Growth Of Layer Research Articles

Interface characteristics and tensile fracture behavior of CoCrFeNi/6061Al matrix composites fabricated via spark plasma sintering and heat treatment

In this study, 3vol%CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) reinforced 6061Al matrix composites were prepared using spark plasma sintering (SPS), and a new strategy to regulate the interfacial structure of the diffusion layer by solid solution heat treatment was proposed. Based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of solid-state diffusion, the mechanism of the formation and growth of the diffusion layer and its influence on the mechanical properties of the composites were analyzed. At a solid solution temperature of 535 °C, a uniform diffusion layer forms between HEA and Al matrix, and the thickness of the diffusion layer increases with the extension of solid solution time. The diffusion layer is determined as a two-layer structure, with a columnar solid solution grain near HEA and an equiaxed crystal along with Al9Co2 solid solution layer near Al matrix. Optimal tensile strength and elongation of 211.5 MPa and 21.4% respectively are obtained at solid solution time of 60 min, with 12.8 μm in thickness. Superior interface bonding resulting from diffusion layer prevents the crack from expanding into the matrix, contributing to an enhanced ductility with the extension of solid solution time. This study provides valuable insights and theoretical guidance for developing HEA/Al composites with superior strength-ductility synergy.

Rational construction Ag/LiF/sulfide rich protective layer for remarkably enhancing the stability of Li metal anodes

Li metal is a promising anode material for high-energy–density batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low redox potential. However, both the uncontrolled Li dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer restricts its large-scale practical applications. Herein, an artificial protective layer consisting of Ag nanoparticles, lithium fluoride (LiF) and sulfide are innovatively designed and fabricated via the in-situ chemical reaction between Ag(I) trifluoromethylthiolate (AgSCF3) and Li metal. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicate that Ag nanoparticles have a high binding energy with Li atom and LiF/sulfide have wide band gap, which would provide plenty of nucleation sites for Li+ and reduce the direct contact between inner Li metal and the electrolyte. The co-existence of Ag and LiF/sulfide results in a strong synergistic effect, and this is confirmed by the systematical comparison with single modified Ag-Li and double modified F/S-Li anodes. Benefitting from this synergistic effect, the Ag/F/S-Li symmetrical cells can stably work for 2000 h with low-voltage hysteresis at current density of 1 mA cm−2. Full cells assembled with LiCoO2 (LCO) and LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes displays much better long‐term cycle performance when the Ag/F/S-Li anode is applied. Furthermore, this Ag/F/S-Li modification can significantly enhance discharge capacity, rate performance, as well as energy density of Li(or LiB alloy)||MnO2 primary cells. This promising work promotes the practical application of Li metal and provides new insight into the protective layer design in stable Li metal batteries.

Improving the corrosion and wear resistance of CoCrNiSi0.3 Medium-Entropy Alloy by magnetron sputtered (CrN/Cr)x multilayer films

In this study, a medium entropy alloy (MEA) system consisting of Co, Cr, and Ni was selected to incorporate Si, resulting in the creation of CoCrNiSi0.3 MEA. The surface was coated with (CrN/Cr)x multilayer films to improve wear and corrosion resistance. The hardness, wear, corrosion, and nanoindentation tests were used to analyze the characteristics of CrN/Cr multilayer films and their protective performance. Low grazing angle X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), water contact angle analyzer, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to investigate the composition and structure of (CrN/Cr)x multilayer films. The intermediate Cr layer inhibits the columnar growth of the CrN layers and is progressively refined as the number of CrN/Cr bilayers increases. The Cr layer exhibits superior toughness in the multilayer structure and effectively hinders crack propagation. Therefore, the (CrN/Cr)3 multilayer film has the most outstanding anti-wear performance. The wear rates under 2 N and 4 N loads are 3.331 × 10−6 mm3•m−1•N−1 and 1.124 × 10−5 mm3•m−1•N−1, respectively. The growth of columnar crystals is suppressed and a more compact multilayer film is formed, resulting in a reduction in the defect density and an increase in the water contact angle, which retards the ingress of corrosive liquid and improves corrosion resistance. The corrosion current density of the (CrN/Cr)3 multilayer film is 0.73 μA•cm−2, while the corrosion polarization impedance is 962.35 Ω•cm2.

