Growth In Britain Research Articles

Beşeri Sermaye ve Göç İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Ülke Ekonomileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

The concept of growth is used for countries with different income levels and shows the increase in national income. One of the factors that realize economic growth is human capital. Education and health are the essential elements that make up human capital. The negativities in education and health services make immigration attractive. The concept of migration, which is expressed as population movement, brings along socio-cultural and economic changes. One of the reasons for migration is the lack of health facilities. This is followed by the inadequacy of educational opportunities and social opportunities. In this study, the effect of migration on economic growth between 2010-2019 is investigated for France, Germany, England and the USA. In the study, education, health, number of immigrants and economic growth data were used to examine the effect of migration on economic growth. The relationship between the data used in the study was examined with the help of the SUR estimator, which is one of the Panel data methods. According to the results obtained from the SUR estimator, it is concluded that immigration has positive effects on economic growth in England. İn addition, it has been determined that immigration in Germany has a negative effect on the economy. Finally, according to the results of the study, it was determined that there is no relationship between immigration and economic growth in France and the USA.

From Ye Olde Stagnation to Modern Growth in England

From Ye Olde Stagnation to Modern Growth in England

The Baran Ratio, investment, and British economic growth and development

Investment in capital, new technology, and agricultural techniques has not been considered an endeavor worthwhile in a medieval economy because of a lack of strong property rights and no incentive on the part of lords and barons to lend money to or grant rights to peasant farmers. Therefore, the medieval economy and standards of living at that time often have been characterized as non-dynamic and static due to insufficient investment in innovative techniques and technology. Paul Baran’s concept of the economic surplus is applied to investment patterns during the late medieval, mercantile, and early capitalist stages of economic growth in England and the UK. This paper uses Zhun Xu’s Baran Ratio concept to try to develop general trends to demonstrate and reinforce other historical accounts of these times that a productive and sufficient level of public and private investment out of accumulated capital income, taxation, and rents does not have a real impact on economic per capita growth until around the 1600 s in Britain. This would also be about the time of capitalism’s ascent as the dominant economic system in England. Even then, dramatic increases in investment and economic growth do not appear until the late 18th Century when investment more consistently becomes more than one hundred percent of the level of the domestic economic surplus and takes in government spending. The types of investment, threshold amounts of investment out of profits and rents along with government spending seem to matter when it comes to a growth path raising GDP per capita and national income per capita to higher levels. Although much of this knowledge perhaps is embodied in current historical accounts, the Baran Ratio nicely summarizes and illustrates the importance of levels of investment to economic growth.

The Baran Ratio, Investment, and British Economic Growth and Development[enter Paper Title

Investment in capital, new technology, and agricultural techniques has not been considered an endeavor worthwhile in a medieval economy because of a lack of strong property rights and no incentive on the part of lords and barons to lend money to or grant rights to peasant farmers. Therefore, the medieval economy and standards of living at that time often have been characterized as non-dynamic and static due to insufficient investment in innovative techniques and technology. Paul Baran’s concept of the economic surplus is applied to investment patterns during the late medieval, mercantile, and early capitalist stages of economic growth in England and the UK. This paper uses Zhun Xu’s Baran Ratio concept to try to develop general trends to demonstrate and to reinforce other historical accounts of these times that a productive and sufficient level of public and private investment out of accumulated capital income, taxation, and rents does not have a real impact on economic per capita growth until around the 1600s in Britain. This would also be about the time of capitalism’s ascent as the dominant economic system in England. Even then, dramatic increases in investment and economic growth do not appear until the late 18th Century when investment more consistently becomes more than one hundred percent of the level of economic surplus and takes in government spending. The types of investment, threshold amounts of investment out of profits and rents along with government spending seem to matter when it comes to a growth path raising GDP per capita and national income per capita to higher levels. Although much of this knowledge perhaps is embodied in current historical accounts, the Baran Ratio nicely summarizes and illustrates the importance of levels of investment to economic growth.

When Did Growth Begin? New Estimates of Productivity Growth in England from 1250 to 1870

We provide new estimates of the evolution of productivity in England from 1250 to 1870. Real wages over this period were heavily influenced by plague-induced swings in the population. We develop and implement a new methodology for estimating productivity that accounts for these Malthusian dynamics. In the early part of our sample, we find that productivity growth was zero. Productivity growth began in 1600—almost a century before the Glorious Revolution. Post-1600 productivity growth had two phases: an initial phase of modest growth of 4% per decade between 1600 and 1810, followed by a rapid acceleration at the time of the Industrial Revolution to 18% per decade. Our evidence helps distinguish between theories of why growth began. In particular, our findings support the idea that broad-based economic change preceded the bourgeois institutional reforms of 17th century England and may have contributed to causing them. We also estimate the strength of Malthusian population forces on real wages. We find that these forces were sufficiently weak to be easily overwhelmed by post-1800 productivity growth.

