Growth Of Milkfish Research Articles

Bioconcentration of Heavy Metals in Milkfish Reared in Stick-Net Pens System: Implications for Open Water Environmental Contamination and Food Safety

The coast of Tanjung Mas, Semarang City, is an industrial area used by the community to cultivate milkfish using stick-net pens. Furthermore, heavy metal contamination such as Cr, Cd, Cu, and Pb potentially disrupts milkfish meat's growth, quality, and safety. This study aims to determine heavy metals concentration in the waters and milkfish meat in stick-net pens cultivation in Tanjung Mas, Semarang City. The study was conducted using exploration, with five observation sites representing household waste disposal flow, industrial discharge, open sea, and intermediate areas. The observation sites were selected based on the milkfish cultivation activity. The sample and data, including water, milkfish, and environmental factors (temperature, pH, salinity, water current, and dissolved oxygen), were collected three times every two weeks. The heavy metals were detected using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The highest heavy metal concentration is Cr, which ranges from 1.70 ± 0.32 ppm to 2.36 ± 0.63 ppm in milkfish and 2.77 ± 0.65 ppm to 3.05 ± 0.58 ppm in the environment. The heavy metals contamination in Semarang City’s water areas is still relatively low and has no impact on milkfish growth. Industrial waste, mainly heavy metals, potentially threatens the stick-net pens cultivation model developed by the community in Semarang City. This study can be used as an input for mitigation and adaptive action in anticipating future environmental changes and maintaining their business sustainability.

Kinerja ekstrak bunga Plumeria acuminata kering pada anastesi ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos)

This research aims to determine the effect of extracts from frangipani flowers under anesthesia during dry transportation on the growth of milkfish and their survival. In the research, fish measuring 4-6 cm and weighing 4-5g were used. The test fish were fasted for 3 days to reduce metabolic activity before being transported. Before packing, a treatment solution is made according to the concentration, namely 4 mg/L, 6 mg/L, and 8 mg/L. Test fish that are placed in the treatment solution are observed for the time required during the fermentation process. Fish that have been knocked out are placed in a transportation container in the form of low-temperature sawdust and lined with gauze and ice. The test fish were then transported for 12 hours and the fish were placed back in a container containing clean aura. The number of fish that died for each treatment was recorded. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD), where there were 3 treatments with repetition 3 times. The variables measured were the duration of the stunning process, sedative time and survival time. The research results showed that the higher the concentration of dried Plumeria acuminata extract, the higher the sedative time but the lower the stunning time. Apart from that, the results of this research also show that the higher the concentration of Plumeria acuminata extract is followed by the higher the survival rate.
 
 Keywords: Plumeria acuminata flowers, extract, survival time, sedative time, sedative time

The Addition of Lamtoro Leaf Fermented (Leucaena leucocephala) in Artificial Feed Against the Growth of Milkfish (Chanos chanos)

The Addition of Lamtoro Leaf Fermented (Leucaena leucocephala) in Artificial Feed Against the Growth of Milkfish (Chanos chanos)

Effect of giving viterna plus supplements at different doses in feed on growth, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio of milkfish (Chanos chanos) seeds

One of the viterna plus supplements, which are simple to digest and can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of fish digestion, is a supplement that adds nutritional value for growth. The goal of this study was to ascertain how adding viterna plus supplements to the feed at various doses would affect the growth of milkfish fry. With 5 treatments and 4 replications, the method used a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Absolute length, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rate all demonstrated a significant effect in the ANOVA test results (P 0.05). However, there was a significant effect on survival (P> 0.05). The best absolute growth in weight and length was demonstrated by a dose of 20 ml/kg in feed, or 0.59 gr and 1.77 cm, respectively. With a feed conversion ratio of 1.10, the specific growth rate at this dose was 1.47% per day. In addition, a dose of 15 ml/kg of feed resulted in the best survival at P3 of 94.2%. Water quality still falls within the expected range. The growth of milkfish fry can be supported by the addition of viterna plus supplements at a dose of 20 ml/kg of feed.

