Growth Of Kale Research Articles

The Perfect Match: Testing the Effect of Increasing Red and Blue Ratio on Baby-Leaf Kale Growth, Yield and Physiology

The Perfect Match: Testing the Effect of Increasing Red and Blue Ratio on Baby-Leaf Kale Growth, Yield and Physiology

Optimizing the Growth and Yield of Kale (Brassica oleracea Var. Acephala) by providing Eggshell Liquid Fertilizer and Water Hyacinth Bokashi

This study investigated the optimal concentration of liquid organic fertilizer from chicken eggshells and the effective dose of water hyacinth bokashi for enhancing kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala) growth and yield. Conducted in Bontomanai Village, Bungaya Subdistrict, Gowa Regency, the research utilized a factorial randomized block design with two factors: concentration of liquid fertilizer (0 ml, 100 ml/L, 300 ml/L) and bokashi dose (0 kg, 1 kg, 2 kg). The study included 9 treatment combinations, each replicated 3 times, resulting in 27 experimental units. Key parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight per plant, fresh weight per plot, consumable weight per plot, root weight per plot, and yield per hectare. Findings revealed that neither the interaction of liquid fertilizer concentration and bokashi dose nor their individual effects significantly influenced kale growth or yield. The concentration of 100 ml/L liquid fertilizer produced the highest number of leaves (23.29), fresh weight per plant (73.67 g), and yield per hectare (5.50 tons). The 2 kg/plot bokashi dose resulted in the highest number of leaves (23.81), fresh weight per plant (72.98 g), and yield per hectare (5.60 tons).

Pre-Harvest UV-A Supplementation in Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting Improves Growth, Photosynthesis, and Phytonutrients in Kale

UV-A (315–400 nm) is a component of solar radiation, which impacts plant physiology. Consequently, the impact was investigated of UV-A supplementation on various aspects of kale cultivation in a plant factory with artificial lighting. Three UV-A intensity treatments (5, 10, or 15 W/m2) were applied to kale plants for 5 days before harvesting. The results revealed that 5 or 10 W/m2 UV-A supplementation provided significant advantages for kale growth. The fresh weight of the kale shoots increased by over 35–50% after UV-A exposure. In particular, the 10 W/m2 UV-A exposure significantly improved the photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency, and quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Y(II)). In addition, the treatment with UV-A positively impacted changes in leaf spectral indices, resulting in decreases in the simple ratio index (SR), the normalized phaeophytinization index (NPQI), and the normalized difference red edge index (NDRE). Furthermore, the phytonutrients in kale (Vitamin C, soluble protein, and total phenolics) were enhanced using the 10 W/m2 UV-A treatment. One notable outcome was the consistent reduction in nitrate contents across all UV-A treatment intensities. Therefore, supplementing kale cultivation with UV-A radiation was a valuable strategy for enhancing kale yield and quality in plant factory production.

Evaluating the Impact of Controlled Ultraviolet Light Intensities on the Growth of Kale Using IoT-Based Systems

Incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) technology into indoor kale cultivation holds significant promise for revolutionizing organic farming methodologies. While numerous studies have investigated the impact of environmental factors on kale growth in IoT-based smart agricultural systems, such as temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels, indoor ultraviolet (UV) LED light’s operational efficiencies and advantages in organic farming still need to be explored. This study assessed the efficacy of 15 UV light-controlling indoor experiments in three distinct lighting groups: kale cultivated using conventional household LED lights, kale cultivated using specialized indoor UV lights designed for plant cultivation, and kale cultivated using hybrid household and LED grow lights. The real-time IoT-based monitoring of light, soil, humidity, and air conditions, as well as automated irrigation using a water droplet system, was employed throughout the experiment. The experimental setup for air conditioning maintained temperatures at a constant 26 degrees Celsius over the 45-day study period. The results revealed that a combination of daylight household lights and indoor 4000 K grow lights scored the highest, indicating optimal growth conditions. The second group exposed to warm white household and indoor grow red light exhibited slightly lower scores but larger leaf size than the third group grown under indoor grow red light, likely attributable to reduced light intensity or suboptimal nutrient levels. This study highlights the potential of indoor UV LED light farming to address challenges posed by urbanization and climate change, thereby contributing to efforts to mitigate agricultural carbon emissions and enhance food security in urban environments. This research contributes to positioning kale as a sustainable organic superfood by optimizing kale cultivation.