The growth of manufacturing protection in 1920s Britain

AbstractPrior to the Import Duties Act of 1932, an assortment of legislation expanded the scope of manufacturing protection in Britain. This article assesses the magnitude of manufacturing protection before the Import Duties Act and finds that, in 1930, 9% of net manufacturing output occurred in a protected industry. In the late 1920s, protected industries exhibited above‐average growth in labour productivity. However, protection was disproportionately extended to newer manufacturing industries, which presented greater potential for productivity growth. This article concludes that protection did not enhance productivity growth in Britain's manufacturing industries in the late 1920s.

LE(a)P in the dark? Devolution, local skills strategies and inclusive growth in England

ABSTRACTA central challenge for local skills strategies is whether they can contribute to ‘inclusive growth’ including more and better jobs across a local economy. Skills strategies, it has been argued, must go beyond simply boosting skills supply and be integrated with policies that shape employer demand for, and utilisation of, skills, including economic development and business improvement. Among developed countries, this is particularly challenging for neo-liberal economies, with weakly regulated labour markets where many firms compete through low wages and low-skill job design. How much progress can be made locally is unclear. The article focuses on England, a highly centralised neo-liberal economy, with high levels of low-wage work and over-qualification. Since 2010, UK governments have promised to empower local communities to drive growth, reforming the infrastructure for sub-national economic development and localising elements of skills policy, as part of a devolution agenda for England set in the context of austerity. There are important questions around how local actors understand the ‘skills problem’ and whether they can evolve integrative approaches that might contribute to inclusive growth. Drawing upon qualitative research with local actors in the Midlands, the article explores their assumptive worlds in order to shed light on opportunities and constraints.

Trends in available beds per death in England

British Journal of Healthcare ManagementVol. 24, No. 7 Money MattersTrends in available beds per death in EnglandRodney JonesRodney JonesSearch for more papers by this authorRodney JonesPublished Online:2 Jul 2018https://doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2018.24.7.358AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Beeknoo N, Jones R. A simple method to forecast next years bed requirements: a pragmatic alternative to queuing theory. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 2016; 18(4): 1-20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMMR/2016/29518 Crossref, Google ScholarBone A, Gomes B, Etkind S, et al.. What is the impact of population ageing on the future provision of end-of-life care? Population-based projections of place of death. Palliative Med 2018; 32(2): 329-336. https://doi.org/httpa://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317734435. 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BJHCM 2017a; 23(10): 498–499. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2017.23.10.498 Google ScholarJones R. Government data on death rates do not tell a full story. BJHCM 2017b;23(8): 572-573. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2017.23.8.396 Google ScholarJones R. The link between seasonal death rates and workloads. BJHCM 2017c;23(9): 448–450. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2017.23.9.448 Google ScholarJones R. Volatility in emergency admissions per death. BJHCM 2017d; 23(11): 554-556. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2017.23.11.552 Google ScholarJones R. Periods of unexplained higher deaths and medical admissions have occurred previously – but were apparently ignored, misinterpreted or not investigated. Eur J Internal Medicine 2018a; 40: e18-e20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2017.11.004 Crossref, Google ScholarJones R. 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Deaths by single year of age tables. 2018b; https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/ (accessed 25 June 2018) Google ScholarPayne G, Laporte A, Deber R, Coyte P. Counting backward to health care's future: Using time-to-death modelling to identify changes in end-of-life morbidity and the impact of aging on health care expenditures. Milbank Quarterly 2007; 85(2):213–257. Crossref, Google ScholarRoyal College of Surgeons. Over 62,000 fewer operations performed this winter, following necessary cancellations. 8 March 2018. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/news-and-events/media-centre/press-releases/more-patients-wait-longer-for-elective-surgery/ (accessed 25 June 2018) Google ScholarStearns S, Norton E. Time to include time to death? The future of health care expenditure predictions. Health Econ 2004;13(4):315–327. Crossref, Google ScholarStenholm S, Kivimaki M, Jylha M et al.. Trajectories of self-rated health in the last 15 years of life by cause of death. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31(2):177-185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0071-0 Crossref, Google ScholarThorne J, Turner E, Hounsome L et al.. Validating the use of Hospital Episode Statistics data and comparison of costing methodologies for economic evaluation: an end-of-life case study from the Cluster randomised trial of PSA testing for Prostate cancer (CAP). BMJ Open 2016; 6: e011603.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011063. Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 July 2018Volume 24Issue 7ISSN (print): 1358-0574ISSN (online): 1759-7382 Metrics History Published online 2 July 2018 Published in print 2 July 2018 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Recovered possibilities: Moving the seats of empire from England and Spain to America