Growth of milkfish (Chanos chanos forsskal) maintained in multitrophic seafarming with different water exchange systems

Milkfish is an important commodity with high economical value, delicious meat, relatively reachable price, disease attack resistance, and non-cannibalistic, which can live in high stocking density and can be cultured in polyculture system with other animals and plants, therefore encourages many fish farmers to perform this culture system. This study was performed in experimental method with three treatments and three replications of different water exchange systems, namely, once in 2 days (Tank A), everyday (Tank B), and everyday water circulation (Tank C). Milkfish seeds with average initial weight of 11.37 ± 0.97 g and average initial length of 6.08 ± 0.78 cm were maintained for 45 days at different water exchange systems and fed with Megami pellet feed. The results showed that Tank C with water circulation performed everyday was the best treatment to improve the milkfish seed production with 100% survival rate, 1.77±0.01%.day-1 specific growth rate, 4370.37 ±1.28μm.day-1 absolute length growth, and 31.91 ±2.82% feed efficiency.

Development of Polyculture Engineering Technology on Milkfish and Mud Crab Farming

The current study aimed to evaluate the role of polyculture engineering technology on milkfish and mud crab farming and observe the growth and survivability of different milkfish and mud crab combinations. The study used milkfish, which was received artificial feed containing 35 % protein content enriched with vitamin E (3%/biomass/day). The study used completely randomized design with 4 treatments (n = 3): T1 = 5 milkfish + 5 mud crab, T2 = 10 milkfish + 5 mud crab, T3 = 5 milkfish + 10 mud crab, T4 = 10 milkfish + 10 mud crab. The following parameters were measured: absolute weight growth, survival rate, feed conversion rate (FCR), and water quality. The difference in the density of milkfish and mud crabs significantly affected (p < 0.05) the growth and survivability of milkfish and mud crabs. The polyculture cultivation system exhibited a significant increase in absolute weight growth of milkfish and mud crabs, which is the highest increase found in T4 treatment (187.85 g ± 0.9 g and 60.65 g ± 0.95 g, respectively). Meanwhile, the survival rate of milkfish and mud crab was 95% ± 0.3% and 95% ± 2.3%, respectively, followed by a lower FCR at T4 (1.54 ± 0.10). The water quality remained good for fish and mud crabs to survive. Milkfish and mud crab polyculture greatly affect the abundance of phytoplankton, demonstrating good community structure.

The effect of adding Kaempferia galanga on different dosages of artificial feed on the growth of milk fish seed (Chanos chanos)

This research was carried out from 25th October to 5th December 2021 at the Brackish and Marine Water Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries, Pekalongan University. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding kencur (Kaemferiagalanga) to feed on milkfish growth. The study used laboratory experimental methods with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments used were A (0% or feed without kencur), B (2% kencur powder/100g feed), C (4% kencur powder/100g feed) and D (6% kencur powder/100g feed). The results showed that treatment B gave the highest growth yield of 8.59g, followed by treatment C 4.95g, treatment D 3.78g and the lowest was treatment A, namely 3.78g. After analyzing the variance, the results of the F count are greater than the F table, which means that the addition of kencur to feed has an effect on the growth of milkfish. Survival rate of fish during treatment for all treatments was 100%. The water quality during the study was still within a reasonable range, namely temperature 28 -30 C, salinity 18-20 ppt, pH 7.5-7.9 and DO 4.6 - 5 ppm.Keyword: Milkfsih, Kaempferia galanga, Growth

Effects of estuarine oyster, Crassostrea cuttackensis as the extractive species at varied densities on productivity and culture environment in brackishwater integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (BIMTA) system