Surface and Interface Engineering for Highly Stable CsPbBr3/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals.

Shelling with chalcogenides on the surface of lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals (NCs) is believed to be an effective approach to increase their stability under high-moisture/aqueous conditions, which is important for LHP NC-based optoelectronic devices. However, it is still a challenge to prepare high-quality LHP/chalcogenide core/shell NCs with moisture/aqueous stability. In this work, a surface-defect-induced strategy is carried out to facilitate the adsorption of Br- ions and subsequently Zn2+ ions to preform a bipolar surface, which reduces the energy barrier at the CsPbBr3/ZnS interface and promotes the epitaxial growth of the ZnS shell layer. The aqueous stability of the as-received NCs shows an increase of over 12 times compared to that of the original one. Likewise, Mn2+ ions are introduced to further reduce the geometric symmetry mismatch and defect density at the CsPbBr3/ZnS interface. Interestingly, aqueous stability characterizations illustrate negligible degradation even after 230 min of ultrasonication, suggesting their outstanding stability. This work proposes an effective approach to prepare high-quality LHP/chalcogenide core/shell NCs, which possess great potential in the fabrication of stable optoelectronic devices.

Highly efficient freezing desalination technology: Parameters optimization and model configuration

Seawater desalination has become an available route to reduce the shortage of freshwater resources. Lower energy consumption and suitable operational conditions make freezing crystallization a green technique in the desalination area. Herein, we coupled the sweating intensification with the freezing crystallization to reach a highly efficient desalination performance. Under the trajectory of the freezing temperature and time: 259.15 K and 150 min, the sweating temperature, heating rate, and sweating time: 272.15 K, 0.5 K/min, and 120 min, the desalination ratio exceeds 70 %. Meanwhile, we established the theoretical models to expound the intrinsic correlations of process variables and target parameters, to visualize the impurity migration. Two kinetic models are proposed to analyze temperature effects on the crystal layer growth, sweating melt flow, and inclusion entrapment. Next, the fractal slice model is proposed to describe the complex microstructure of the crystal pillar. The thermal coefficients are deduced based on the fractal theory, where the larger porosity is against thermal conduction. Finally, we discussed the kinetic and porosity effects on the impurity migration and desalination performance, and established a boundary layer model to correlate the separation efficiency with process kinetic and impurity distribution successfully.

AFM Special Issue Summary - Integrating Surface Flux with Boundary Layer Measurements

To help bridge science topics related to land-atmosphere interactions, we organized a virtual special issue in this journal (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology [AFM]) entitled, “Land-Atmosphere Interactions: Integrating Surface Flux with Boundary Layer Measurements.” The motivation for the special issue was driven by existing disciplinary barriers between research areas that all address land-atmosphere interactions. In particular, it addressed research silos between those who study features of the land surface, surface fluxes (including water, energy, and trace gases), atmospheric boundary layer growth and thermodynamics, and atmospheric composition and aerosols. The special issue sought to bring these communities together to integrate multiple observations across the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum with the aim of 1) improving broader understanding of land-atmosphere interactions, feedbacks, and coupling, 2) fostering new collaborations between atmospheric and surface flux scientists, and 3) identifying new paths for integrative research. Here, we provide an overview and synthesis of the special issue.

A New Simple Method for Age Determination of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)

Age determination of marine mammals is important for understanding the impact of anthropogenic disturbances as well as for population management. Toothed whales are usually age-determined by counting annually formed layers in their teeth. This includes a time-consuming sequence of preparations, usually involving chemical treatment. This study tested a quicker and simpler method for age determination of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), originally developed for age determination of foxes and other terrestrial carnivores. The tooth was ground with fine-grained sandpaper, and the age lines were directly read using a binocular microscope. To evaluate the usability of the grinding method for harbour porpoises, three tests were used: (1) the number of growth layer groups (GLGs) in teeth from 66 harbour porpoises by the grinding method were compared by two readers; (2) GLGs in teeth from six harbour porpoises prepared by the grinding method and by the decalcification method were compared in a blinded set-up with two readers; and (3) the GLGs in teeth from two individuals with known ages prepared by both the grinding method and the decalcification method, respectively, were compared. A Bland–Altman plot showed high agreement between the determined age of individuals by the two different methods. The average age difference was -0.56 years, and the 95% confidence interval for the average difference was [-4.3, 3.2] years. The grinding method is therefore considered to be a valid alternative and quicker method for age determination of harbour porpoises.

