Growth Of Kidney Bean Research Articles

Alleviation of Salt-Inhibited Germination and Seedling Growth of Kidney Bean by Seed Priming and Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Salinity is a dominant obstacle to the proper germination of seeds, growth of seedlings, and, consequently, the production of crops. The priming of seeds with different treating agents can efficiently impart salinity tolerance. Kidney bean is a nutritious and popular vegetable crop in the world. Literature shows that salt stress negatively disturbs the germination and growth of kidney beans. In the present research, we investigated the potentiality of salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as priming and exogenous agents to alleviate the salinity-inhibited germination and growth of kidney beans. The seeds were pretreated with SA (1 mM and 2 mM) and H2O2 (0.1 mM and 0.15 mM) and soaked in normal tap water (hydro-priming) for 60 min. In addition, for the control experiment, untreated seeds were used. Finally, primed seeds were subjected to salt stress (150 mM NaCl). Our results exhibited that salt stress considerably lowered the percentage of germination (GP), germination index (GI), seed vigor index (SVI), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot–root fresh and dry biomass, and plant growth. The results also exhibited that salt stress significantly decreased the relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, lycopene, and beta-carotene contents. The SA- and H2O2- and hydro-priming stimulated the GP, GI, SL, RL, SVI, and seedling growth. Data also revealed that the supplementation of SA and H2O2 enhanced RWC and photosynthetic pigments. When compared to other treatments, pretreatment with 1 mM SA was determined to be comparatively more effective at imparting the salt tolerance of kidney beans. Overall, these results, via a heatmap and principal component analysis, uncovered that priming and exogenous applications of SA and H2O2 can improve salt tolerance and enhance germination and seedling characteristics of kidney beans.

Allelopathic Interactions of Parthenium hysterophorous with Kidney Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris

Allelopathy, an important mechanism in invasive species stems from the lack of coevolved tolerance of indigenous species to novel chemicals released by the invader species. These chemicals are key to successful invasive of species of natural plant communities and ecosystems. This study analyzed the allelopathic effects of the invasive plant, Parthenium hysterophorous on the growth of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). One hundred and fifty viable kidney bean seeds were washed in distilled water, and transferred in triplicates to pots with wet sterile sand. Ten grams of freshly collected Parthenium leaves and roots were weighed, grounded separately using a mortar and a pestle, mixed with 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker and left for 24 hours in a dark at a room temperature (250C). The aqueous extract filtrates were used in experimental treatments. While untreated (control) seeds germinated on day 4 seeds treated with leaf extract germinated on day 14 and day 9 for the root extract. Leaf extract inhibited germination and sprouting of new leaves more effectively than root extract. Leaves in control seeds appeared on day 1 after germination. In treated seeds, leaves appeared on the 4th day then stagnated until day 15 when more leaves sprouted. Root extract significantly depressed seed germination. The number of new leaves increased significantly in control seedlings compared to the treated ones. Combined root and leaf extracts highly significantly inhibited of seed germination and the number of new leaves. Additionally, combined treatment with root and leaf extracts significantly inhibited shoot growth, and the increase in leaf length and width. A comparison of the effectiveness of the root and leaf extracts showed that leaf extract was more effective in inhibiting shoot growth and leaf width than the root extract.

Effect of soil texture and its organic content on the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum (MIAU 145 C) in controlling Meloidogyne javanica and stimulating the growth of kidney beans

ABSTRACTThe efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum (MIAU 145 C) in promoting kidney bean (cv. Goli) growth in different soil texture (sandy loam, loam and clay loam) and organic matter content (0.5 and 2% of leaf litter) was assessed in a factorial experiment in the absence of Meloidogyne javanica. In another factorial experiment, the effect of soil texture, soil organic content and control measure (no control, 10 ml of T. harzianum containing 106 spore ml−1 and 2 mg ai cadusafos kg−1 soil) was determined on nematode-infected kidney bean’s growth, fungus controlling activity and M. javanica reproduction. Except for the shoot length, the fungus improved plant growth. Clay loam was not a proper soil type for the cultivation of kidney bean plants (even in the soil without nematode), but the plant grew better in sandy loam and loam soil. The presence of leaf litter in the soil enhanced plant growth, increased fungal efficiency and increased nematode reproduction. It seems that T. harzianum can activate the plant defence system in sandy loam soil. T. harzianum was more effective in sandy loam or loam soil containing 2% organic matter (leaf litter) and reduced the reproduction factor of the nematode in the tested soil textures equally to the chemical nematicide treatment.

