Growth Of Mangrove Seedlings Research Articles

Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Konsentrasi Timbal (Pb) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Mangrove Rhizophora stylosa

Mangroves are a type of higher plant found in coastal areas that play many roles, one of which is as a bioaccumulator of harmful pollutants. One such harmful pollutant is the heavy metal Lead (Pb). This study aims to determine the effect of various concentrations of lead on the growth of mangrove seedlings, specifically Rhizophora stylosa. This research is an experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were four lead concentration treatments: K0 = 0 ppm (control); K1 = 0.1 ppm; K2 = 1 ppm; K3 = 10 ppm; and K4 = 100 ppm. Each treatment was repeated five times, resulting in 25 experimental units. The seedlings used were Rhizophora stylosa, approximately 8 months old, with an average height of 70 cm and an average of 8 leaves. The growing medium used was homogenized mud soil. Before the experiment, the plants were acclimatized for 1 week. The treatment involved a solution of Pb acetate administered every day for 6 weeks. The parameters measured included plant height increase (cm), leaf area (cm²), increase in the number of leaves, increase in the number of shoots, and increase in stem diameter (cm). Based on observations over the 6-week treatment period, the average stem growth was between 0.12-0.28 cm, with no increase in stem diameter, an average leaf area increase of 0.14-0.38 cm², an increase in shoots by 1-3, and an increase in the number of leaves by 2-6. The ANOVA results at a significance level of 5% indicated that lead concentrations of 0-100 ppm did not significantly affect the growth of Rhizophora stylosa seedlings.

Effect of Planting Media Modification on Seed Growth and Development of Three Mangroves Species from Jakarta and Kebumen, Indonesia

The rehabilitation of mangroves depends on the availability of high-quality, sufficiently prominent seeds. Currently, a lot of mangrove nursery activities continue to employ traditional techniques, which results in low-quality and slowly growing seedlings. The mangroves of Jakarta were selected because they represent a heavily polluted mangrove ecosystem on Java's northern coast, whereas the mangroves in Kebumen, on Java's southern coast, are in the opposite situation. This study proposed to find an approach to supply Indonesia's mangrove restoration projects with adequate seeds. An experimental approach with a complete randomized design and a factorial pattern was used. The variables tested were planting media and three kinds of mangroves: Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Mangroves from Jakarta are treated with mud, soil media, or a mix of them. A mixture of mud, husk, and husk charcoal is used for six treatments planting media for mangroves from Kebumen. The mangrove seedlings' growth, biomass, and chlorophyll content are the dependent variables. ANOVA was used to evaluate the data with a 95% confidence level, and Duncan's comparison of means test followed. The growth of mangrove seedlings was discovered to be impacted by media type, while the chlorophyll content, dry biomass of roots, stems, and leaves were not affected by this factor. Three species of mangroves differ regarding growth rate, biomass of roots, stems, and leaves, and chlorophyll content. In order to support Indonesia's efforts to rehabilitate mangroves, this research can offer understanding regarding how to select and employ the best media to effectively produce high-quality seeds.

The Effect of Planting Media and NPK Fertilizer Doses on the Growth of Oil Mangrove Seeds (Rhizophora apiculata)

This study aims to determine the effect of planting media on the growth of Oil Mangrove (Rhizophora apicutala) seedlings, to determine the effect of NPK fertilizer doses on Oil Mangrove (Rhizophora apicutala) seedling growth, to determine the interaction effect of planting media and NPK fertilizer doses on Oil Mangrove seedling growth. (Rhizophora apicutala). This study used a factorial randomized block design, with the first factor being the planting medium (M) consisting of M1: Topsoil, M2: Sandy Mud Soil, and the second factor being the dose of NPK fertilizer (B) consisting of B1: 0 g/polybag, B2: 9 g/polybag, B3: 12 g/polybag, B4: 15 g/polybag. The treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 24 experimental units. The research showed that the treatment of planting media had no significant effect on the growth of oil mangrove seedlings (Rhizophora apiculata) except for the seedling height of 4 WAP, the NPK dose treatment had a significant effect on the growth of oil mangrove seedlings except for the variable number of leaves 4 WAP, 8 WAP, and dry weight, treatment interactions. the planting medium and doses of NPK fertilizer had no significant effect on the growth of oil mangrove seedlings (Rhizophora apiculata) except for plant height of 4 WAP, the dose of NPK 15 g/polybag gave the best growth of oil mangrove seedlings.