Determining Eastern Red Cedar Biochar Soilless Media Supplementation Rates for Potted Ornamental Kale and Chrysanthemum Production

The increasing demand for soilless media, sustainability issues with peatmoss, and increasing cost of peatmoss have prompted studies of more environmentally friendly and less expensive substitutes. Biochar, a lightweight black carbon material produced by the pyrolysis of biomass, has gained popularity as a soilless media supplement. The objective of this study was to evaluate Eastern red cedar (ERC) biochar as a supplement to soilless media for the production of chrysanthemum and ornamental kale. Treatments included ERC biochar produced at three different temperature ranges of 300 to 350 °C, 400 to 450 °C, and 500 to 550 °C that were applied at 25%, 50%, and 75% v/v plus a control (100% v/v of standard commercial mix). Additionally, ERC bark was applied at the same rate as biochar. The 300 to 350 °C and 400 to 450 °C temperature ranges increased the bulk density of the media, whereas total porosity was greatest with just bark. Regarding the physical properties of the media, in general, the 75% v/v supplementation rate of ERC bark or biochar at any temperature increased air porosity but decreased the water holding capacity, except for the water holding capacity at 500 to 550 °C. As the biochar production temperature increased, so did the pH and electrical conductivity (EC), whereas volatile matter decreased. Plant height, width, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number of flowers (chrysanthemum only), flower diameter, and water use efficiency were greatest with the 100% v/v soilless media for both species. In general, chrysanthemum plants grown with 25% v/v biochar supplementation or bark had similar height, width, and shoot dry weight at any temperature compared with those grown with the 100% v/v soilless media. For ornamental kale, the 25% v/v 400 to 450 °C biochar supplementation showed plant height and water use efficiency similar to those of the 100% v/v soilless media. In general, 25% ERC bark performed similar to 25% v/v and 50% v/v biochar at any temperature for plant width, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, water use efficiency, and root-to-shoot ratio. The media nutrient content and EC were greater with 100% v/v soilless media and a lower rate (25% v/v) of ERC bark and biochar than with higher rates. The higher levels of biochar were harmful and reduced the ornamental kale growth and quality. These results suggest that supplemented soilless media with lower rates (25% v/v) of ERC biochar could be recommended for chrysanthemum, but that less than 25% v/v may be necessary for ornamental kale.

Effects of Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Soil Health in Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) Cultivation

Biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a promising environmentally friendly soil enhancer and biostimulant, play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by influencing soil properties and plant growth. This research investigates the chemical properties of three biochar types [bamboo (BB-char), corn cob (CC-char), and coffee grounds (CG-char)] derived from different biomass sources and their impact on soil quality and Chinese kale growth. The results reveal significant differences in chemical properties among different types of biochar. Particularly, CG-char showed the greatest pH value and phosphorus content, with an average of 10.05 and 0.44%, respectively. On the other hand, CC-char had the highest potassium content, with an average of 2.16%. Incorporating biochar into degraded soil enhances soil structure, promoting porosity and improved texture, as evidenced by scanning electron microscope images revealing distinct porous structures. Soil chemistry analyses in treatment T2–T14 after a 42-day cultivation demonstrate the impact of biochar on pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and organic carbon levels in comparison to the control treatment (T1). Furthermore, the research assesses the impact of biochar on Chinese kale growth and photosynthetic pigments. Biochar additions, especially 5% BB-char with AMF, positively influence plant growth, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic pigment levels. Notably, lower biochar concentrations (5%) exhibit superior effects compared to higher concentrations (10%), emphasizing the importance of optimal biochar application rates. The study also delves into the total phenolic content in Chinese kale leaves, revealing that the synergistic effect of biochar and AMF enhances phenolic compound accumulation. The combination positively influences plant health, soil quality, and nutrient cycling mechanisms. Overall, the research indicates the multifaceted impact of biochar on soil and plant dynamics, emphasizing the need for tailored application strategies to optimize benefits in sustainable agriculture.

