Growth Of Gram-positive Bacteria Research Articles

Synthesis and Activity of Aurone and Indanone Derivatives.

Based on bioactive group splicing, classical bioisosterism, and the rule of alkene insertion, forty-eight aurone, and indanone derivatives were designed and synthesized. They were evaluated for inhibitory activity against C. albicans, E. coli, and S. aureus. Among them, thirty compounds exhibited moderate to excellent antibacterial activity. The maximum circle of inhibition was 18 mm (compounds B15, B16, and E7), and the minimum values of MIC and MBC were respectively 15.625 μM (compounds A5 and D2) and 62.5 μM (compounds A6, A8, and E7). The SAR showed that aurone and indanone derivatives could strongly inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. The introduction of electron-withdrawing groups or hydroxyl is beneficial to the activity. It was exciting that the 3-phenylallylbenzofuranone and 3-allylindanone skeletons with antimicrobial activity were first reported in this study. Compounds A5 and E7 were selected for molecular docking studies with targets MetRS (PBD: 7WPI) and PBP (PDB: 6C3K) to determine the binding interactions at the active site. On this basis, the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the compounds were predicted and analyzed. The influence of these properties on antimicrobial activity and their implications for subsequent work were discussed. The ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity) predictions showed that most of the compounds had good pharmacokinetic profiles and high safety profiles.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF LEILEM (Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.) ON GROWTH GRAM - POSITIVE BACTERIA Staphylococcus aureus strains ATCC 25923

Leaf leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae Teism. & Binn.) commonly used by the Minahasa as food and traditional medicine for treating intestinal worms, abdominal pain, and pain in the chest. Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strain is a type of bacteria that is found in humans and can be the cause of the emergence of the disease. This research aims to know the types of solvents are most effective and how the antibacterial activity of extracts of leaves of leilem on the growth of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus strains ATCC 25923. The solvent used is ethanol is polar, ethyl acetate which is semi polar, and n-heksan which is non polar. Preliminary research has been conducted on konsenterasi extract with 100 ppm 200 ppm 400 ppm and 800 ppm, the antibacterial activity of the most optimal at 800 ppm so the data will be used for the analysis in this study was konsenterasi 800 ppm. Deuteronomy was done by as much as 3 times. Positive control using antibiotics clindamicyn 400 ppm and negative controls using aquades and 10% DMSO. Isolation of bacteria using scratch in zig-zag and to test the antibacterial activity of using diffusion well in order. Results of the study showed that the percentage yield of solvent is ethanol that is 1,2329% in maceration 1:4. Drag the diameter of most bacteria are grown on ethyl acetate extract polar spring with a grade average of 12.6 mm. Based on the analysis of OneWay ANOVA showed different results for real then followed by Tukey test, to see that these three types of different extract significantly in inhibiting the growth of gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus strains ATCC 25923. In conclusion, namely the first ethanol is a solvent that is most effective in dissolving the leaves leilem, both of the antibacterial activity in sequence from the most minor to the most massive is the n-heksan (non-polar), ethanol (polar), and ethyl acetate (semi polar). The third conclusion in the optimum konsenterasi 800 ppm, extract n-heksan n-heksan (non-polar), ethanol (polar), and ethyl acetate (semi polar) showed antibacterial activity significantly different.

Antibacterial Assay Of Cyperus rotundus Rhizomes Against Gram Positive And Gram Negative Bacteria

Studies on antibacterial tests derived from natural ingredients were more intensively carried out. This was to reduce the side effects of using antibiotics related to the incidence of pathogenic bacteria. Nut grass tubers were one of the natural ingredients that are widely known for their benefits for human health. Nut grass tubers were also known to contain antibacterial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins and so on. This study aims to determine the potential of nut grass tuber extract as antibacterial of Gram positive and Gram negative. This study used a completely randomized design with the treatment of teki grass tuber extract with concentrations of 25%, 50% and 100%. Based on the research, it was known that the nut grass tubers were able to inhibit the growth of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in the category of weak to moderate ability. This study used the treatment of teki grass tuber extract with concentrations of 25%, 50% and 100%. Based on the research, it was found that the tuber of teki grass was able to inhibit the growth of Gram positive bacteria with the highest inhibition at 100% concentration of 5.53 mm and Gram negative with the highest inhibition at 100% concentration of 6.57 mm.