Response to growth of mangrove seeds with additional extract of natural materials and vitamin b1 in the planting medium

This study aims to determine the mangrove seedlings of Bruguiera sp, Rhizopora apiculata, and R. mucronata which have the best quality with the addition of extracts of natural ingredients, synthetic pgr and Vitamin B1. The study used 3 types of mangroves, namely Bruguiera sp., R. apiculata and R. mucronata, each consisting of 5 treatments; 100% shallot extract, 100% corn extract, Rhizattun F 0.1%, Vitamin B1 0.1% and water (control). The research used completely randomized Design (CRD). Parameters observed were number of leaves, plant height, number of roots and root length. Measurement of environmental factors includes pH and salinity. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan’s 5% test, if there was a significant difference. The results showed that the treatment of extracts of natural ingredients, synthetic pgr and Vitamin B1 resulted in varying effects on the growth of mangrove seedling. Treatment on Bruguiera sp, had a significant effect on root length with the control treatment having the highest length; while in R. mucronata, Rhizatun F treatment had a significant effect on the number and length of roots, while in R. apiculata the treatment given had no significant effect on the number of leaves.

Comparative of material properties between natural fibers and geo-bag synthetic fibers as sustainable material of temporary structure in natural coastal protection systems

The natural coastal protection system is a proposed solution to the coastal erosion problem, including in Indonesia’s coastal areas, which combines primary natural protection (vegetation such as mangroves) and temporary artificial structures as sustainable coastal development practices. The geo-bag-dike was chosen as a possible temporary structure to protect the growth of mangrove seedlings from sea waves for about two to five years before they are strong enough to prevent erosion. In today’s practice, the geo-bag-dike is made of polymeric synthetic fibers (nonwoven geo-bag), which take a relatively long time to degrade naturally. Thus, this study focused on finding sustainable alternative materials from natural fibers, such as lyocell (Tencel), kenaf, cotton, and rayon, that can be applied as the primary material of geo-bag-dikes by comparing their material properties to nonwoven geo-bag. The results of the laboratory testing method show that kenaf textile has the highest values of tensile and tearing strength, but not higher than nonwoven geo-bags (768 N, 1080 N, and 2140 N for the tensile strength of kenaf, local nonwoven geo-bag, and imported nonwoven geo-bag, respectively). Therefore, kenaf textiles have the potential as a sustainable alternative material. By extrapolating, it is necessary to increase the layer number of kenaf textiles to at least three layers of fabric to resemble the tensile strength of nonwoven geo-bags.

Enhancing growth of mangrove seedlings in the environmentally extreme Arabian Gulf using treated sewage sludge

The response of mangrove (Avicennia marina) seedlings to treated (wet) sludge from a sewage treatment plant (STP) was tested in a randomized block design experiment at a tree nursery on Mubarraz Island in the Arabian Gulf. The growth response of seedlings to half-strength and full-strength STP sludge was monitored over 103 days and compared with the response to freshwater, seawater and half-strength seawater treatments. Sludge treatments resulted in significantly greater plant growth, leaf number, leaf biomass and root biomass than the other treatments did. The positive effect of STP sludge on seedling growth is attributed to enhanced levels of total nitrogen (8.9 ± 0.1 mg l−1) and total phosphorus (7.8 ± 0.2 mg l−1) in the sludge and its low salinity. These results suggest that sludge from sewage treatment plants may be beneficially used in mangrove nurseries and plantations in this arid region, where soils are nutrient-poor and fresh water is scarce.

Effect of different salt concentrations on the growth and biomass of Rhizophora apiculata seedlings

Rhizophora apiculata Blume is very easy species to find and is widely distributed in mangroves. This study was purposed to determine the optimum salinity concentration for mangrove seedling growth as a reference when rehabilitating mangrove forests. The effect of salinity on the growth and development of R. apiculata mangrove seedling roots was carried out in the greenhouse, Universitas Sumatera Utara. This study used five levels of salinity concentration of 0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3% with 10 replications. Parameter observations comprised of height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf thickness, leaf area, number of main roots, number of lateral roots, main root length, lateral root length, main root diameter, lateral root diameter, canopy water content, root moisture content, and canopy and root ratio. The most parameter of R. apiculata seedlings was at the salinity concentration level of 0.5%.