Biostimulants and Microbial Bioformulations

Agricultural biostimulants enhance crop performance through improved nutrient uptake and increased resilience. These substances positively influence plant metabolism, promoting superior photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. They also contribute to soil health. Parameters such as dry matter yield were closely examined to evaluate the performance of kale crops under the influence of the biostimulant, providing insights into its potential benefits within both conventional and regenerative farming contexts. These glasshouse trials were carried out in the Department of Botany at the University of Otago, along with field trials on Lake Hawea and Glen Dene Stations. Bacteria samples were prepared in the Centre for Innovation before being planted out onto the trials. Information for the report was gathered from several sources including journals, literature reviews, on field trials, and laboratory visits at the University of Otago. Embracing biostimulants aligns with sustainable agriculture, offering an eco-friendly approach. They complement traditional fertilizers, optimizing effectiveness, and fostering early plant development. Rye seeds coated with beneficial microbes represent an innovative application, promoting nutrient absorption, root development, and crop resilience. This technology aligns with eco-friendly farming. Field trials of kale cultivation, to evaluate a biostimulant impact on growth, yield, and stress resilience, guiding farmers in seamless integration for enhanced productivity sustainably. This report provides an insight into the uses of kelp biostimulants and microbial coatings for future farmers to integrate into sustainable farming practices.
 Biostimulants for Rye and Kale
 The research project involved planting rye and kale seeds in the glasshouse and introducing selected biostimulants to assess their impact. The study focused on evaluating the yield, specifically the dry matter, of both grass and kale. The goal was to understand how the application of specific biostimulants influenced the growth and productivity of rye and kale, with a particular emphasis on quantifying dry matter yield as a key outcome measure.
 Rye Seeds Coated with a Beneficial Bacteria
 This study explored the glasshouse cultivation of rye seeds coated with a beneficial microbe. This involved applying a microbial coating. The research aimed to investigate the impact of this coating on the growth and productivity of rye. The goal was to determine the efficacy of rye seeds coated with beneficial microbes (including their stability during storage) in enhancing the yield, offering a promising avenue for advancing modern agricultural practices.
 Kelp Biostimulant on Kale - Field Trial
 The field trial focused on the cultivation of kale on two distinct farms – one employing conventional practices and the other following regenerative farming methods. In this study, a biostimulant derived from kelp was introduced to assess its impact on kale growth and yield in both farming systems. The research aimed to compare and contrast the effects of the kelp-based biostimulant on two different agricultural approaches.
 Supervised by: Craig Bunt
 Scholarship Projects Funded by: Riddet Otago Scholarship, Kelp Blue, RAGT

Comparative study between nutrient-enriched zeolites and conventional fertilizers: effect on kale growth

Comparative study between nutrient-enriched zeolites and conventional fertilizers: effect on kale growth

Application of Portulaca oleracea L. Extract as a Biostimulant with Several Types of Solvents on The Growth of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. achepala)

Plant extracts are one biostimulant sources that have the potential to increase plant growth and yield. Portulaca contains secondary metabolites, macro and micronutrients, and amino acids, which have the potential as biostimulants. The research aims to determine the best type of solvent in the Portulaca extraction process as a biostimulant. The method used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments (aquadest, ethanol, and methanol) and nine replicates. The application of Portulaca extract extracted with several solvents significantly affected root length parameters of kale, with the most extended the root length of 15.80 cm. However, it did not have a significantly different effect on other parameters. Based on the proximate analysis, Portulaca extract extracted with ethanol solvent produces a protein content of 25.26%.

Smart Farm Solar Soil and Weather Real-time Monitoring System for Farmers

Most people in Thailand make most of their money from farming. But it's getting increasingly expensive as people move from rural to urban areas, where they can make more money in less time. There are many reasons for this. Greatly affecting the efficiency of vegetable crops. Both weed problems and inadequate care Therefore, in this research, a real-time soil, solar, and weather monitoring system was created for farmers to enable them to know the actual conditions of their crops and to calculate the correct watering and fertilization. It saves time in agriculture. From the research, the researcher has set up a program to monitor humidity, temperature, and pH. Then, put the equipment and the screen into the steel box so that it is easy to set up at the vegetable plot. Once the system is set up correctly, farmers can use their own cell phones to look at information about their vegetable plots. The experimental results found that using equipment to monitor the environment of the vegetable plots helped farmers spend less time caring for the plots. Also, the productivity of the vegetable plots that have been set up with this kind of system is good. The researchers tested it with farmers who grew kale. The cultivated kale yielded good yields similar to those of normal kale but took less time. We compared kale growth between kale grown in greenhouses and kale grown outdoors. The results showed that the overall increase in the first period was not different, and the later period of kale grown at the farm showed better growth. Keywords : Smart farm, Thailand agriculture, Monitoring System, Internet of Things, Smart devices.