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) involves incorporation of species from different trophic or nutritional levels in the same system to get better production based on mutual gain to the co-cultured species and improved ecosystem health. However, in brackishwater, very few trials on IMTA have been conducted so far with scarce information on the optimum density of extractive species like oyster and seaweed. Edible estuarine oyster, Crassostrea cuttackensis is abundantly available in the Sundarban. Being a filter-feeder, it can be used as an extractive species for organic matter removal in IMTA. Therefore, an experimental trial was conducted to assess the effect of different stocking densities of C. cuttackensis on performances of milkfish (Chanos chanos) and Pacific white-leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), and environmental remediation in an IMTA system. There were three densities of oyster, 0.6 (T1), 1.2 (T2), and 1.8 (T3) kg m−3 distributed to 1000 L FRP circular tanks containing milkfish (4.51 ± 0.05 g) and white-leg shrimp (4.50 ± 0.03 g) at 25 and 50 no. m−3, respectively. Control tanks contained the same number of milkfish and shrimp with no oyster. All the three treatments and control had triplicate tanks. During the 60-day trial period, fish and shrimp were fed with a common diet containing 30% crude protein at 5% of biomass. Results showed that the highest growth of milkfish (24.66 ± 0.31 g) and shrimp (15.20 ± 0.17 g) was obtained in T3 (P < 0.05) compared to that of the control [13.97 ± 0.08 g (milkfish), 11.83 ± 0.13 g (shrimp)]. Apparent feed conversion ratio (AFCR) was the lowest in T3 (0.92 ± 0.01) (P < 0.05). Although, survival of milkfish did not vary, shrimp survival was the highest in T3. The inorganic nutrients (nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds) and particulate organic matter (POM) of water improved in all the IMTA treatments compared to the control. The number of total heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio counts in tank water was significantly low in T3 (P < 0.05). The benefit-cost ratio in T3 was found to be 1.6 times higher than that of the control. This trial suggested that oyster, C. cuttackensis can act as an effective extractive species in IMTA system when stocked at a density of 1.8 kg m−3. Therefore, treatment T3 IMTA model proved to be more productive and had a successful bio-remediation effect on the environment.

PERFORMA LAJU PERTUMBUHAN IKAN BANDENG (Chanos chanos) YANG DIBERIKAN PAKAN DENGAN PENGKAYAAN PROBIOTIK

Research objective to find out the optimal growth of milkfish seeds by giving probiotic withdifferent doses.This research was conducted on Agust 15th–September 14th, 2020 and is located at Marine and Brackish Water Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries, Pekalongan University. The test fish used in this study was the 2,5 cm milkfish seeds obtained from fish farm’s from Pekalongan City. The research was carried out on a laboratory scale and the experimental design applied was completetely randomized design (CRD) which included 5 treatments and 3 replications, namely A (control), B (5 ml/kg of feed), C (10 ml/kg feed), D (15 ml/kg feed) and E (20 ml/kg feed). In order to find out the response ofthe growth of milk fish seeds to the addition of probiotic with different doses, a tukey test was performed. The highest growth of milkfish was obtained in treatment D that was 10,82gr, then followed by treatment C was 9,97gr, treatment B was 9,38gr, treatment E was 8,99gr and the lowest was in treatment A which was 7,73 gr. The results of the analysis of variance is known that the calculated F value is greater than the F table, which means the addition of probiotic with different doses has a very significant effect on the growth of milkfish seeds.Keywords: Probiotic,milkfish,growth

Growth Performance and Condition Factor of Juvenile Milkfish (&lt;i&gt;Chanos chanos&lt;/i&gt;) Cultured in a Marine Pen in Relation to Body Size and Temperature

The growth performance and condition factor (CF) of milkfish (Chanos chanos) in relation to body size and temperature were investigated in a shallow marine pen culture system in coastal waters of the Philippines. Three common models were tested to determine the best-fit model for the growth of milkfish, and the logistic model was found to be best for both weight-based and length-based growth. Daily specific growth rate in weight (DSGRw) and length (DSGRL) were positively correlated with water temperature, while both DSGRw and DSGRL were correlated negatively with the size of the fish, which supported the fit of the growth model. CF of milkfish exhibited a positive correlation with the feed conversion ratio and significant seasonal variations. The ratio was lower in the fast growth season (dry season) than in the slow growth season (rainy season). By integrating these controversial findings, we were able to posit that low temperature and inefficient feeding makes ‘fat’ fish and vice versa. This may be explained by changes in proximate body composition (e.g., protein and water content) and the change in metabolic rate brought about by different water temperatures.