Diversity and Long-Term Dynamics of the Macrobenthos in a Mangrove Plantation and Two Natural Associations of Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam

The rapid decline in the area occupied by mangrove forests has convinced the Vietnamese government to launch a program for conserving and restoring the mangrove ecosystems throughout the country. This program included an experimental planting of Rhizophora apiculata seedlings in Dam Bay in Khanh Hoa province. In the course of this work, the state of the macrobenthos was monitored in new mangrove plantations, and its quantitative and qualitative characteristics were compared with those in natural mangrove associations of this area. The bulk of the material was collected in three intertidal zones in the area of ​​mangrove plantations in Dam Bay. In addition, natural mangrove associations were investigated: one in Dam Bay, and the other (the most mature and largest association of the area) in the neighboring Nha Phu Bay. The natural mangrove association in Dam Bay was represented by a narrow belt of Rhizophora apiculata. The intertidal zone in the area of ​​mangrove plantations is also represented by a narrow belt of Rhizophora apiculata. Until 2004, the middle and lower zones were formed by the mudflat. In 2004, mangrove seedlings were planted in the middle intertidal zone below the mature trees of the upper zone. As the seedlings grew, they began to slow down tidal currents, and nutrients began to linger in the ecosystem. The developing crown of young trees began to give litter and shade, favorable for the development of microalgae. In addition, young trees formed a hard substrate. As a result, there was an increase in the species diversity of the macrobenthic eurybiotic species and an increase in the abundance of opportunistic species. Young trees in the middle intertidal zone and formed a single mangrove forest of a large area together with adult trees of the upper zone, which caused the appearance of specialized species of gastropods and bivalve mollusks, as well as crabs. During the monitoring period, the composition and structure of the macrobenthos of mangrove plantations were gradually approaching to those in the mature natural mangrove association in Nha Phu. However, significant differences still remain between these associations after ten years of observing the growth of mangrove seedlings. The macrobenthos of Nha Phu is represented by a large number of specialized mangrove species of gastropod mollusks, and it also has a completely different structure of the taxocene of bivalve mollusks. This is likely explained by the high floristic diversity in Nha Phu and the maturity of this mangrove association. As a result of qualitative and quantitative collection of the macrobenthos, 139 species of invertebrates were found in the three mangrove associations studied. The key groups of the macrobenthos are gastropods, bivalve mollusks, and crabs. The data obtained on the composition and diversity of the macrobenthos fit into the general pattern of the mangrove fauna of the Indo-West Pacific and Southeast Asia.

Interactive effects of temperature and nutrients on mangrove seedling growth and implications for establishment

The establishment and wellbeing of seedlings governs the spread and survival of mangrove forests. Eutrophication and global warming are major challenges endangering mangrove ecosystem integrity. How these stressors affect seedling growth is not well understood. In a mesocosm experiment we grew mangrove seedlings in temperature-controlled chambers and investigated single and combined effects of temperature (23 and 33 °C), organic matter and dissolved nutrients on seedling trait morphology. Seedling survival was lowest in organic matter treatments. Combined effects of temperature and nutrients caused significant differences in root morphology with fewer but longer and thicker 3rd order roots, fewer 2nd and no 1st order roots in nutrient-enriched (23 °C) compared to non-enriched treatments (33 °C). Our results indicate these seedlings are less resilient to withstand their dynamic environment, in which they must settle and establish, due to lower root complexity. Mangrove ecosystems are negatively affected by global and local stresses; if new seedlings, which support forest recovery, are also affected then this amplifies stresses.

