Study Of Growth Kinetics Research Articles

Growth and electronic structure of the nodal line semimetal in monolayer Cu2Si on Cu(111)

Cu2Si, a single-layer two-dimensional material with a honeycomb structure, has been proposed to have Dirac nodal line fermions. In this study, the synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SR-XPS, SR-UPS, and SR-ARPES) techniques were used to investigate the dynamic process of in situ deposition of single-layer Cu2Si on a Cu(111) crystal surface via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Cu2Si existed as a monolayer (ML) alloy, and there were competing mechanisms of distinct chemical states of silicon in different growth periods, according to a detailed examination of the experimental SR-XPS and SR-UPS spectra. Additionally, a weak interaction between the Cu2Si ML and Cu(111) was demonstrated via SR-ARPES and first-principles computations. The unique electronic structure of the Cu2Si ML was not destroyed by either this weak interaction or the disordered silicon produced on the surface during the growth process. The study of the Cu2Si growth kinetics provides a guarantee and a basis for the future exploration of the exotic properties of Cu2Si.

Controllably Constructing morphology and structure of potassium chloride crystal by green supersaturation modulation

Controllable and green construction of morphology and structure in potassium chloride (KCl) crystals is necessary in the fields of pharmaceuticals, catalysis, minerals, and jewels design. Here, the work presented a lucid way for preparing KCl crystal with various morphology including hopper-, sphere- and hollow cube-like structure through green supersaturation modulation. Parameters including stirring speed, cooling range, cooling rate, and excess inorganic composing ions influenced the growth kinetics of hopper KCl crystal as well as the surficial morphology and structure: (1) Metastable region and stable conditions were beneficial for uniform growth of crystal; (2) Small size of crystal particles were obtained with high shear force; (3) Corner angle of crystal would be abraded in slow cooling rate; (4) Non-uniform crystal appeared in improper cooling range condition; (5) Additional composing ions might introduce deformed structure according to the basic crystal repeating unit with corresponding elements. Based on the above study of growth kinetics, hopper-, sphere- and hollow cube-like crystal were obtained. The morphology and structure properties of various crystal were researched by three-dimensional visualization, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for optimized application such as higher exposing surface area of hopper-like crystal than original cubic crystal. The main exposed faces for smooth cubic, hollow cubic, and hopper structure exhibited were (200), (220), and (400) facet, respectively, which could be a consequence of the inner beveling. Surface of spherical structure was a circular arc with relative high roughness, being ascribed to the formation mechanism of spherical structure from cubic structure. Therefore, the work presented a strategy to controllably design KCl crystal with different structure and morphology in a green way.

Efficacy and Synergistic Potential of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. & Perry) Essential Oils to Control Food-Borne Pathogens in Fresh-Cut Fruits.

The presence of microbial pathogens in ready-to-eat produce represents a serious health problem. The antibacterial activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. & Perry) essential oils (EOs) was determined toward food-borne pathogens by agar disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. The growth kinetics of all strains, both in a buffer suspension assay and "on food" in artificially contaminated samples, were also investigated. The two EOs demonstrated a good antibacterial effect both alone and in combination (EO/EO). The use of EO/EO led to a synergistic antibacterial effect, also confirmed by the growth kinetics studies, where the EOs were active after 10 h of incubation (p < 0.0001) at significantly lower concentrations than those when alone. In the "on food" studies performed on artificially contaminated fruit samples stored at 4 °C for 8 days, the greatest killing activity was observed at the end of the trial (8 days) with a reduction of up to 7 log CFU/g compared to the control. These results confirm the good antibacterial activity of the EOs, which were more effective when used in combination. Data from the "on food" studies suggest cinnamon and clove essential oils, traditionally used in the food industry, as a possible natural alternative to chemical additives.