Microbiological surveillance of dialysis unit-prefogging verses postfogging in a tertiary care hospital: A cross-sectional study

: Haemodialysis is the most effective modality in treatment of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Patients undergoing the haemodialysis treatment are at a higher risk of acquiring systemic infections. : Microbiological surveillance of Dialysis Unit both prefogging and postfogging by air culture and swab culture.: This observational retrospective study was conducted at the department of Microbiology in a super speciality Post Graduate institute. The mean bacterial and fungal load and surface swab cultures pre and post fogging from the dialysis unit of the hospital were evaluated. Antibiotic resistance testing of isolates was performed by modified Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2017 and EUCAST guidelines. This study provides a comparative Microbiological surveillance of Dialysis Unit both prefogging and postfogging by Air culture and Swab cultures. : Total of 42 Air culture (21 pre and 21 postfogging) and 588 swab culture (294 pre and 294 post fogging) samples were received in the microbiology department and the mean bacterial and fungal load were evaluated and calculated. Prefogging results were within the normal limits and the load was futher reduced postfogging, according to standard guidelines. Aerobic culture and sensitivity of surface swab cultures were done, out of which 11 (32.34%) prefogging swab culture samples, showed single growth of gram positive bacteria that were reduced to no growth post fogging.

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of trigonostemone against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus.

In our present study, the hexane fraction from the root of the Thai medicinal plant Strophioblachia fimbricalyx Boerl. was purified and the purification led to the isolation of 3-acetylaleuritolic acid, trigonostemone and 3,6,9-trimethoxyphenanthropolone. The aims of this work are to evaluate antibacterial activity of these three isolated compounds from our local plant and to study their mechanism of actions toward target pathogenic bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria). The antibacterial activity of isolated compounds was primary screened by agar well diffusion method and the active compound was subjected to determine for MIC and MBC values by microdilution method. The kinetic study of the bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity time-kill experiment (24 h) and mechanism of action on cell morphology toward target bacteria detected by scanning electron microscope of the active compound were further evaluated. Results indicate that among the tested three compounds, trigonostemone was the only active one. It exhibited an inhibitory effect on the growth of Gram positive bacteria , methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) DMST 2933, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) DMST 20651 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 with the MIC/MBC values of 12.5/25.0, 6.25/6.25 and 6.25/6.25 mg/mL, respectively . Trigonostemone possessed time- and concentration-dependent bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus (MSSA) DMST 2933 and bactericidal activity against B. cereus ATCC 11778. It caused bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus (MSSA) DMST 2933 at the concentration of 2 × MIC by changing cell morphology and bactericidal activity against B. cereus ATCC 11778 at the concentration of 2 × MIC after 4 h by inducing cell size variations at the concentrations of 2 × MIC, respectively. This finding suggests that trigonostemone isolated from the root of S. fimbricalyx has a potential to be used as natural antibacterial compound against S. aureus (MSSA) DMST 2933 and B. cereus ATCC 11778 bacterial strains.

Treatment and Nursing Values of Cd(II) Complex with Photocatalytic Activity on Bacterial Infection by Inhibiting the Gram-Positive Bacteria Growth

Presented here is a trinuclear cluster-based Cd(II) compound, namely, {[(CH3)2NH2][Cd6K(bdc)6(btz)3(H2O)6]}n (1 H2bdc = terephthalic acid, Hbtz = 1H-benzotriazole), has been solvothermally prepared and structurally determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Notably, compound 1 shows excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of MV irradiated by UV light. In addition to this, the biological activity of the new compound on bacterial infection was evaluated, and the corresponding mechanism was also studied. The ELISA assay was used to evaluate the TNF-α and IL-1β released into plasma after compound treatment. Then, the relative expression levels of the bacterial survival gene were measured with real-time RT-PCR.