Geochemical Behavior of Shallow Buried Nodules from Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone in the East Pacific: A LA-ICP-MS Mapping Analysis Perspective

The Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone of the east Pacific contains numerous shallow buried nodules that are in direct contact with pore water in sediment, providing a direct reflection of the interaction between nodules and sediment. However, research on the geochemical behavior of these shallow-buried nodules is limited. This study used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to compare mineral and element distribution in shallow buried nodules with surface nodules. The shallow buried nodules are products of nodules entering the burial stage. In comparison to surface nodules, shallowly buried nodules develop a fourth oxidized-suboxic diagenetic growth layer after entering the burial stage, in addition to the three main growth inner layers (L1, L2, L3). We suggest that L4 is not influenced by the bottom water source and that the presence of todorokite and the high flux of Mn2+ in the sediment pore water compete with other metal elements to enter the lattice of manganate, resulting in significantly higher Mn, W, and Li contents in L4 compared to L2. However, the content of Ni, Mg, and other hydrogenetic elements is much lower in L4 compared to L2. We suggest that the instantaneous change in surface primary productivity results in a sudden shift in the redox environment of the upper sediment layer. This reaction leads to the reduction of solid-phase Mn, providing growth opportunities for the buried nodules. Simultaneously, this may also be the reason why the growth layer of the nodules is jointly controlled by the sedimentary processes of hydrogenetic, oxic diagenetic, and suboxic diagenetic processes.

Lattice‐Mismatched Epitaxy of InAs on (111)A‐Oriented Substrate: Metamorphic Layer Growth and Self‐Assembly of Quantum Dots

In this article, recent developments in the lattice‐mismatched epitaxy of InAs on (111)A‐oriented substrates and related research topics, in which the presence or absence of the misfit dislocations is controlled via prescribed growth sequences, are reviewed. When InAs is grown on GaAs (111)A substrates, a unique lattice‐relaxation mechanism occurs. A misfit dislocation network is formed at the initial stage of InAs growth, that is followed by the layer‐by‐layer growth of relaxed InAs films. The InAs/GaAs (111)A heterostructure is being applied in infrared photodetectors which have a new operating principle that employs the high‐density dislocations at the interface. The InAs/GaAs (111)A heterostructure is also useful for the growth of InGaAs layers: a nearly lattice‐relaxed InGaAs containing different concentrations of indium can be formed by inserting a thin‐InAs layer between the InGaAs and GaAs. These InGaAs layers can be used as virtual substrates with a desired lattice constant for a range of devices. In addition to the formation of lattice‐relaxed structures, dislocation‐free InAs quantum dots (QDs) can be formed on InP (111)A substrates by applying droplet epitaxy. The C3v symmetry of the (111)A surface makes it possible to form symmetric InAs QDs that emit entangled photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths.

Tuning Nanopores in Tubular Ceramic Nanofiltration Membranes with Atmospheric-Pressure Atomic Layer Deposition: Prospects for Pressure-Based In-Line Monitoring of Pore Narrowing

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is known for its unparalleled control over layer thickness and 3D conformality and could be the future technique of choice to tailor the pore size of ceramic nanofiltration membranes. However, a major challenge in tuning and functionalizing a multichannel ceramic membrane is posed by its large internal pore volume, which needs to be evacuated during ALD cycling. This may require significant energy and processing time. This study presents a new reactor design, operating at atmospheric pressure, that is able to deposit thin layers in the pores of ceramic membranes. In this design, the reactor wall is formed by the industrial tubular ceramic membrane itself, and carrier gas flows are employed to transport the precursor and co-reactant vapors to the reactive surface groups present on the membrane surface. The layer growth for atmospheric-pressure ALD in this case proceeds similarly to that for state-of-the-art vacuum-based ALD. Moreover, for membrane preparation, this new reactor design has three advantages: (i) monolayers are deposited only at the outer pore mouths rather than in the entire bulk of the porous membrane substrate, resulting in reduced flow resistances for liquid permeation; (ii) an in-line gas permeation method was developed to follow the layer growth in the pores during the deposition process, allowing more precise control over the finished membrane; and (iii) expensive vacuum components and cleanroom environment are eliminated. This opens up a new avenue for ceramic membrane development with nano-scale precision using ALD at atmospheric pressure.