Study of grain growth kinetics of Zr-2.5%Nb alloy quenched from (α+β) and β-phase region

The Zr-2.5 %Nb is used as the Pressure Tube (PT) material in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) in both cold worked and stress relieved as well as heat treated condition. For the development of heat-treated pressure tube, process parameters need to be tuned to achieve optimum microstructure and texture. In microstructural aspect, prior β grain size is a very important factor in influencing the property of the material. Hence, the prior β grain growth kinetics of the Zr-2.5 %Nb alloy has been investigated by subjecting the material to different heat treatments. Different heat treatment temperatures have been chosen from (α+β) and β phase region. The β transus temperature was measured through dilatometry. Specimens were soaked for different time and the grain size were measured using optical metallography. The evolution of grain size with soaking temperature and time were analyzed to study the grain growth kinetics.

Tomato seed bio-priming with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAR: a study on plant growth parameters under sodium fluoride stress.

The primary goal of this experiment is to examine the effectiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAR as a rhizobacterium that promotes plant growth in mitigating the negative effects of fluoride-induced stress in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. A total of 16 rhizobacterial strains were tested for plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes, with isolates S1, S2, and S3 exhibiting different characteristics. Furthermore, growth kinetics studies revealed that these isolates were resilient to fluoride stress (10, 20, 40, and 80 ppm), with isolate S2 exhibiting notable resilience compared to the other two strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed isolate S2 as P. aeruginosa strain PAR. Physiological analyses demonstrated that P. aeruginosa strain PAR had a beneficial impact on plant properties under fluoride stress, comprising seed germination, root length, shoot height, relative water content, and leaf area, the strain also impacted the buildup of glycine betaine, soluble sugar, and proline, demonstrating its significance in enhancing plant stress tolerance. In P. aeruginosa strain PAR-treated plants, chlorophyll content increased while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased, indicating enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and less oxidative stress. The strain modified antioxidant enzyme action (catalase, ascorbate, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), which contributed to improved stress resilience. Mineral analysis revealed a decrease in sodium and fluoride concentrations while increasing magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and iron levels, emphasizing the strain's significance in nutrient management. Correlation and principal component analysis revealed extensive correlations between physiological and biochemical parameters, underscoring P. aeruginosa strain PAR's multifaceted impact on plant growth and stress response. This study offers valuable information on effectively utilizing PGPR, particularly P. aeruginosa strain PAR, in fluoride-contaminated soils for sustainable agriculture. It presents a promising biological strategy to enhance crop resilience and productivity.

Interfacial reactions between In and Ag during solid liquid interdiffusion process

Ag and In are increasingly being explored as interconnection materials for electronic packaging. However, a deep understanding of their interfacial reaction is still lacking. This study systematically investigated the interfacial reaction between molten In and an Ag substrate at temperatures from 200 °C to 300 °C in a 1–600s time scale. Ag9In4 was the only intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed during the reflow process. Three types of morphologies were observed during Ag9In4 growth: tiny grains, scalloped grains, and elongated grains. The scalloped grains were regarded as the typical morphology. These scalloped grains are separated by small grains of Ag9In4. A kinetic analysis indicated that the Ag9In4 grew with an inverse cubic dependence on time, following flux driven ripening mechanism. Specifically, ripening dominates growth at first, and grain boundary diffusion dominates growth subsequently. The existence of the small grains prompts Ag9In4 grain growth, because of an increased diffusion area and reduced diffusion distance. This research constitutes the detailed study of morphology evolution, growth kinetics, and growth mechanisms of Ag9In4 grains during the Ag-In solid-liquid interdiffusion process. The results provide insights and guidance for process optimization when using Ag and In as interconnection materials.

In situ study of growth kinetics of {1 0 0} and {1 1 0} crystal/melt interfaces during unidirectional solidification of silicon

The {100} and {110} solid/liquid interfaces of silicon are considered atomically rough, following the atom-by-atom growth mode during crystallization processes. However, observed differences in growth kinetics are not yet well understood. In this study, the growth behavior of {100} and {110} crystal/melt interfaces in silicon is studied. The growth velocity at different cooling rates is investigated for both growth orientations. Experimental results show that these growth velocities are similar, irrespective of the cooling rate. An analysis of the ratio of the kinetic coefficients of both orientations shows that they are comparable.