The use of probiotic for growth and survival of milkfish (&lt;i&gt;Chanos chanos&lt;/i&gt; Forskal)

Milkfish cultivation in Muna Regency has not yet developed optimally, allegedly due to poor water circulation. Internal solution that can be done is the use of probiotics in water maintenance media. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding proiotics to media water with different doses on the growth and survival of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal), carried out in May to June 2019 at the Gonangkalo Beach Fish Seed Center (BBIP), Gonebalano, Duruka District, Muna Regency. The study used a complete randomized design (CRD) with three probiotics namely A 10 mL treatment per container, 20 mL treatment B per container and 30 mL C treatment per container. Data were analyzed using Variance Analysis (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level (α 0.05). The results showed that the highest daily growth rate was obtained in Treatment B at 5.84±0.16% per day followed by Treatment A at 5.71±0.23% per day and Treatment C at 5.42±0.10% per day. The highest absolute growth of milkfish was obtained in Treatment B at 8.24±0.28 g per individual and the lowest was in Treatment C at 7.95±0.0.33 g per individual, Continuation in Treatment A and B 83.33±5,77%, while in Treatment C 80.00±10.00%. Analysis of variance (α 0.05) showed that the use of probiotics with different doses significantly affected absolute growth (p&gt;0.011) but did not significantly affect the daily growth rate (p&lt;0.063) and survival (p&lt;0.850) of milkfish

The effect of protein levels in fermentation feed supplemented lumbricus sp. extract as feed additive on growth performance and body chemical composition of milkfish, Chanos chanos forskal 1775

Protein is the main nutrient in feed and is sourced from relatively expensive feed ingredients, so it is necessary to optimize use by providing feed additives. This study aims to determine the levels protein of fermented feed supplemented Lumbricus sp. extracts as a feed additive that provides the best response to milkfish growth performance and body chemical composition. Milkfish with an initial weight of 8.52±0.29 g head-1 maintained a density of 30 fish per hapa measuring 1 m3 of 24 units. Hapa installed in ponds with a water height of ±60 cm. The study was designed in a completely randomized design with the treatment of various levels of feed protein, namely 20, 25, 30, and 35%. Before printing into pellets, the feed material is fermented with microorganisms mix for seven days and supplemented with 300 mL kg-1 of feed ingredients Lumbricus sp. extracts. During 50 days of rearing fed 5% given of body weight per day three times a day morning, afternoon and evening. The results showed various levels of feed protein gave the same results on milkfish growth performance and body chemical composition. The resulting relative weight growth ranged from 58.47±2.11-60.46±0.40%, survival rate 88.89±3.85-94.44±5.09%, feed efficiency 40.44±1.98-43.06±1.27%, body chemical composition (including protein content 67.52±0.52-68.59±0.67%, fat 13.77±0.56 13.84±0.22%, fiber 1.59±0.03-1.66±0.13%, nitrogen-free extract 2.19±0.33-2.57±0.24%, and ash 13.41±0.44-14.60±1.61%), body energy levels 3545.31±31.24-3585.61±14.94 cal kg-1, liver glycogen 5.16±0.71-6.34±0.11-6.34±0.11 mg g-1 and muscle 4.46±0.30-5.11±0.10 mg g-1, and hepatosomatic index 2.28±0.07-2.32±0.11. Thus, 20% protein content in fermented feed supplemented with Lumbricus sp. extracts is enough to meet the needs of milkfish.

The growth of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskål, 1775) larvae from several hatcheries for productivity support for development culture in the pond

The growth of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskål, 1775) larvae from several hatcheries for productivity support for development culture in the pond

Relationship of long weight between milkfish (Chanos chanos forsskal) and sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilot) that are multi-trophic sea farming

Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) and sea cucumbers (Holothurians leucospilot), have high economic value, both to meet domestic and foreign consumption needs. This study examines the long-weight relationship of milkfish and sea cucumbers that are cultivated by multi tropic sea farming at the Tablolong Fish Seed Center in West Kupang District which has been conducted in October to December 2018. Sampling is done every 15 days with a maintenance period of 45 days showed that the milkfish and sea cucumbers have a negative algometric growth pattern based on a value of b which is lower than 3. The water quality parameters at the Balai Benih Ikan Pantai are still in the normal range to support the growth of milkfish and sea cucumbers.