The Effect of Gibberellin on Growth and Content of Bioactive Compounds of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Kale (Brassica oleraceae var. acephala) is a green leafy vegetable dubbed a "superfood" because of its high nutritional value that provide health benefits. Gibberellins (including GA3) are one of the growth regulators that play significant roles in plant growth and development, as well as metabolism. Although the effects of gibberellin on plant growth and development are well known, its impact on the level of kale’s biologically active compounds (total phenol and vitamin c content) has yet to be thoroughly investigated. This study aims to examine gibberellins' effects on the growth and content of biologically active compounds in kale. A completely randomized design (CRD) is used in this study, with four replications for each treatment. Gibberellin was sprayed on the entire plant at four different dose levels (0 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 200 ppm). The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%. This study found that increasing the concentration of GA3 to 100 ppm had the best effects on kale growth (leaf area and wet weight) and the content of bioactive compounds, specifically total phenol content and vitamin C content.

Budidaya Kangkung dan Ikan Lele Dengan Sistem Aquaponik di Kelurahan Tobekgodang

These kale and catfish plants can be developed into aquaponic cultivation. Aquaponics is the concept of developing a bio-integrated farming system, which is a series of technologies that combines aquaculture techniques and hydroponic farming techniques. Where fish farming waste is in the form of metabolic waste and leftover feed used as nutrients for plants. Thus, research can be carried out that aims to find out how to cultivate water spinach and catfish using an aquaponics system to take advantage of minimally sized vacant land. The methods applied in aquaponic cultivation are the manufacture of aquaponic growing media, aquaponics maintenance and care, and the process of harvesting kale. The resulting kale plants have different growths, ranging from plant height, number, width, and leaf color. One of the differences that occur in the growth of kale is caused by the nutrients obtained from catfish that do not meet the needs of kale. The height of the kale also affects the color of the leaves, which causes some of the kale leaves to turn yellow.

The Effect of Hydroponic Nutrient Sources and Planting Media Types on the Growth and Production of Chinese Kale (Brassica oleraceae L.)

Kale is prospective for cultivation because they have a good market. In order to get optimal plant output when growing kale in a hydroponic system, care must be taken to employ AB Mix nutrients and specific planting media types. This study aim at obtaining the right combination of AB Mix nutrients and types of growing media on the yield and growth of Kale plants, which were grown on substrates hydroponic. The study was organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design, with three replicates and factorial arrangement. The first factor was the source of nutrition AB Mix i.e. Infarm, Growrich, and Purie Garden. The second factor was the type of planting media, including husk charcoal, cocopeat, and a mixture of cocopeat and husk charcoal (1:1). Results revealed that the combination treatment of AB Mix nutrients and types of growing media was statistically different on the leaf area. The best combination was between charcoal and Infarm. The source of nutrition AB Mix significantly affected plant growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, and dry weight of root with Infarm was found to the best nutrient. The type of growing media did not significantly influence all the parameters observed. Interaction between the type of nutrient AB Mix and type of growing media on the leaf area parameter showed with the best result M2A2 (husk charcoal + Infarm) of 700,96 cm2 , but not significantly different from the other treatment. Keywords: AB Mix nutrient, Cocopeat, Husk charcoal, Kale

Growth, Phytochemicals, and Antioxidant Activity of Kale Grown under Different Nutrient-Solution Depths in Hydroponic