Statistical approach to reveal propolis as a potential biopreservative for fruit juices

This study was carried out to reveal the feasibility of propolis as a biopreservative for fruit juices. A statistical approach was used to analyze the previously published experimental data. Different pasteurization techniques including the use of propolis, thermal and non-thermal methods were considered in data collection. First order degradation kinetic model was used to determine the degradation rate of fruit juices based on the quality attributes such as ascorbic acid content (30 datasets), total plate count (35 datasets), pH (30 datasets) and antioxidant capacity (16 datasets). Propolis was found to inhibit the growth of bacteria effectively with the negative rate constant (-44,874.66 CFU/g/day), whereas the kinetic constants of other techniques were in positive values ranged from 7.75–9992.17 CFU/g/day. Propolis was also the most effective method to preserve the antioxidant capacity of juices with the lowest degradation rate (-0.0033 mg/g/day). Factor analysis revealed that the remarkable property of propolis was mainly contributed by its phenolics, and partly attributed to its flavonoids. The antibacterial property of propolis was more effective to inhibit the growth of gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) than gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). A weak correlation between antioxidant and antibacterial properties of propolis was also observed.

DECIPHERING THE PHARMACOLOGICAL INSIGHTS OF FRACTIONATED ELATOSTEMA PAPILLOSUM WED. AND HOLIGARNA LONGIFOLIA ROXB. THROUGH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES

The present research intended to explore the biological activities, namely acute toxicity test and hypoglycemic as well as in vitro anti-arthritic along with the antibacterial activity of crude methanol extracts with its different soluble fractions like petroleum ether (PESF), carbon tetrachloride (CTCSF), chloroform (CSF) and aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF) of Holigarna longifolia and Elatostema papillosum. Phytochemical screening was performed by established protocols. Acute toxicity and hypoglycemic effects were performed in experimental and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In vitro anti-arthritic and antibacterial activity were conducted by protein denaturation inhibitory and disc diffusion methods. It was observed that no rats exhibit any lethality types, which reveal the safety of plant fractionates. It was also seen that both plants' fractionates showed significant (p < 0.01) activity on hyperglycemia compared to standard. Upon investigation, it was observed that crude methanol and its CS fraction of E. papillosum and only CS fraction of H. longifolia significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited denaturation of bovine serum albumin protein compared to standard diclofenac sodium. Moreover, it was observed that crude methanol extract and its CS fraction of E. papillosum showed significant inhibitory action on all Gram-positive bacteria's growth. In contrast, the PES fraction highlighted an inhibitory zone of 26.7 and 24.7 mm, respectively, towards B. subtilis and S. aureus. This study provides some support to explain the traditional uses of H. longifolia and E. papillosum.

Calixarene coated gold nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic agent

In the current study, gold nanoparticles (AuC6NPs and AuC8NPs) were prepared through sodium borohydride reduction method by using Calix[6]rene and Calix[8]rene as a stabilizing agents. The synthesized AuNPs were screened for cytotoxic, phytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial activities. The fabricated AuNPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and FTIR spectroscopy. Antibacterial activities of the AuNPs were tested against E. coli and S. aureus. The AuC6NPs were found to be effective against the growth of gram positive bacteria and inhibited the growth of S. aureus. AuC6NPs interact with bacterial cell and damaged cell membrane. Roughness of the bacterial surface and membrane rupture can be clearly observed by AFM images. The AuNPs possess insignificant antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Moreover, AuC8NPs have significant phytotoxicity and moderate cytotoxicity.