Effect of tank colour on foraging capacity, growth and survival of milkfish (Chanos chanos) larvae

Larviculture of milkfish (Chanos chanos) associated with issues like larval deformity, mass mortalities which contribute in variable seed production. Effect of abiotic factors as rearing tank colour and illumination on larvae foraging behaviour, prey localization and ingestion were investigated to improvise milkfish larval rearing system. Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) tanks (capacity, 8 t; water salinity, 32 ppt) with three different background colors, white, blue and yellow were divided in five (05) treatment groups with triplicates, i.e. indoor white (T1/C), blue (T2), yellow (T3) color tanks with artificial illumination and semi outdoor blue (T4), yellow (T5) color tanks with solar illumination. Newly hatched milkfish larvae (tl., 3.4 mm) were stocked in the experimental tanks @ 2.5 no l−1 and apart from background colour and source of illumination uniform water quality and feeding regime were maintained in all treatments. Phytoplankton, Chlorella salina @ 103–104 cells ml−1 were maintained from 2 dph to 20 dph; Chlorella grown rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis (enriched with Nannochloropsis oculata paste) were provided @ 20–30 no ml−1 from 3 dph to 14 dph depending on the larval density. Artemia nauplii @ 0.5–1.0 no ml−1 was introduced from 15 dph. At the end of the experiment- 20 dph, highest (p < 0.05) larval survival (45 ± 5.63%) was achieved in tanks providing yellow background colour (T5) compared to control and other treatments. Larval growth (tl., 17.1 ± 1.37 mm) was also found to be highest (p < 0.05) in T5. Increased survival and growth of milkfish in T5 was synchronized with significantly higher (p < 0.05) specific growth rate (SGR), larval gut content relative to other treatments. Milkfish larvae being a day feeder did maximum foraging during 0700 h to 1600 h evident from decreeing prey abundance during that period and as a result positive correlation found between larval standard length and gut content. Larval visibility enhancement in solar illuminated yellow tank act synergistically to perform necessary foraging to acquire nutritional energy for metamorphosis to fry. Above phenomenon may not have occurred in other treatments except T5 and partially in T3. Solar illuminated yellow colour tanks significantly contribute towards mass scale seed production of milkfish.

Hubungan Kelimpahan Plankton Dengan Pertumbuhan Ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos Forskal) Di Tambak Tradisional Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur

The surrounding community activities in the area of milkfish ponds include residential and household waste so that it will affect the water source used for milkfish farms (Chanos chanos Forskal). Due to changes in water quality, it will be known how the condition of pond water quality will affect the abundance of phytoplankton and the growth of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal). This study aims to determine the relationship of plankton abundance with the growth of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal) in traditional ponds. The method used is the descriptive method. The study was conducted in March - May. The results of the regression analysis for plankton abundance found a relationship that affects a specific growth rate of 83% and 17% influenced by other factors. The correlation coefficient (r) obtained is 0.91 so that it can be said that the abundance of plankton influences the specific growth rate classified as strong. Based on the value of b = 0.0156x (positive relationship) means that if plankton abundance rises the rate of growth also increases by 0.015. If the plankton does not exist or 0 then the rate will decrease by 94.

Pengaruh Komposisi Azolla pinnata Pada Pakan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos Forsskal) di Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau (BBPBAP) Jepara

Milkfish is one of the main commodities in the field of fishery and is known to be the most cultivated. One of the important’s factors to the success of milkfish cultivation is feed availability, both quality and quantity. Feed quality is an important aspect that must be fulfilled because of its relation to nutrients required for the fish growth. Azolla pinnata has a good potential that can be used as an additional ingredient for the fish growth because of its protein-rich content. This study is aimed to examine the effect of Azolla pinnata powder feed on growth of milkfish (length and body weight). This research was conducted in May – July 2017 at Aquatic Animal Health Management Laboratory, Center of Brackish Water Aquaculture of Jepara. The research design used is a Complete Randomized Design (CRD), using five treatments with different concentrations of Azolla pinnata powder, i.e. 0% as control, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Each treatments consist of three repeatitions. The parameters observed were milkfish growth (length and body weight) and dissolved oxygen (DO). Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method. If the data showing significant differences it will be continued with Least Significance Different (LSD) test. The results showed that the administration of Azolla pinnata powder on the feed significantly influenced the growth (lenght and body weight) of milkfish. The most optimal and efficient feed composition for milkfish growth is done by feeding 40% of Azolla pinnata powder. The overall dissolved oxygen (DO) is still in suitable condition for the cultivation of milkfish. Key Words : Azolla pinnata, dissolved oxygen, feed nutrition, milkfish

Assessment of the Effect of Remediation Strategies on the Environmental Quality of Aquaculture Ponds in Marilao and Meycauayan, Bulacan, Philippines.