Characterization of lipases and preliminary purification of tributyrinesterases from lactic acid bacteria strains belonging to the Enterococcus and Lactococcus genera

The objective of this study is to characterize and attempt to purify lipolytic enzymes derived from strains of Enterococcus and Lactococcus genera isolated from various environments. For this purpose, ten strains of lactic acid bacteria were studied for their lipolytic and esterasic activities on an MRS (Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) medium containing natural and/or artificial lipid substrates. Among them, two strains: Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis and Lactococcus lactis subsp cremoris showed maximum extracellular lipolytic activity in the presence of 1% olive oil. It was observed that both strains exhibited higher lipolytic activity at pH 7 and 8, with an optimal temperature of 30 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Glucose was found to be the best carbon source for both tested strains. The study of growth kinetics and fatty acid production over time revealed that fatty acid production begins during the exponential phase and reaches its maximum during the stationary phase. The purification of tributyrinesterases was carried out on two strains of Enterococcus genus: Enterococcus feacium and Enterococcus durans through ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography allowed the estimation of the molecular weight of the tributyrinesterases as 32.09 kDa and 38.49 kDa for both strains, respectively.

Silver Nanoparticles Prepared Using Magnolia officinalis Are an Effective Antimicrobial Agent on Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared by plants are simple, eco-friendly, and economical. In this study, Magnolia officinalis (MO) extract was applied to synthesize MO@AgNPs. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrum analysis indicated a peak at 440nm. Most of the particles were spherical with sizes from 1 to approximately 60nm based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The zeta value of MO@AgNPs was - 36.5 ± 0.6mV, which was stable at 25°C and 4°C. Growth kinetic studies and the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method showed significant inhibitory activity on Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Escherichia coli (ATCC BAA-2340), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923); the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 3, 9, and 9μg/mL, and corresponding minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were 5, 11, and 9μg/mL, respectively. MO@AgNPs exhibited better antifungal activity compared to AgNPs prepared using sodium citrate. Further research revealed that MO@AgNPs increased the permeability of bacterial cell membranes. Moreover, the effect of MO@AgNPs on Candida albicans was significantly enhanced by blocking autophagy. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by MO@AgNPs in Candida albicans was limited and may be related to its good antioxidant activity. Finally, MO@AgNPs have no significant cytotoxicity to the human liver LO2 cell line under 20μg/mL.

Growth Kinetics of Autochthonous Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Double Cream Cheese as Potential Starter Culture

Currently, there is a permanent search for native Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) to explore and apply their biodiversity in the development and improvement of industrial processes, with studies of growth kinetics and performance factors being a fundamental tool for biotechnological use. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetic parameters of 12 autochthonous strains (Pediococcus pentosaceus (19), Leuconostoc citreum (20), Pediococcus acidilactici (21), Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Mesenteroides (22, 29), Enterococcus faecium (24, 25), Enterococcus faecalis (27), Weissella viridescens (28), Lactococcus lactis (30), Lacticaseibacillus casei (31) and Limosilactobacillus fermentum (32)) isolated from a traditional Colombian cheese Double Cream Cheese to obtain information that allows establishing the ideal conditions of the inoculum, standardizing the production of metabolites and exploring their use as starter cultures. Fermentation was carried out in UHT milk at 120 rpm and 35-37 °C until stationary phase, and samples were taken over time to determine pH and titratable acidity (TTA). Exponential and logistic models were used to fit the growth kinetics data. Validation of both models was carried out with the coefficient of determination R2, obtaining good consistency for both (R2 = 0.925 - R2 = 0.932), with slight variations in the kinetic parameters in all the strains. The genera Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and E. faecium (24) had the shortest adaptation phases (0-2 h), being P. acidilactici (21), Leu. mesenteroides (22), W. viridescens (28), and E. faecium (24) presented the lowest pH values and high acidity percentages, which shows their potential to be included in the native LAB starter culture and for technology and suitability aptitude studies to produce double cream cheese using pasteurized milk without losing the qualities of the original product.

