave the highest value in the number of yields, mass, size, and height with a smooth, white, and wide in diameter fan shape cap, overlapping cluster, with slightly course gills running from the cap down below the elongated stem. Notably, the substrate with 100% carbonized palay husks gave no harvest of oyster mushrooms in the entire 30-day period of study). It was also found that the increasing ratio of lye straw in the substrate closely correlates with the number of yields, mass, size, height, texture, and appearance. There is a significant difference between the sterilized palay husk and carbonized palay husk as the fruiting oyster mushroom bag. It was revealed that the sterilized palay husk with lye straw produced a more significant amount of oyster mushroom in yield (piece), mass (gram), and size (cm) compared with carbonized palay husk but there is no significance in terms of height. Since that the production of oyster mushrooms using carbonized palay husk with lye straw was increased in terms of height. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was partially accepted. It is recommended to utilize of the efficiency of agro-wastes as the substrate in cultivating oyster mushroom. More specifically the 25 % sterilized palay husk with 75 %lye straw. It can harvest more amount oyster mushroom in terms of yields, mass, and size. However, it is more recommended to used 25% carbonized palay husk with 75 % lye straw in terms of height of oyster mushroom.

The Utilization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Growth of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and Biodelignification Process During Planting Cycle

Indonesia produces a large amount of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) that has potency used as media for mushroom cultivation. The research emphasized the use of EFB to grow oyster mushrooms as an alternative for delignification without chemicals. This research aimed to study the growth of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) at EFB based growing media treatments. The media consisted of a mixture of EFB and sawdust at the composition of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The media were also supplemented with rice bran, CaCO3, and TSP fertilizer. The data were collected on the mycelium growth and the mushroom weight. During cultivation in baglog, there was no difference in mycelium growth rate. The EFB composition of 25% showed faster growth among the other compositions, followed by the EFB composition of 50%, 75%, and 0%. The highest Biological Efficiency Ratio (BER) at 56.25% was obtained at media composition of 50%. The EFB contained in baglog also showed biodelignification process. Biodelignification has the benefit which can reduce the use of chemicals in the delignification process to convert EFB into cellulose. The highest lignin reduction (40.12%) occurred in 75% of EFB media composition, while hemicellulose (49.56%) occurred in 100% EFB media composition.

Design of Temperature and Humidity Control of Oyster Mushroom in Kumbung

Abstrack - Optimal temperature and humidity greatly affect the growth of oyster mushrooms. Cultivation of oyster mushrooms in kumbung is an attempt to control the optimal temperature and humidity for fungal growth. Periodic manual watering was felt to be less effective in controlling temperature and humidity in mushroom kumbung. Current technological developments provide the potential to create automatic control systems to control temperature and humidity in mushroom kumbung. Therefore, in this research, a controller is designed to control temperature and humidity in kumbung mushroom automatically based on a microcontroller. This shows that the control system designed is able to control the temperature and humidity in the mushroom kumbung automatically

Modeling and optimization of the oyster mushroom growth using artificial neural network: Economic and environmental impacts.

The main aim of the study is to investigate the growth of oyster mushrooms in two substrates, namely straw and wheat straw. In the following, the study moves towards modeling and optimization of the production yield by considering the energy consumption, water consumption, total income and environmental impacts as the dependent variables. Accordingly, life cycle assessment (LCA) platform was developed for achieving the environmental impacts of the studied scenarios. The next step developed an ANN-based model for the prediction of dependent variables. Finally, optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) by fitting quadratic equations for generating the required factors. According to the results, the optimum condition for the production of OM from waste paper can be found in the paper portion range of 20% and the wheat straw range of 80% with a production yield of about 4.5 kg and a higher net income of 16.54 $ in the presence of the lower energy and water consumption by about 361.5 kWh and 29.53 kg, respectively. The optimum condition delivers lower environmental impacts on Human Health, Ecosystem Quality, Climate change, and Resources by about 5.64 DALY, 8.18 PDF*m2*yr, 89.77 g CO2 eq and 1707.05 kJ, respectively. It can be concluded that, sustainable production of OM can be achieved in line with the policy used to produce alternative food source from waste management techniques.

Application of Smart Farm System to Enhance Phoenix Oyster Mushroom Production

Phoenix Oyster Mushroom's production, which is considered an economic mushroom in Thailand, to reach the quantity and quality that is accordant with customers' demand, requires suitable temperature and humidity control. This research aims to develop and apply for the smart farm system (SFS) designed ET-ESP8266-RS485 board to control temperature and humidity, operate and show result data through an application on the smartphone. Also, it can collect the data and analysis to compare the Phoenix Oyster Mushroom farm installing with the SFS (the test set) and the Phoenix Oyster Mushroom farm non-installing with the SFS (the control set). The result found that the SFS's control system was able to show the temperature and humidity results accurately; the average error percentage was at a low level — equal to 0.61 and 1.19%, respectively. In addition, it was able to maintain the consistency of temperature and humidity at an average of 27.67 °C and 83.36%, respectively. In contrast, the control set maintained the temperature and humidity at 32.28 °C and 69.32%, respectively. The average productivity of the mushroom from the test set was 8.1 kg and 8.48 × 6.5 cm in size. It was 1.42 times or significantly (p < 0.06) higher than the control set, which provided the average productivity of the mushroom at 5. 7 kg and 7.37 × 5.66 cm in size. The user satisfaction assessment of 30 users from using the Phoenix Oyster Mushroom farm installed with the SFS was found that the users were satisfied at the highest level ( =4.54 and S.D.=0.52). The economic analysis determined that the agriculturists would break even at 28.10 kg of Phoenix Oyster Mushroom production. The research indicates that the developed SFS can create favourable conditions for Phoenix Oyster Mushroom growth, leading to higher quantity and quality and the convenience of well-managed farming.