Growth of salt-secretor and non-salt secretor mangrove seedlings with varying salinity and their relations to habitat zonation

The growth of six mangrove seedlings under varying salinity was studied concerning the habitat zonation. Healthy and mature propagules and seeds of selected mangroves, Rhizophora apiculata, R. stylosa, Ceriops tagal, Avicennia marina, A. alba, and Acanthus ilicifolius were collected from North Sumatran mangroves. Mangrove seedlings were grown for three months in 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 3.0% salinity concentration. The growth of mangrove seedlings emerged to show variation among the species. The growth of two salt secretor species of A. marina and A. alba were increased in the occurrence of salt with maximum activation at 2.0%. This escalation was reduced once salt concentration was increased above 2.0%. By contrast, two non-salt secretor species of R. apiculata and R. stylosa significantly expanded to 1.5% salinity, at that moment decreasing by accumulative salts. A salt secretor species of Ac showed the less salt tolerant of mangrove species. ilicifolius and a nonsalt-secretor of C. tagal, which their optimum growth was at 0.5% salinity. The tolerance of mangrove species to salt concentration tracked the sequence of Av. marina and Av. alba (most foreshore species) >R. stylosa and R. apiculata>C. tagal>Ac. ilicifolius (most landward species), which is following the natural species distribution and habitat zones.

Using a marsh organ to predict future plant communities in a Chinese estuary invaded by an exotic grass and mangrove

AbstractExotic species vary in how harmful they are. The earlier we can predict the outcome of an invasion, the more time is available for management. We conducted a “marsh organ” experiment with six elevation treatments to evaluate how the exotic grass Spartina alterniflora, which has invaded almost the entire coastline of China, affects a native (Kandelia obovata) and an exotic (Sonneratia apetala) mangrove in Zhangjiang Estuary, southern China. Survival of transplants in monoculture over two growing seasons in the marsh organ was high except at extreme high and low elevations. All three plants displayed hump‐shaped patterns of biomass across elevation in monoculture, but K. obovata performed best at slightly higher and S. alterniflora at slightly lower elevations, whereas S. apetala performed well across all four intermediate elevations and grew larger than the other two plants. In mixtures, S. alterniflora suppressed growth of mangrove seedlings of both species by up to 90%. The competitive effect of S. alterniflora was greatest at intermediate elevations where its biomass was greatest. When transplanted into adjacent stands of S. alterniflora, K. obovata remained stunted, but S. apetala grew quickly and began to emerge from the canopy of S. alterniflora by the end of the second growing season. At this site, past and ongoing disturbances to mature stands of K. obovata are likely to allow both exotics to increase in abundance. Aggressive management intervention will be needed to prevent estuaries in southern China from transitioning to near complete dominance by the exotic mangrove S. apetala.

Growth characteristics of mangrove seedling in silvofishery pond – the allometric relationship of height, diameter and leaf abundance

Dynamic environment condition of the silvofishery pond should provide an effect on the growth of mangrove seedling. This research aimed to observe the morphometric growth rate of mangrove seedling of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata planted in the silvofishery pond and to analyze the morphometric growth relationship of height, diameter and leaf number development of mangrove seedling. The research was conducted through field experiment involving mangrove species of A. marina and R. mucronata for 18 months during March 2015 to September 2016, both single structured and mixed structure. The observation was conducted every 13 weeks including seedling height, diameter and number of leaves. Data analysis was conducted by regression to provide the statistical relation between the growth of diameter – height, diameter – number of leaves and height – number of leaves. The result showed that the growth rate of A. marina in single structured pond was ranged from 0.38 – 3.00 cm.wk-1, 0.0015 – 0.0969 cm.wk−1 and 0.1 – 13.7 leaves.wk−1 respectively for height, diameter and number of leaves, while in mixed structure was 0.23 – 1.69 cm.wk−1, 0.0169 – 0.0731 cm.wk−1 and 0.5 – 14.0 leaves.wk-. The growth of R. mucronata respectively in single and mixed structure were 0.08 – 2.00 cm.wk−1 and 0.15 – 2.62 cm.wk−1, 0.0031 – 0.1369 cm.wk−1 and 0.0008 – 0.0831 cm.wk−1 and 0.0 – 1.9 leaves.wk−1 and 0.0 – 1.6 leaves.wk-1respectively for height, diameter and number of leaves. Data analysis showed that the growth of seedling height of Avicennia in the mixed structure was significantly affected by its diameter growth and the number of leaves of Avicennia in single structured was significantly affected by its diameter. While the height, diameter and number of leaves of R. mucronata both in mixed and single structured silvofishery ponds were independent to each other. This research concluded that mangrove seedling growth is varied among species and growth environment.