To explore the effect of different nutrient-solution depths on the growth and phytochemicals accumulation of kale, three different nutrient-solution depth treatments (De-1: 1 cm, De-2: 2 cm, and De-3: 3 cm) were applied in the plant factory with artificial lighting. The maximum levels of plant height, stem diameter, total leaf area, total root length, and root surface area as well as fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root were all noted in De-2 at 24 days after treatment. Low nutrient-solution depth treatments (De-1 and De-2) were beneficial for total chlorophyll accumulation and nutrient ions uptake (N, P, K, Ca, S, and Zn). However, there were no obvious differences in DPPH and FRAP as well as contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids. In high nutrient-solution depth treatment (De-3), the contents of carotenoid, soluble sugars, and vitamin C were higher than those in De-1 and De-2. The contents of total glucosinolates (GLs), aliphatic GLs, and indole GLs significantly increased in kale under De-3. Higher contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxalate oxidase (OXO), and proline were observed in kale roots under De-2 and De-3. Overall, 2 cm of nutrient-solution depth could be used to promote kale growth, and 3 cm may represent a potential approach for improving kale quality in a plant factory.

Aplikasi Ekstrak Portulaca oleracea L. sebagai Biostimulan pada Pertumbuhan Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var acephala)

Biostimulants are organic compounds which in small amounts can have a positive effect on plant growth. Plant extracts are a source of biostimulants which contain compounds such as secondary metabolites and other organic compounds that can enhance plant growth. Portulaca is a wild plant that contains secondary metabolites, amino acids, macro and micro nutrients which have the potential as a source of biostimulants. Kale is a vegetable from the Brassicaceae family which is known as a super food because of its health benefits. Efforts to improve the quality of Kale production need to be increased in line with public demand. This study aims to analyze the effect of giving several concentrations of Portulaca extract and its compatibility on Kale growth. The method used in this study was an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Some concentrations of Portulaca extract are as a treatment consisting of: A (0%); B (1.5%); C (3%); D (4.5%); and E (6%). The application of Portulaca extract had a significantly different effect on chlorophyll and total chlorophyll of Kale plants with the highest content of 0.822 and 1.462, but did not have a different effect on other growth parameters. Based on proximate analysis, increasing the concentration of Portulaca extract can increase the highest percentage of protein content, namely at a concentration of 6% by 23.75%.

Effects of Pre-Harvest Supplemental UV-A Light on Growth and Quality of Chinese Kale.

The effects of supplemental UV-A (385 nm) period and UV-A intensity for 5 days before harvest (DBH) on growth, antioxidants, antioxidant capacity, and glucosinolates contents in Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Bailey) were studied in plant factory. In the experiment of the UV-A period, three treatments were designed with 10 W·m-2 UV-A supplement, T1(5 DBH), T2 (10 DBH), and no supplemental UV-A as control. In the experiment of UV-A intensity, four treatments were designed with 5 DBH, control (0 W·m-2), 5 w (5 W·m-2), 10 w (10 W·m-2), and 15 w (15 W·m-2). The growth light is as follows: 250 μmol·m-2·s-1; red light: white light = 2:3; photoperiod: 12/12. The growth and quality of Chinese kale were improved by supplemental UV-A LED. The plant height, stem diameter, and biomass of Chinese kale were the highest in the 5 W·m-2 treatment for 5 DBH. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were only highly increased by 5 W·m-2 UV-A for 5 DBH, while there was no significant difference in the content of carotenoid among all treatments. The contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid were higher only under 10 DBH treatments than in control. The contents of total phenolic and total antioxidant capacity were the highest in 5 W·m-2 treatment for 5 DBH. There was a significant positive correlation between total phenolic content and DPPH and FRAP value. After 5 DBH treatments, the percentages and contents of total aliphatic glucosinolates, sinigrin (SIN), gluconapin (GNA), and glucobrassicanapin (GBN) were highly increased, while the percentages and contents of glucobrassicin (GBS), 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (4-MGBS), and Progoitrin (PRO) were significantly decreased, especially under 10 W·m-2 treatment. Our results show that UV-A LED supplements could improve the growth and quality of Chinese kale, and 5 W·m-2 UV-A LED with 5 DBH might be feasible for Chinese kale growth, and 10 W·m-2 UV-A LED with 5 DBH was better for aliphatic glucosinolates accumulation in Chinese kale.