Young children's construction of knowledge regardingthe growth of kidney beans

Young children's construction of knowledge regardingthe growth of kidney beans

Effect of K-type and Ca-type artificial zeolites applied to high sodic soil on the growth of plants different in salt tolerance

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of K-type and Ca-type artificial zeolites on the growth and water and element absorptions of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), maize (Zea mays L.) and beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in high sodic soil. Tottori sand dune soil, which was used as a control, was converted to high sodic soil mixed with salts. Each type of zeolite was mixed into the high sodic soil at rates of 0, 1, 2 and 5%. The results showed that kidney bean, tomato and maize died in high sodic soil 25–27 days after transplanting (DAT), whereas beet survived, although its growth was extremely suppressed at 26 DAT. The addition of Ca-type zeolite improved growth in all of the tested plants. Even 4 DAT the growth of beet was improved by recovery of water absorption, and growth of tomato was improved by recovery of Ca and K absorptions and cation balance, and restriction of Na absorption. Growth of kidney bean and maize improved at 11 or 13 DAT by recovery of water absorption and Ca and K absorptions. After 4 DAT, water absorption and P and K absorptions of beet were highly recovered compared with those of the other plants; beet growth improved to a large degree. The ameliorative effect of 5% Ca-type zeolite was lower than that of 2% in tomato, maize and beet because the excessive uptake of Ca restricted P transport from root to shoot, and high electrical conductivity of the soil solution restricted water uptake. Even 1% K-type zeolite addition suppressed growth of beet at 4 DAT, and the addition of 2% or 5% of K-type zeolite suppressed the growth of tomato and maize 11 or 13 DAT. Higher concentrations of HCO− 3 and CO2− 3, and pH of the soil solution of K-type zeolite treatments might inhibit water absorption by roots.

Complex toxic effects of Cd 2+, Zn 2+, and acid rain on growth of kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L)

Complex toxic effects of Cd 2+, Zn 2+, and acid rain on growth of kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L) were studied in a pot experiment by measurement of fresh weights of the plants, determination of surperoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the plant organs, and observation of injury symptoms. The experimental results demonstrated that all treatments of Cd 2+, Zn 2+, and/or acid rain significantly decreased fresh weights of kidney bean and caused toxic effects on growth of the plants, especially higher amounts of Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ and higher acidity of acid rain. Combination of these three pollutant factors resulted in more serious toxic effects than any single pollutant and than combinations of any two pollutants. SOD, POD, and MDA in the plant organs changed with different pollution levels, but MDA content in the leaves showed the best relationship between the pollution levels and toxic effects.

Effects of Charbureted Tofu Refuse (Okara) on the Soil Chemical and Physical Properties and the Growth of Kidney Bean

Effects of Charbureted Tofu Refuse (Okara) on the Soil Chemical and Physical Properties and the Growth of Kidney Bean

Effects of Winter Crops on the Density of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and the Growth of the Succeeding Kidney Beans.

The effects of winter crops on the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the growth of succeeding kidney beans were examined. When barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or peas (Pisum sativum L.) were grown in winter, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infection rate and the growth of succeeding kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were greater in comparison with bare ground. No difference was found in the arbuscular mycorrhizal infection rate of kidney beans between the inoculum preserved by barley and the new one inoculated at the sowing of kidney beans. No difference was found in the growth of kidney bean when arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated before barley or broad beans (Vicia faba L.) had grown or when arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated at the sowing of kidney beans. The winter weeds preserved a number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores. But the growth of kidney beans that had been grown after winter weeds was inferior to that of the kidney beans inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at sowing. In conclusion, when barley or broad beans were grown in winter, those inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were preserved, and the need for an inoculation of kidney beans with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the following year was not needed. However, the effect of winter weeds on preserving the density of arbuscular myccorrhizal fungi was lower than the effect of winter crops was.

The effect of support on the growth of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the differences in growth between climbing and vineless varieties

The effect of support on the growth of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the differences in growth between climbing and vineless varieties

Study on Utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Kidney Bean Cultivation-Effects of available phosphorus content on the infection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Arbuscular菌根菌をインゲンマメ栽培に利用するため, 品種「どじょう」と「セリーナ」を用いて, 土壌中の有効態リン含有量(ブレイ第2法にて測定)と菌根菌の関係ならびにインゲンマメの生育に対する菌株間の比較をおこなった. 得られた結果は, 以下の通りである. 播種時の有効態リン含有量が2.5 mg/100gになるとArbuscuIar菌根菌の感染が抑制され, 4.1 mg/100gではArbuscular菌根菌を接種してもインゲンマメの生育はあまりかわらなかった. このことから黒ボク土壌でインゲンマメ栽培にArbuscular菌根菌を利用するには, 播種時の有効態リン含有量が, 4.1 mg/100g以下であることが必要と思われた. 2種類のArbuscular菌根菌をインゲンマメに接種したところ, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus sp. (y) ともに接種胞子数が多くなるほどインゲンマメの生育はよくなかった. しかし, Gigaspora margarita と Glomus sp.(y)では, Glomus sp.(y) のほうが生育初期における感染率が高く, インゲンマメの生育もよかった. このことから, インゲンマメには Gigaspora margarita より Glomus sp.(y) のほうが, より有効な菌と思われた.