THE GROWTH KINETICS OF Bacillus sp. D2.2 AT DIFFERENT pH AND SALINITY

Isolate D2.2 is a bacterial isolate with 97% homology level with Bacillus sp. This isolate is a biocontrol bacterium capable of inhibiting the growth of Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria. The use of biocontrol bacteria is one solution of disease problem in cultivation organism. Prior to being applied to the field, D2.2 isolates need to go through a series of tests, one of which is growth kinetics testing under various environmental conditions, such as different degrees of pH and salinity. This is because environmental factors can affect the rapid growth of bacteria. The purpose of this study was to study the bacterial growth kinetics of D2.2 at different pH and salinity. The growth kinetics was observed by measuring optical density (OD) through a method of turbidimetry using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 625 nm to the stage of death. The results showed that the fastest growth rate was found at 20 ppt salinity with 0.179 h-1 and generation time of 5,588 hours. While in all pH treatments, generation time and growth rates achieved all treatments have the same pattern.

Lysozyme from Chicken Egg White as an Antibacterial Agent

<p class="00-6Abstrak2Wtz">Lysozyme is one of the constituent proteins of chicken egg white that plays an important role in a protection system during the embryo growing process. Lysozyme protection systems can be applied in food and for health. This paper aims to describe the role of egg white lysozyme which has the antibacterial activity to improve food safety and health. Mechanism and activity of lysozyme protection can be explored by understanding the structure of proteins, type of amino acids, and the sequence of amino acids. The mechanism of lysozyme antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria occurs through its ability to breakdown the peptidoglycan glycosidic bonds in the bacterial cell wall membrane. The antibacterial activity of lysozyme can be increased when its normal lysozyme form was denatured/hydrolyzed through modifying the lysozyme structure by heat and enzymatic treatment. Heat treatment will reveal the active site of lysozyme after denaturation, leading to the destruction of the bacterial cell wall membrane. Enzymatic treatment through hydrolysis process of hydrolysis by protease enzymes will generate antibacterial peptides, which have the ability to inhibit the growth of Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria. Antibacterial lysozyme peptides and heat treated lysozyme are dominated by hydrophobic amino acids and positively charged to facilitate interaction between lysozyme and lipopolysaccharide which coats peptidoglycan. Antibacterial lysozyme peptide can be used as an antibiotic and a safe natural preservative compared to synthetic material and can reduce the risk of destructive bacteria and pathogenic bacteria. Lysozyme peptide is potential to protect human health since it has also other activities such as inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme, antihypertensive, antitumor, antioxidant, and antiviral agents.</p>

Electrospun ZnO Nanoparticles Doped Core–Sheath Nanofibers: Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties

Coaxial electrospinning technique was used to fabricate the core–sheath composite nanofibers of ZnO nanoparticle (Nps) (10%, 20% w/w) doped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (as sheath) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (as core). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were confirmed the weak forces arise between ZnO Nps, PMMA and PVA matrixes. The hexagonal (wurtzite) structure of ZnO Nps with ~ 30.8 nm of diameter was confirmed from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The morphology and microstructure of core–sheath composite nanofibers were confirmed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is clearly seen from the TEM images that the PMMA encapsulate the PVA core. Core–sheath composite nanofibers were assessed against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) bacteria through quantitative, disk diffusion and viable cell count methods. It was found that ZnO Nps doped core–sheath nanofibers were effectively inhibit the growth of gram positive bacteria, B. subtilis.

Isolasi dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Aktinomisetes Asal Tanah Gambut Riau

The aims of this study are to isolate actinomycetes from peat soil samples, to determine the ability of actinomycetes to inhibit the growth of Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negativebacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp.). A total of 14 actinomycetes strains were recovered from peat soil samples using pour plate method with Starch Casein Agar. The results showed that 11 isolates were active against B. subtilis, 8 isolates against S. aureus, 8 isolates were active against E. coli and 8 isolates againstPseudomonas sp. Two isolates (SM 1.3 and SM 1.6) were active against all bacterial targets.