Experimental studies of crack growth kinetics and bearing capacity of steel pipes of underground water distribution systems

It was established that the value of the critical stress SK for all experimental steels increases with the increase in the service life, and the impact viscosity decreases, which indicates the structural embrittlement of the pipe steels associated with their sudden flooding. It is shown that the new 20 FA steel has the highest visco-plastic properties and resistance to brittle fracture, which is economically modified with a carbide-forming element (vanadium) and has a fine-grained structure and a low conten to fharm fulimpurities (sulfur, phosphorus). The microstrain of the α-Fe crystallattice, as well as the quantitative decay of cementite andt here distribution of carbon between ferrite and pearlite, were estimated by X-ray diffraction methods. The new steel grade 10FA is recommended for use in the construction of oil and gas pipelines and, for example, bridge structures, which are constantly under cyclic loads with simultaneous contact with a corrosive and aggressive environment. For the first time, the influence of thes ervice life of oil pipelines on the hydrogen content and microcracks in pipe steels of oil pipelines was determined.

Generation and characterization of chimeric Tembusu viruses containing pre-membrane and envelope genes of Japanese encephalitis virus.

Since its outbreak in 2010, Tembusu virus (TMUV) has spread widely throughout China and Southeast Asia, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. In 2018, an attenuated vaccine called FX2010-180P (180P) was licensed for use in China. The 180P vaccine has demonstrated its immunogenicity and safety in mice and ducks. The potential use of 180P as a backbone for flavivirus vaccine development was explored by replacing the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes of the 180P vaccine strain with those of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Two chimeric viruses, 180P/JEV-prM-E and 180P/JEV-prM-ES156P with an additional E protein S156P mutation were successfully rescued and characterized. Growth kinetics studies showed that the two chimeric viruses replicated to similar titers as the parental 180P virus in cells. Animal studies also revealed that the virulence and neuroinvasiveness of the 180P/JEV-prM-E chimeric virus was decreased in mice inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) and intranasally (i.n.), respectively, compared to the wild-type JEV strain. However, the chimeric 180P/JEV-prM-E virus was still more virulent than the parent 180P vaccine in mice. Additionally, the introduction of a single ES156P mutation in the chimeric virus 180P/JEV-prM-ES156P further attenuated the virus, which provided complete protection against challenge with a virulent JEV strain in the mouse model. These results indicated that the FX2010-180P could be used as a promising backbone for flavivirus vaccine development.

Understanding the impact of bioactive coating materials for human mesenchymal stromal cells and implications for manufacturing

Bioactive materials interact with cells and modulate their characteristics which enable the generation of cell-based products with desired specifications. However, their evaluation and impact are often overlooked when establishing a cell therapy manufacturing process. In this study, we investigated the role of different surfaces for tissue culture including, untreated polystyrene surface, uncoated Cyclic Olefin Polymer (COP) and COP coated with collagen and recombinant fibronectin. It was observed that human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) expanded on COP-coated plates with different bioactive materials resulted in improved cell growth kinetics compared to traditional polystyrene plates and non-coated COP plates. The doubling time obtained was 2.78 and 3.02 days for hMSC seeded in COP plates coated with collagen type I and recombinant fibronectin respectively, and 4.64 days for cells plated in standard polystyrene treated plates. Metabolite analysis reinforced the findings of the growth kinetic studies, specifically that cells cultured on COP plates coated with collagen I and fibronectin exhibited improved growth as evidenced by a higher lactate production rate (9.38 × 105 and 9.67 × 105 pmol/cell/day, respectively) compared to cells from the polystyrene group (5.86 × 105 pmol/cell/day). This study demonstrated that COP is an effective alternative to polystyrene-treated plates when coated with bioactive materials such as collagen and fibronectin, however COP-treated plates without additional coatings were found not to be sufficient to support cell growth. These findings demonstrate the key role biomaterials play in the cell manufacturing process and the importance of optimising this selection.

Molecular characterization suggests kinetic modulation of expression of accessory viral protein, W, in Newcastle disease virus infected DF1 cells.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-023-00813-2.

Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s Theory

The Crofer 22 APU alloy is a frequently used metallic material to manufacture interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells. However, the formation and evaporation of Cr2O3 not only increases the electrical resistance but also leads to the Cr-related degradation over the service time. In order to investigate the growth kinetics of Cr-oxide, i.e., Cr2O3, the multi-phase field model coupled with reliable CALPHAD databases is employed. The phase field simulation results are benchmarked with the predictions of Wagner’s theory. Moreover, we evidence the influence of the temperature and Cr concentration on the ferritic matrix phase and the oxygen concentration at the Cr2O3/gas interface on the growth kinetics of Cr-oxide, paving the way for further investigations of Cr-related solid oxide fuel cell degradation processes.