ABSTRACTDuring the 1760s, after decades of strong economic and population growth in Britain’s American colonies, the notion that the capital of the imperial state would move from London to some American city became increasingly common. A similar notion circulated in the Spanish world after Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808. Some foresaw that the seat of government, along with the royal family, would flee the French army in order to find an asylum in Spain’s American colonies as the Portuguese Braganzas had done in November 1807. Long after King Ferdinand VII was taken captive by Napoleon, a number of Spanish Americans invited the imprisoned monarch to come to their lands to reign his empire in safety. Both the English and the Spanish plans, of course, came to naught, which is likely why scholars have not paid them serious attention. Yet these discussions about the possible removal of the seat of government to America tell us much about popular understandings of the nature of imperial states during this period. They complicate traditional understandings about the primacy of imperial centers, understandings that have been nursed by teleological historical narratives that trace the emergence of the independent nation-state and have limited our abilities to acknowledge the existence of evidence that does not fit within those narratives. And although recent scholarship has argued that both the British and Spanish early modern imperial states were both highly decentralized, this scholarship has yet to account for the seemingly contradictory simultaneous persistence of imperial centers. This essay considers these issues by analyzing the discourse about moving the capital of the empire in the British and Spanish worlds during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Mortality, Marriage and Population Growth in England, 1550–1850. By Peter Razzell. London: Caliban Books, 2016. Pp. 135. £10, paper.

Mortality, Marriage and Population Growth in England, 1550–1850. By Peter Razzell. London: Caliban Books, 2016. Pp. 135. £10, paper.

Mortality, Marriage and Population Growth in England, 1550–1850

Mortality, Marriage and Population Growth in England, 1550–1850

Growth or stagnation? Farming in England, 1200–1800

AbstractEstimates of English income in Broadberry et al.’s British economic growth, 1270–1870 are founded upon a fourfold growth of farm output, and output per farm worker, over this interval. This article shows, using four separate tests, that farm output growth must have been much more limited. The tests are, first, whether in 1300 there was enough work at harvest to employ all the labour force; second, whether the value of output per worker in agriculture was greater than the annual earnings of workers; third, whether the implied relative outputs per acre of arable versus pasture were reasonable; and fourth, whether a much shorter medieval work year was possible. An alternative index of farm output consistent with the labour supply, wages, and farm rents is derived. This shows much less growth during the period 1270–1800. Overall economic growth in England during these years must consequently have been far less than Broadberry et al. estimate.

Peter Razzell , Mortality, marriage and population growth in England, 1550–1850 (London: Caliban Books, 2016). Pages 135. £10.00 paperback.

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PeterRazzell, Mortality, marriage and population growth in England, 1550–1850 (London: Caliban Books, 2016. Pp. 135. 53 tabs. ISBN 9780904573190 Pbk. £10)

The Economic History ReviewVolume 70, Issue 1 p. 332-333 BOOK REVIEW Peter Razzell, Mortality, marriage and population growth in England, 1550–1850 ( London: Caliban Books, 2016. Pp. 135. 53 tabs. ISBN 9780904573190 Pbk. £10) Andrew Hinde, Andrew Hinde University of SouthamptonSearch for more papers by this author Andrew Hinde, Andrew Hinde University of SouthamptonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 January 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12500Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume70, Issue1February 2017Pages 332-333 RelatedInformation

Sources of Labour Productivity Growth at Sector Level in Britain, 1998-2007: a Firm-Level Analysis

This article focuses on the sources of labour productivity at a disaggregated sector level using a range of methods for decomposition, including the dynamic Olley-Pakes decomposition method introduced by Melitz and Polanec (2015) which offers an alternative approach to the standard dynamic decomposition developed by Foster, Haltiwanger and Krizan (2001). Our findings indicate that at the firm level, entry and exit played a relatively minor role in improving labour productivity growth in Britain between 1998-2007, although this masks a great deal of variability in the performance of entrants and exitors . A much more significant contribution to labour productivity throughout the period was achieved through the market share growth of incumbent firms w ith above average productivity. The interpretation of findings is sensitive to underlying assumptions and the approach adopted.