Background.Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) of Bulacan, the Philippines, is of great concern due to the pollution load from local industries. The river system is currently used as a source of water for the aquaculture industry in Bulacan.Objectives.In order to address organic and heavy metal pollution, several remediation strategies were tested in aquaculture ponds along the river system. Strategies such as phytoremediation (vetiver grass pontoons), application of probiotics and zeolite (with filtration as pre-treatment) were utilized in ponds to decrease or remove toxic pollutants in water and sediments.Methods.Two sites were chosen as the pilot remediation sites – ponds in Barangay Nagbalon, Marilao and Barangay Liputan, Meycauayan, Bulacan. Pond bottom preparation was done to improve the condition of the pond bottom sediments before stocking by adding zeolite. Physicochemical parameters of water such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, salinity, ammonia, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were monitored throughout the culture period. Heavy metals in sediments and fish were monitored. Fish parameters such as average body weight and feed conversion ratio were determined.Results.The DO levels were below recommended levels in the morning and reached a supersaturated level in the afternoon. Ammonia and COD levels were above recommended limits. A decreasing trend was observed for ammonia levels in treatment ponds. In terms of the growth of milkfish, the pond with probiotics showed the highest growth and better feed conversion ratio in Nagbalon and in the phytoremediation pond in Liputan. Percentage survival of milkfish was much higher at Liputan. Copper, chromium, lead and manganese were detected in pond sediments. After application of zeolite, there was a decrease in lead levels throughout the culture period.Conclusions.The different remediation studies were compared in terms of cost, effectivity and application and phytoremediation (vetiver grass pontoons) was determined to be the most cost-effective remediation strategy.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.

APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED MULTI TROPIC AQUACULTURE CONCEPT IN AN ABRADED BRACKISH WATER POND

Currently, abrasion at the northern coastline of Central Java, Indonesia, is severe. One of the biggest abrasion area is in Kaliwlingi village (Brebes District), where 800 ha of brackish water ponds were submerged. Abrasion could wipe away or damage dykes on brackish water pond and the pond can no longer be used for aquaculture production. A 5 000 m2 of netting broken dyke of brackish water pond is used for semi–intensive cultivation of milkfish, tilapia, vanamae shrimp, green mussel and Gracilaria seaweed as an application of Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) concept. The aim of this study was to determine the aquaculture production in abraded dyke on brackish water pond by measuring the growth of milk fish, tilapia, vaname shrimp, green mussel and Gracilaria based on IMTA concept. The study was carried out from May to July 2015 at Kaliwlingi Village, Brebes district. The results showed Specific Growth Rate (SGR), i.e. milk fish 2.35 % d–1; tilapia 3.8 %·d–1 vanamae shrimp 3.75 % d–1; green mussel 2.8 % d–1 and Gracilaria 4.6 % d–1. Based on the result, the water quality is good and the availability of the natural food can support the growth of milkfish, tilapia, vanamae shrimp, green muscle and seaweed at broken dyke ponds with IMTA concept.

Utilization of Mung Bean, Vigna radiata (Linnaeus) as a Novel Protein Source in Practical-Type Diets for Juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal): Effects on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Body Composition, and Histology of Gut and Liver

A 15-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum partial inclusion of mung bean protein in milkfish diet. Six isonitrogenous practical-type diets with mung bean included at 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% of the diet equivalent to 0%, 3%, 7%, 10%, 13%, and 17% of the total dietary protein, respectively, were formulated. Milkfish with average body weight (ABW) of 8.5 ± 0.23g were distributed in eighteen tanks (6 treatments X 3 replications) with 10 fish each. The fish were fed the diets three times daily. Results showed that growth of milkfish was not adversely affected by the inclusion of mung bean protein at any dietary level. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly improved by the inclusion of mung bean at 20% of the diet. Nutrient compositions of the fish carcass were similar in all diets. Furthermore, no detrimental effects attributable to mung bean inclusion were seen in terms of protein retention, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and liver and midgut histology of the fish. Overall, mung bean is a promising protein source for milkfish and can be included up to 20% of the diet contributing as much as 17% of the total dietary protein without detrimental effects on growth, feed performance, PER, protein retention, HSI, and liver and intestinal histology.