Bacterial RNAP Inhibitors: Synthesis and Evaluation of Prodrugs of Aryl‐ureidothiophene‐carboxylic acids

AbstractRecently, aryl‐ureidothiophene carboxylates were shown to inhibit the RNA polymerase and reduce the growth of Gram positive bacteria. We now aimed to extend the efficacy spectrum and address presumed permeation deficiencies of these agents by applying different prodrug‐approaches. Chemical syntheses yielded 12 prodrugs of three different categories featuring neutral, cationic and FeIII ‐coordinating properties. Their promising characteristics regarding stabilities, enzyme‐activation and iron coordination performance encouraged their study in growth inhibition assays of different Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. These studies pointed to a positively charged, choline‐like motif being beneficial for these compounds especially for Gram‐negative bacterial cell growth inhibition.

Antimicrobial Activity of Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus) and Fungal (Trametes Gibbosa) Extracts from Mushrooms and Fungi of Egerton Main Campus, Njoro Kenya

Introduction: The emergence of drug resistance has caught the attention of scientist due to the risk of going back to the pre-antimicrobial era. Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial properties of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and fungal (Trametes gibbosa) metabolites. Method: The study involved isolating Erwinia spp and Ralstonia solanacearum from infected plants followed by subjecting the isolates and commercially acquired Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49617), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 49990), Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger (ATCC 1015), Fusarium oxysporum (ATCC 16608), Ustilago maydis (ATCC 14826), Microsporum gypseum (ATCC 15621) and Malassezia furfur (ATCC 14423) to antagonism by mushroom and fungal isolates. Results: The study revealed that mushroom and fungi metabolites inhibit growth of the tested pathogens. However, fungi metabolites did not inhibit growth of Gram positive bacteria. In addition, there was no significant difference in inhibition of the bacterial growth by mushroom extracts (F=1.92, P=0.09). However, there was significant growth inhibition of the bacteria by fungal extracts (F=12, P=0.00001). In addition, was no significant difference in bacterial growth inhibition between mushroom and fungal extracts (P=0.089). On antagonism of pathogenic fungi, there was no significant difference in growth inhibition of the fungi by mushroom extracts (F=1.44, P=0.24). Contrastingly, there was significant difference in growth inhibition of the fungal pathogens by the fungal extracts (F=2.88, P=0.025) and also in the inhibition of the fungal pathogens by mushroom and fungal extracts (0.0022). Conclusion: Mushrooms and fungi produce antimicrobial metabolites that can be exploited in treating diseases that affect man and his plants and animals. This study established that the extracted antifungal metabolites did not inhibit growth in gram positive bacteria. There is need to carry further study to establish the chemical composition of the antimicrobials.

Chitosan coated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite and their antibiofilm, antifungal and cytotoxic effects on murine macrophages

In the present study, chitosan coated Ag/ZnO (CS/Ag/ZnO) nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CS/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram positive (B. licheniformis and B. cereus) bacteria at 8 μg mL−1 compared to Gram negative (V. parahaemolyticus. and P. vulgaris) bacteria. CS/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite effectively inhibited the biofilm growth of Gram positive bacteria compared to Gram negative bacteria at 30 μg mL−1. The hydrophobicity index and EPS (extracellular polysaccharide) production of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria was decreased after treatment with 30 μg mL−1 of CS/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite. CS/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite showed effective control of fungal C. albicans biofilm (92%) at 50 μg mL−1. The inhibition of bacterial and fungal biofilms was clearly visualized under light and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CS/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite was observed to be non toxic to RAW264.7 murine macrophages and no changes in the morphology of macrophages was observed under phase contrast microscopy. The study concludes that CS/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite is the promising candidate to be used as biomaterial against bacterial and fungal infections without any toxicity risk.