Assessing Individual Income Growth

We develop methods for describing distributions of income growth across individuals and for comparing changes in growth distributions over time. The methods include graphical devices (‘income growth profiles’) and dominance conditions, and also summary indices, together with associated methods of estimation and inference. Taking an explicitly longitudinal perspective, our approach illuminates clearly who are the gainers and the losers, and also provides distributionally‐sensitive assessments—ones that allow the income growth for different individuals to be weighted differently. Our empirical application shows that the pattern of income growth in Britain over the period 1992–6 was less pro‐poor than that for 1998–2002, and not significantly different from the pattern for 2001–5.

Aligning vertical structures and horizontal relationships: collaborative leadership and accountability mechanisms to enhance economic growth in England

This article explores vertical and horizontal dimensions of the work of public, private and civic leaders involved in economic development in England, in particular, those working in the complex terrain of Local Enterprise Partnerships, a key partnership tool in the UK central government’s localism agenda for driving growth. It offers insights into innovative ways in which state, non-state and citizen agents navigate a complex set of vertical, legal authority structures within fragmented, horizontal and largely informal new ‘spaces’ of interactions/interrelationships to collaboratively co-produce strategies and plans for transforming local areas. To advance our knowledge of collaborative leadership requires new methodological approaches to investigating multi-accountabilities and how co-production works within ‘loosely coupled’ networks. It is imperative to appreciate the problems associated with leadership working across sectoral boundaries within complex networks of vertical, legal structures and horizontal, informal action spaces. In such networks, leaders, as institutional representatives, work collaboratively to achieve objectives not readily attainable by member organisations acting alone. They also need to compromise and negotiate their representative role back to a parent organisation while protecting and promoting the priorities, aims and interests of the new entity, in this case, a Local Enterprise Partnership. Theoretically, then, the article is located in recent debates on the theory and practice of New Public Governance, to show the inadequacies of New Public Management models for capturing the complexities between formal authority structures and fragmented informal sets of relationships. It also draws on accountability models, notably, from the Utrecht School, to identify social relations between collaborative leaders on Local Enterprise Partnerships, and to show how they assert agency and individual actions within the boundaries of participating institutions.Points for practitionersThe findings should benefit professionals, public managers and policymakers in understanding formal and informal linkages on partnerships for economic development. The article should facilitate an appreciation of the importance of greater accountability for actions in cross-boundary working. Moreover, in exploring vertical and horizontal dimensions of public, private and civic leadership in the complex terrain of Local Enterprise Partnerships, the findings show their feasibility as key vehicles to develop collaborative, co-produced strategies in transforming sub-national localities.

Standards, learning, and growth inBritain, 1901–2009

This article considers the model of voluntary, consensus based standardization as developed through theBritishStandardsInstitution (BSI) and its contribution to learning and productivity growth. It discusses the significant role played by professional engineers in the model's introduction, its extension at home, and its imitation overseas. It is argued that by 1931 theBSIcatalogue of standards represented a considerable stock of codified knowledge whose growth reflected underlying aggregate technological opportunities, assisting in their transformation into technological advance. To help validate this claim, a measure of the size of theBSIcatalogue of standards is incorporated into an econometric model of aggregate productivity growth in Britain. Findings show that the growth of the standards catalogue is associated with a substantial proportion of labour productivity growth over the period 1931–2009. Estimates relating to the short‐run dynamics involved are consistent with the idea that there are causal linkages running from standards to growth. When interpreting these findings, it is argued that the overall weight of historical evidence points to standardization—coordinated through theBSI—as providing an important path of learning for the British economy over the period considered.

How Did Britain Develop? Adaptive Social Systems and the Development of Nations

The economic development of the West is under examined in terms of lessons there may be for development strategies employed in the global South today. This article examines the emergence of sustained change in economic growth in Britain in the 19th century, in light of the normative poverty eradication strategies of today. The article focuses not so much on what happened in Britain and why, as on what did not happen during this period of rapid economic development. The purpose of this anachronistic examination is to search for helpful correctives to current poverty eradication thinking and practice. There are two major lessons. First, Britain’s experience of rapid economic growth suggests that social change is unpredictable and thus immune to today’s linear planning models. Second, Britain’s development is a story of changes in the individual and social identity of the British people themselves – the British people changed. A set of proposals in response to these findings is then described.

Book Review: Church Growth in Britain: 1980 to the Present, edited by David Goodhew

Book Review: Church Growth in Britain: 1980 to the Present, edited by David Goodhew