PENGARUH PUPUK KANDANG AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KANGKUNG (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) DAN IKAN LELE (Clarias gariepinus) SECARA AKUAPONIK SERTA SUMBANGANNYA PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI SMA

The research aims to determine the effect of chicken manure fertilize on the growth of Kale plant (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with aquaponic. The research employed a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of P0 (0 g/l), P1 (0,25 g/l), P2 (0,50 g/l), P3 (0,75 g/l) and P4 (1 g/l). The data of the research were analyzed using the ANOVA test and advanced tests with Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed that the dose of chicken manure as much as 0.25 g/l (P1) gave the best results for the growth of water spinach and sangkuriang catfish. The average wet weight of shoots and roots of kale was 178.13 g and 32.69 g, respectively, while the dry weight of the shoots was 8.99 g, and the dry weight of the roots was 1.99 g. As for an average fish weight growth rate 105,82 grams and an average total length of fish 5,87 cm. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that chicken manure fertilizer gives a real effect on the growth of kale and catfish which is kept with aquaponic technique. The results of this research can be utilized on biology learning in class XII on basic competencies 3.1 and 4.1 about growth and development of living things that are donated in the form of teaching material in the form of student worksheets.

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on the Growth and Phytochemical Contents of “Red Russian” Kale (Brassica napus var. Pabularia)

Kale is a prominent leafy vegetable because of its high content of bioactive compounds and various health benefits. Microalgae have been suggested as a biostimulator that can replace chemical fertilizers by enhancing crop yield and supporting soil carbon sequestration. In this study, the effect of Chlorella vulgaris as a plant biostimulant on the growth and secondary metabolite contents of “Red Russian” kale (Brassica napus var. Pabularia) with green leaves and purple veins has been demonstrated. Three Chlorella treatments were used: CS, C. vulgaris suspension; CB, C. vulgaris biomass; and CFS, filtered C. vulgaris-free supernatant. The plant growth rates, phytochemical contents, and individual glucosinolate and anthocyanin contents were determined. There was no significant difference under the CS and CB treatments, while CFS negatively influenced on kale growth with 37% reduction of dried weight. In contrast, metabolite production differed according to Chlorella treatments. Total contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid were increased by 1.57 and 1.41 folds by CS treatment, whereas total contents of phenol and flavonoids were enhanced by 1.30 and 1.22 folds by CFS treatment. Totally, seven glucosinolates and four anthocyanins were characterized and quantified individually. Notably, CFS treatment increased gluconasturtiin and all anthocyanins the most, 10.28-fold and 5.90-fold, respectively.

Composition Analysis of Bokashi Organic Fertilizer from Fish Flour Fishery Waste

Dead fish after upwelling in Cirata Reservoir might cause environmental pollution if it is not well managed. A solution that can be used is utilizing the waste into bokashi organic fertilizer. The purpose of this research were to process fish wastes into bokashi organic fertilizer that meet standards of SNI, and to apply on kale growth. Research was divided into three stages. The first stage was production of fish meal from Cirata Reservoir fisheries waste. The second stage was production of bokashi organic fertilizer by mixing fish meal, rice bran and coconut dregs with fish meal concentration of 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%. The third stage was fertilizer application on kale. Bokashi organic fertilizer product had organic C of 13,98%-17,77%, N total of 3,23%-7,80%, C/N ratio of 1,69- 5,50, P total of 1,46%-2,90%, and K total of 0,92%-1,46%. In general, bokashi organic fertilizer product did not meet standard of SNI because C/N ratio was below the standard. Bokashi organic fertilizer with 30% fish meal combination resulted the highest kale growth (p < 0,05).

APLIKASI KOMBINASI PUPUK ORGANIK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KANGKUNG DI TANAH MARGINAL

The growth of kale is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, one of which is the level of soil fertility. Soil with less fertile conditions can cause plants to grow not optimally. This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of organic fertilizers on the growth of kale on marginal soils. This study used a randomized block design with a combination dose of organic fertilizer consisting of 5 levels of treatment, namely control (P0), 5 tons ha-1 (P1), 10 tons ha-1 (P2), 15 tons ha-1 (P3). ), and 20 tons ha-1 (P4). The variables observed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches and fresh weight. Observational data were analyzed for variance, which showed a significant effect followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the combination treatment of organic fertilizer had a significant effect on the growth of kale. The best combination treatment of organic fertilizer was obtained by treatment of cow dung + chicken at a dose of 20 tons ha-1 (P4) with an increase in fresh weight of kale by 87.49% compared to the control