Optimization conditions, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of clitopilus chalybescens

The aim of this work was to study the effect of media, temperature and pH on the mycelial growth of Clitopilus chalybescens strain MFLUCC 13–0809 collected from Lampang, Thailand. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities from the crude mycelial extracts were evaluated. The study indicated that the optimal medium, pH and temperature were observed on yeast extract agar (YEA) pH 5 to 7, and 20–29˚C, respectively. For antibacterial activities, crude extracts from mycelium slightly inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus), but no activities were observed on Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Antioxidant assay indicated that the crude extract had noticeable scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) radical. The results suggest that the crude extract from this mushroom mycelium deem to have a potential for further development on antibacterial and antioxidant applications.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of <i>Strychnos lucida</i> R. Br.

Background: Strychnos lucida R. Br. (Loganiaceae), a well-known indigenous medicine in Timor Leste, has been used for the treatment of ailments such as malaria, diarrhoea, fever, hypertension, cancer, diabetes mellitus and skin infections. Its pharmacological activity has never been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the biological activities of S. lucida, including antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities.Materials and methods: The stem, stem bark, twig and leaves of S. lucida were extracted by non-polar (hexane) and polar (ethyl acetate and methanol) solvents. Antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts against 29 microorganisms was evaluated using the agar dilution method and antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH and SOD assays. Anticancer activity was investigated against HepG2, HuCCA-1, A549 and MOLT-3 cell lines using the MTT and XTT assays.Results: It was found that the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of S. lucida selectively inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pyogenes) with MICs range of 32-128 μg/mL. Antioxidant activities, radical and superoxide scavenging properties, were observed for ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of S. lucida. Particularly, the ethyl acetate extracts selectively showed inhibitory activity against MOLT-3 cells. Notably, the plant extracts showed the relationship between antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities.Conclusion: The findings support the medicinal usage of S. lucida.Key words: Strychnos lucida; antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; anticancer activity

ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF STRYCHNOS LUCIDA R. BR.

Backgroud: Strychnos lucida R. Br. (Loganiaceae), a well-known indigenous medicine in Timor Leste, has been used for the treatment of ailments
 such as malaria, diarrhoea, fever, hypertension, cancer, diabetes mellitus and skin infections. Its pharmacological activity has never been reported.
 The aim of this study was to determine the biological activities of S. lucida, including antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities.
 Materials and methods: The stem, stem bark, twig and leaves of S. lucida were extracted by non-polar (hexane) and polar (ethyl acetate and
 methanol) solvents. Antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts against 29 microorganisms was evaluated using the agar dilution method and
 antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH and SOD assays. Anticancer activity was investigated against HepG2, HuCCA-1, A549 and
 MOLT-3 cell lines using the MTT and XTT assays.
 Results: It was found that the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of S. lucida selectively inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis
 ATCC 6633, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pyogenes) with MICs range of 32-128 g/mL. Antioxidant activities, radical and superoxide
 scavenging properties, were observed for ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of S. lucida. Particularly, the ethyl acetate extracts selectively showed
 inhibitory activity against MOLT-3 cells. Notably, the plant extracts showed the relationship between antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer
 activities.
 Conclusion: The findings support the medicinal usage of S. lucida.

Organic Acid Content and Antimicrobial Properties of Eleiodoxa conferta Extracts at Different Maturity Stages

Eleiodoxa conferta water extracts at different maturity stages were shown to contain three types of organic acid which are oxalic, ascorbic and malic acids by HPLC analysis. The content of oxalic acid concentration was the highest at young stage (1.33 gml-1) followed by mature stage (1.26 gml-1) and ripe stage at 1.23 gml-1. Malic acid content decreased during ripening from 1.38 gml-1 to 1.07 gml-1. The concentration of ascorbic acid remained constants during the fruit ripening. When antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against several bacteria it was observed that the activity decreased as the fruit ripen. Highest diameter of inhibition zone was recorded against Escherichia coli by the young fruit extract at 15.3 mm. MIC of 0.063 gml-1 exhibit by the young fruit extract was helpful in controlling the growth of Gram negative bacteria, E. coli. However, 0.063 gml-1 concentration of extract from mature fruit is shown to regulate the growth of Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococus aureus.