Acute effects of crude oilfor three common mangrove seedling in segara anakan nature reserve (sanr) cilacap, Indonesia

The growth of three mangrove species seedlings,Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora apiculataand Ceriops decandra in sediments contaminated by crude oil. Thisresearchwas designed to evaluate the acute effects of crude oil on the growth and survival performance of mangrove seedling in 4-week field experiment. Three treatments(sub plot) were compared with the control (no oil added) usingi.e. 100 ml, 120 ml and 140 ml crude oil applied once, in a split-plot design with nine replicates. The result showed the extent of survival has maximum for B. gymnorrhiza while it was minimum for C. decandra. The growth of mangrove seedlings was decrease with higher concentrations of crude oil. Stem height of B. gymnorrhiza seedling higher than R. apiculata and C. decandra.We observed, severe damage in the epidermis and the cortex at the root of all three types of mangrove seedlings when crude oil applied at 140 ml.

Improving Silvofishery Management Through Seedling Growth – Environment Quality Dynamic Relation Analysis

<p>Mangrove plants are sensitive to environment condition. This research aimed to analyze the linkages of mangrove growth and environment dynamics and to estimate the growth of mangrove along with the environment dynamics. The research was conducted through the field experiment by the plantation of A. marina in silvofishery pond canals. Data collection was conducted for 18 months with 3 months observation interval. The environment variables observed including temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TSS, sediment organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the growth of mangrove seedling. Analysis was conducted through regression and modelling with Powersim software. The result showed that the height growth was affected by dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, turbidity and pH, while the diameter growth was affected by TSS concentration. Inversely, the growth of mangrove also had a significant effect on temperature, change of organic matter and nutrient sediment concentration. Simulation showed that the height and diameter growth rates of A. marina seedling were dynamically changed among periods. Simulated seedling growth for one year forecast resulted in the rate of 0.115024 to 0.282294 cm/day for height and 0.001287 to 0.006031 cm/day for diameter. The simulation also indicated the continuous accumulation of organic matter and nitrogen over time. This research concluded that under limited environment dynamic, the growth of mangrove could be estimated. This model is a novelty in ecological studies. This research might initiates the more advanced ecological studies. Systematic estimation of ecosystem behaviour could be applied to formulate the best management practices, particularly in the silvofishery activities.</p>

Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Mangrove Rhizophora Apiculata B1 pada Media Tanah Topsoil

This study aims to determine the growth of mangrove seedlings grown on soil top soil media. Mangrove seeds obtained from the community around the mangrove forest in Taluak Buo Bungus, Padang. This study used experimental method using Completely Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of 4 treatments and 6 replications. Treatment A as a control using land taken from the mangrove forest area of Taluak Buo Bungus, Padang. Treatment B using 100% topsoil soil, Soil top soil treatment (70%) plus cow manure. Treatment of soil top soil (70%) with the addition of chicken manure. Growth factor to be observed in this research is the growth of stem and number of leaves, then also calculated stem diameter ratio at all treatment. The results showed that the treatment on seed height and number of leaves was significantly different with the control, while for the number of different leaves were not real.

Antioxidative response of Kandelia obovata, a true mangrove species, to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-99 and BDE-209) during germination and early growth

A 3-months microcosm experiment with mangrove sediment spiked with PBDEs and planted with propagules of Kandelia obovata was conducted to investigate PBDE toxicity and antioxidative responses of the germinated seedlings. BDE-99 suppressed germination rate, leaves formation and growth of mangrove seedlings. The leaves and roots of BDE-99 treated seedlings had significantly higher superoxide (O2−) release, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total polyphenol (TP) content, and peroxidase (POD) activity than the control. BDE-209 increased activities of all three antioxidative enzymes, catalase (CAT), POD and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in roots, but in leaves, only CAT activity was stimulated. The MDA content of BDE-209 treated seedlings was less than the control. PBDEs were found in plant tissues of the treated seedlings. These results indicated that even though PBDEs were taken up in tissues, K. obovata, due to its antioxidative defense enzymes, could tolerate PBDEs and could be used for the bioremediation of PBDE-contaminated environments.