Study on high-temperature oxidation of TiZrHfNbTaV high-entropy alloy

The elemental effects and oxide layer evolutions of high-entropy alloys during oxidation have remained largely unclear. The high-temperature oxidation of equimolar refractory high-entropy alloy TiZrHfNbTaV in the air at 800–1000 °C for 1 h was investigated in terms of the oxide layer microstructure and formation mechanism. The non-dense oxides formed on the alloy surface at 800–1000 °C mainly contain TiNb2O7, providing favorable oxygen diffusion conditions. The growth of the oxide layer is influenced by the oxidation temperatures, free energy of oxides, and elemental segregation. The findings offer fundamental insights into the oxidation mechanism of the refractory high-entropy alloys.

Effect of bath temperature on the efficiency and properties of Cu2O/ZnS/ZnO heterojunctions thin film prepared by electrodeposition and chemical bath deposition methods

A novel p-n type Cu2O/ZnS/ZnO heterojunction thin film was successfully fabricated by a combination of electrodeposition and chemical bath deposition techniques. The effect of bath temperature (T = 75, 80, 85, 90 °C) on the growth of ZnS layers was investigated. The influence of ZnS buffer layers on the properties and efficiency of the prepared heterojunction thin films were examined using XRD, FE-SEM, AFM, EDS, UV–Vis, and electrochemical measurements. The analysis of prepared films revealed that the Cu2O/ZnS/ZnO heterojunction exhibits a unique combination of hexagonal structure of ZnO and the cubic structure of Cu2O. It was found that all the heterojunction films exhibit the growth of composed pyramids and corner grains with a homogenous distribution. The optical band-gap of the deposited ZnS buffer layers decreased from 3.46 eV to 3.35 eV with an increase of bath temperature from 75 °C to 90 °C. Moreover, the obtained results revealed that the thicknesses and the surface roughness of ZnS buffer layers increased when bath temperature increased. Mott-Schottky results of the heterojunctions indicate a p-type semiconductor behavior for the Cu2O, while it was observed an n-type semiconductor behavior for the ZnO and ZnS layers. As a result, the photocurrent response of Cu2O/ZnO heterojunctions with ZnS layer insertion was enhanced from 0.175 to 0.730 mA, which can be attributed to the reduced electron transfer resistance, enlarged photo-generated (e−/h+) carrier separation efficiency, and enhanced light absorption due to the presence of ZnS buffer layers. These results highlight the advantages of the bath temperature on the deposition of ZnS for photoelectrochemical and solar cells applications.

Experimental study of frosting characteristics of trace water vapor under cryogenic wind tunnel conditions

In cryogenic wind tunnels, the working fluid mixed with trace amounts of water vapor may form frost on the test model, which could affect the testing results. To investigate the frosting phenomenon under trace water condition, an experimental system is built for visualizing the frosting process on a cryogenic surface. The effects of variable factors on frost formation are analyzed focusing on the growth characteristics of frost layer. Under trace water and cryogenic surface conditions, the water vapor desublimates into crystals without obvious condensation. As the surface temperature increases from −183 ℃ to −123 ℃, the frost becomes thicker and more porous due to the thinner outer boundary layer. When the water vapor content rises from 30 ppm to 500 ppm, the frost morphology transforms from a flat layer to frost clumps with visible dendritic structure. Additionally, the decrease in nitrogen flow temperature and the increases in ambient pressure and surface roughness of the cryogenic surface are conducive to the development of the branches on the frost crystal, which accelerate the growth of the frost layer. Furthermore, a dimensionless correlation is proposed for predicting the frost thickness under cryogenic and trace water conditions, with an overall error within ±20 %.