Response of kidney bean to concentration and chemical form of cadmium, zinc, and lead in polluted soils.

Seven soils which had been polluted with heavy metals from a zinc smelter were sequentially extracted so that Cd, Zn, and Pb could be partitioned into five operationally defined geochemical fractions: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. Kidney beans were planted in the soils to examine the effect of concentration and chemical form of the metals in soil on the growth and metal uptake of the plants. The growth of kidney bean was restricted in heavy metal polluted soils compared with controls. Metal concentration and metal uptake by plants were correlated. The highest relationship was found between amount of metal uptake and the metal concentration in exchangeable + carbonate forms. The uptake of metals was according to their solubility sequence, i.e. Cd > Zn > Pb. The uptake rate of exchangeable + carbonate forms was the same for the three elements.

Effect of industrial dairy processing effluent on soil and crop plants

The physico-chemical characteristics of Glaxo Laboratories (India) Ltd effluent (GLLE), and the effects of its discharge directly on fertile soil and indirectly on kidney bean Phaseolus aureus and pearl millet Pennisetum typhoides crops for 6 weeks, were evaluated. The GLLE was slightly alkaline and had high BOD and COD due to the presence of large amounts of solids. It was rich in bicarbonates and calcium. GLLE was found to be responsible for altering the chemical composition of the soil. Soil irrigated with GLLE showed an increase in pH, organic matter, calcium carbonate content, water-soluble salts, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, nitrogen and phosphorus. Potassium decreased, probably due to it being leached to the lower layers of the soil. The effects of undiluted effluent and of effluent diluted to 75%, 50% and 25%, using water irrigation as a control, on the germination and growth of kidney bean and pearl millet were monitored. The undiluted GLLE restricted the germination of kidney bean to some extent while that of pearl millet was enhanced. 100% GLLE retarded the height of plants of both crops whilst 25% effluent in kidney bean, and 75% effluent in pearl millet, enhanced it considerably.

施用窒素形態とそ菜の適応性

Twelve species of fruit vegetables were grown in solution culture in order to compare the growth and nitrogen assimilation between them, using NO3, NO3+NH4, NH4, NO3+NO2, and NO2 as nitrogen sources. The experiment consisted of 4 kinds of treatment conditions where 2 levels of nitrogen concn (2me/l designated as low-N and 12me/l as high-N) and 2 levels of solution pH (5 and 7) were combined. Plants were grown under different treatments for about 3 weeks.1. When plants were supplied with NO3, the growth of vegetables, in general, was better in high-N than in low-N regime, though kidney beans grew better in low-N than in high-N regime. In the NO3 treatment, solution pH exerted almost no effect on plant growth except for sweet corn which showed somewhat inhibited growth at pH 7.2. In general, fruit vegetables fertilized with NO3+NH4 grew well under any cultural conditions. Plant growth of the NO3+NH4 treatment was better than or almost equal to that of the NO3 treatment.3. Solution pH and nitrogen concn showed pronounced effects on growth of the plants cultured with NH4 as a nitrogen source, i.e., NH4 tended to reduce the plant growth markedly under high-N at pH 5, but not under low-N at pH 7. In comparison with NO3, the growth of kidney beans, tender soybeans, peas, tomatoes, and sweet peppers was inhibited with NH4, while the growth of sweet corn and strawberries was not. When plants were cultured with NH4, a relatively close relationship was observed between growth response and leaf NH4-N concn, i.e., the better the plant growth, the lower the NH4-N concn in leaves. In several fruit vegetables, growth responses of plants to NH4 seemed to have a relation with NH4-N/amide-N ratio or insoluble-N/total-N ratio of the leaves.4. In general, NH4 nutrition reduced leaf concn of K, Ca, and Mg as compared to NO3. Such reduction in concn of leaf basic elements was remarkable in sweet peppers, tomatoes, and watermelons, but only slight in sweet corn and strawberries.5. Growth responses of plants to NO3+NO2 and NO2 were severely affected by pH and nitrogen concn of nutrient solution, i.e., plant growth was inhibited more markedly at low pH and high N concn. However, the growth of some vegetables cultured under low-N of NO3+NO2 and under low-N of NO2 at pH 7 was comparable to that of NO3 plant. When cultured with solutions containing NO2, the growth of melones, eggplants, cucumbers, and sweet corn was relatively good, though the growth of kidney beans was markedly restricted. On the other hand, the growth of peas, tender soybeans, and tomatoes which were supplied with NO2 was good only under low-N at pH 7. Okra was the most sensitive to NO2 toxicity at pH 5, whereas at pH 7 this plant seemed to belong to a group of most NO2-tolerant vegetables. When plants were supplied with NO2, no significant interrelations were observed between growth responses and leaf concn of nitrogenous constituents and/or composition of inorganic elements in leaves.