Analysis on the Absolute Growth Rate of Rhizophora mucronata Seedling in Silvicultural Pond Canals by the Influence of Initial Condition and Changes of Environment Quality

<p>Mangrove seedling growth in silvofishery pond is limited to water quality dynamics while the water quality dynamically changes. This research aimed to study the changes of environmental factor condition in silvofishery pond and to analyze its impacts on the growth of mangrove seedling. Research experiment involved18 treatment plots with mangrove Rhizophora mucronata seedling. Observed parameters included temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, DO, TSS, BO, N and P. Calculation was conducted for the deviation of each parameters. Mangrove growth parameters were including height and diameter growth while its data processing was absolute daily growth. Data analysis was conducted through regression. The result showed there were changes on environment parameters. Growth rate of R. mucronata showed variations on absolute daily height growth rate range of 0.215-3.333 mm/day (average 1.296 ±0.036 mm/day), while absolute daily diameter growth rate range was 2.15x10-3-0.196 mm/day (average 4.25x10-2 ± 3.59x10-2 mm/day). The analysis of regression showed several parameters effectedthe growth of mangrove seedlings including temperature, temperature change, turbidty, salinity change, pH, pH change, and DO on the growth of R. mucronata seedlings. This research concluded that environment parameters and its changes had significant effects on the growth of mangrove seedling. </p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Hastuti, E., & Budihastuti, R. (2016). Analysis on the Absolute Growth Rate of Rhizophora mucronata Seedling in Silvicultural Pond Canals by the Influence of Initial Condition and Changes of Environment Quality. <em>Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education</em>, 8(1), 56-63.</p>

Assessing the influence of artificially constructed channels in the growth of afforested black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) within an arid coastal region

Hypersaline conditions are common in sub-tropical latitudes where freshwater availability is seasonal. Hence, hydroperiod plays a crucial role in providing a suitable area for the establishment of new mangrove seedlings. The purpose of this study was to assess the function of hydrological change and irradiance in the growth of afforested black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) along the upper saltpan area by creating six channels of 1 m wide by 0.3 deep and 30 m length. All channels were constructed perpendicular to the main coastline of the Urias lagoon, Pacific coast of Mexico. Seedlings of black mangrove were planted along four of the channels. After ten months, the pore-water salinity concentration within the six channels was reduced by half. Results indicate that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in mangrove survival among the channels. However, the optimal growth of black mangroves was near the channels edge. The growth of mangrove seedlings planted under 50% of solar attenuation was 10 times higher as compared to mangroves under direct sunlight. This study shows the feasibility of using channels to enhance tidal flow and decrease hypersaline conditions for future afforestation endeavors in arid coastlines.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANGROVE SEEDLING GROWTH, NUTRIENTS AND HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL AT CAREY ISLAND, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

A comparative study in the relationship between mangrove seedling growth and heavy metalconcentrations in sediment was conducted at Carey Island, Malaysia. Two contrasting stations were chosen; naturalhabitat and reforestation site. Avicennia alba and Rhizophora apiculata were chosen as the test species. At thereforestation site, R. apiculata showed higher increments of stem height (1.74cm mth-1) compared to A. alba (1.28cm mth-1), although both species produced 1 leaf per month. On the other hand, A. alba showed better increment ofheight (2.17 cm mth-1) and produced 2 leaves per month in the natural habitat. R. apiculata has very slow growth, atonly 0.65 cm mth-1 and produced 1 leaf per month. Pearson correlation deducted that A. alba showed positivecorrelation in growth with Mg at the reforestation site, and with sulfate and chloride in natural habitat. At thereforestation site, R. apiculata showed positive correlation with Ca and Cu but did not record any significantcorrelation with those elements in the natural habitat.Keywords: Heavy metal, Straits of Malacca, mangrove, nutrients

Effect of Crude Oil Application on the Growth of Mangrove Seedlings of Rhizophora racemosa G. Meyer

Effect of Crude Oil Application on the Growth of Mangrove Seedlings of Rhizophora racemosa G. Meyer