Sequential fabrication of multiple Ge nanomembranes from a single wafer: Towards sustainable recycling of Ge substrates

Germanium (Ge) substrates are employed for III-V multijunction solar cells (MJSCs). However, due to limited availability and environmental impact, Ge is a critical raw material. Detachable Ge nanomembranes (NMs) are gaining attention to reduce Ge consumption through substrate reuse. The Porous germanium Efficient Epitaxial LayEr Release (PEELER) process enables Ge NM detachment and substrate reuse, reducing costs and Ge material consumption. In this work, we demonstrate the sequential production of three NMs from one parent substrate using the PEELER process, yielding monocrystalline NMs, with a surface suitable for further epitaxial growth of III-V layers (RMS < 3.2 nm). By avoiding the costly Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP), our approach enables a more economical and sustainable production of high-efficiency Ge-based solar cells, compared to the conventional production process.

Optimized grain growth for efficient solution-processed Bi-doped Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cells via spin-coated layers adjustment and two-step selenization

Crystallization growth occupies a crucially important role in terms of impacting the film microstructure and device characteristics of the kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cell. Previous studies frequently observed that the selenized CZTSSe film consists of a multiple-layer structure with a large-grained top layer and a fine-grained bottom layer. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed for adjusting spin-coated layers and conducting two-step selenization to promote the fine-grain layers growth of Bi-doped CZTSSe (CZTBiSSe) films for high-performance solar cells. This study systematically investigates the effects of spin-coated layers and the selenization process on growth kinetics of the CZTBiSSe films. By comparison, the optimal spin-coated layer can be identified as "7 + 3", the CZTBiSSe film has a bilayer large grain structure from up to down, which reduces the grain boundaries, thus reducing the charge recombination loss, and is more conducive to charge carrier transfer. Finally, a CZTBiSSe solar cell with the highest efficiency of 7.27 % was obtained, which increased by 36 % more than one prepared using traditional methods (5.34 %).

Electronic properties of ZrO2 films fabricated via atomic layer deposition on 4H-SiC and Si substrates

Being an important semiconductor material for high power applications, silicon carbide (SiC) faces the problems while used as a gate oxygen layer in traditional Si MOS devices. In view of this, an innovative approach was adopted in the present work to replace the conventional SiO2 with a high-k material (ZrO2) as the gate oxygen layer to investigate its effect on the electrical characteristics of the devices. In particular ZrO2 films were deposited on Si and SiC substrates by atomic layer deposition (ALD), and Al was used as the electrode. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) microregion scan revealed a highly flat surface with Rq < 1 nm after the ALD growth of ZrO2 layer. The sample surface analysis via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested the presence of a small amount of ZrOx components. According to the electron energy loss spectrum (EELS), the band gap width (Eg) of this ALD ZrO2 dielectric was 5.45 eV, which met the requirements for high-quality 4H-SiC-related MOS devices. The electrical properties of the samples were then studied, and the maximum breakdown voltage of the Al/ZrO2/SiC/Al MOS structure was obtained to be 23 V, i.e., nearly twice that of the Si substrate. As for the oxide layer, the interface defect density (Dit) near the conduction band of the Al/ZrO2/SiC/Al MOS structure was only 1012 eV−1 cm−2 orders of magnitude. The Neff value (the movable charge) of the structure was also controlled at 1012 cm−2. Therefore, the overall performance of the ZrO2/SiC structure in terms of electrical properties exceeded that of the ZrO2/Si structure and previously reported counterparts. In this respect, the ZrO2/SiC MOS capacitor structure has great research potential.

Epitaxial graphene growth on cubic silicon carbide on silicon with high temperature neutron reflectometry: an operando study.

The growth of graphene on silicon carbide on silicon offers a very attractive route towards novel wafer-scale photonic and electronic devices that are easy to fabricate and can be integrated in silicon manufacturing. Using a Ni/Cu catalyst for the epitaxial growth of graphene has been successful in the mitigation of the very defective nature of the underlying silicon carbide on silicon, leading to a consistent graphene coverage over large scales. A more detailed understanding of this growth mechanism is warranted in order to further optimise the catalyst composition, preferably via the use of operando characterization measurements. Here, we report in situ neutron reflectometry measurements of (Ni, Cu)/SiC films on silicon wafers, annealed from room temperature to 1100 °C, which initiates graphene formation at the buried (Ni, Cu)/SiC interface. Detailed modelling of the high temperature neutron reflectometry and corresponding scattering length density profiles yield insights into the distinct physical mechanisms within the different temperature regimes. The initially smooth solid metallic layers undergo intermixing and roughening transitions at relatively low temperatures below 500 °C, and then metal silicides begin to form above 600 °C from interfacial reactions with the SiC, releasing atomic carbon. At the highest temperature range of 600-1100 °C, the low neutron scattering length density at high temperature is consistent with a silicon-rich, liquid surface phase corresponding to molten nickel silicides and copper. This liquid catalyst layer promotes the liquid-phase epitaxial growth of a graphene layer by precipitating the excess carbon available at the SiC/metal interface.

Determination of the X-Auger electron spectroscopy evolution of indium in InSb by linear and nonlinear least squares approaches

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a major and valuable chemical analysis technique that can bring a wide range of information if one takes time to carefully interpret the spectra. In particular, many metrological developments deal with the modeling of photoelectron peaks while X-Auger transitions still remain hardly exploited. Here, an innovative approach examining these spectral features in a complementary way is presented and illustrated on a concrete case dealing with chemical changes of indium in the InSb semiconductor during its air aging. Indium contains an extensive range of photopeaks along the energy scale, meaning electrons emitted from different escape depths are present on the same widescan spectrum, and, thus, information from different depths is accessible. Specifically, this study focuses on indium’s X-Auger electron spectroscopy (X-AES) transitions and decomposition to track the outer surface chemistry evolution of the InSb semiconductor. To this end, we compared linear and nonlinear least-squares approaches to decompose In M4,5N4,5N4,5 X-AES transition and demonstrate oxide growth progression. For both approaches, we applied the vectorial method (also known as the informed amorphous sample model) to retrieve the different chemical environments present during air aging. Linear and nonlinear least-squares approaches were both found to yield comparable results, with a comparative error of less than 10%. Over time, a progressive growth of the oxide layer was demonstrated, ranging from 0.3 ± 0.2 to 2.9 ± 0.2 nm using the X-AES transitions. Additionally, decomposition of the In 3d and In 4d photoelectron peaks showed a lower thickness of oxide with time due to the lesser surface sensitivity of these peaks.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as a new anticancer molecular strategy in breast histology via Her2, IL33, EGFR, and MUC1.

The prevalence of breast cancer among patients in Indonesia is significant. Indonesian individuals maintain the belief that cancer cannot be cured alone by pharmaceuticals and treatment; herbal remedies must be used in conjunction. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, also known as Haramonting, is an indigenous Indonesian medicinal plant renowned for its copious antioxidant properties. The objective of study was to assess the impact of haramonting on breast cancer by examining the expression of various biomarker proteins associated with breast cancer. Haramonting was administered to breast cancer model mice at different doses over a period of 30days. Subsequently, blood and breast samples were obtained for immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Authors have discovered that there has been a notable rise in the proliferation of epithelial cells in the duct lobes, resulting in the formation of ducts and lobules. Additionally, the researchers discovered that the breasts exhibited distinct clinical and histological alterations. Haramonting possesses the capacity to restore the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to normal levels in the blood serum of rats afflicted with cancer. The histopathological analysis of the breast tissue revealed elevated levels of Her2, IL33, EGFR, and MUC1. The authors also discovered a notable increase in the growth of epithelial cells, with two or more layers of cells reaching towards the centre of the duct. The size of the epithelial cells exhibits variability; however, this state ameliorates with the administration of a dosage of 300mg/kgBW of this botanical specimen. This study proposes that Haramonting may be effective in treating breast cancer.

In situ growth of an active catalytic layer on commercial stainless steel via a hydrothermal-assisted corrosion process for efficient oxygen evolution reaction

Schematic diagrams of the preparation process of corrosion electrodes and the formation mechanism.