The study of hydroxyapatite growth kinetics on CP – Ti and Ti65Zr treated by Plasma electrolytic oxidation process

The kinetics of hydroxyapatite growth on titanium alloys (CP–Ti and Ti65Zr) was studied. Specimens were treated by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) and immersed into the Hanks' solution. The PEO method was performed at AC mode with the current density of 4 A/dm2 in an electrolyte containing calcium acetate and calcium glycerophosphate, allowing the inclusion of calcium and phosphorus in the obtained oxide layer, which promotes the osseointegration when applied to bone tissue. The treated specimens were immersed in the Hanks’ solution with different exposure times, followed by studying changes in morphology, chemical, and phase composition. In addition, the surface wettability was tested, and the corrosion behavior of the treated samples was investigated. Tiny HA crystals can be seen on the surface of CP-Ti samples treated by PEO for 5 and 30 min. The morphology with a distinct layer of HA was obtained for the Ti65Zr sample after 5 min of PEO treatment. As for the immersion times, the highest crystal growth velocity was observed for the Ti65Zr of 5 min of PEO and 14 days of immersion. The change in morphology and EIS analysis confirms the observed behavior. Finally, based on the XRD analysis for the Ti65Zr of 5 min PEO treatment samples, the Srilankite phase in an amount of 60% is responsible for the crystal growth, resulting in the best crystal growth velocity and good corrosion properties (Rp = 0.732 MΩ cm2).

Central carbon metabolite profiling reveals vector-associated differences in the recombinant protein production host Escherichia coli BL21

The Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli is the most widely used host for recombinant protein production, both as an industrial expression platform and as a model system at laboratory scale. The recombinant protein production industry generates proteins with direct applications as biopharmaceuticals and in technological processes central to a plethora of fields. Despite the increasing economic significance of recombinant protein production, and the importance of E. coli as an expression platform and model organism, only few studies have focused on the central carbon metabolic landscape of E. coli during high-level recombinant protein production. In the present work, we applied four targeted CapIC- and LC-MS/MS methods, covering over 60 metabolites, to perform an in-depth metabolite profiling of the effects of high-level recombinant protein production in strains derived from E. coli BL21, carrying XylS/Pm vectors with different characteristics. The mass-spectrometric central carbon metabolite profiling was complemented with the study of growth kinetics and protein production in batch bioreactors. Our work shows the robustness in E. coli central carbon metabolism when introducing increased plasmid copy number, as well as the greater importance of induction of recombinant protein production as a metabolic challenge, especially when strong promoters are used.

SARS-CoV-2 molecular epidemiology in Slovenia, January to September 2021.

BackgroundSequencing of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive samples was introduced in Slovenia in January 2021. Our surveillance programme comprised three complementary schemes: (A) non-targeted sequencing of at least 10% of samples, (B) sequencing of samples positive after PCR screening for variants of concern (VOC) and (C) sequencing as per epidemiological indication.AimWe present the analysis of cumulative data of the non-targeted surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and variant-dependent growth kinetics for the five most common variants in Slovenia for the first 9 months of 2021.MethodsSARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive samples, from January to September 2021, were selected for sequencing according to the national surveillance plan. Growth kinetics studies were done on Vero E6 cells.ResultsAltogether 15,175 genomes were sequenced and 64 variants were detected, of which three successively prevailed. Variant B.1.258.17 was detected in ca 80% of samples in January and was replaced, within 9 weeks, by the Alpha variant. The number of cases decreased substantially during the summer of 2021. However, the introduction of the Delta variant caused a fourth wave and completely outcompeted other variants. Other VOC were only detected in small numbers. Infection of Vero E6 cells showed higher replication rates for the variants Alpha and Delta, compared with B.1.258.17, B.1.258, and B.1.1.70, which dominated in Slovenia before the introduction of the Alpha and Delta variants.ConclusionInformation on SARS-CoV-2 variant diversity provided context to the epidemiological data of PCR-positive cases, contributed to control of the initial spread of known VOC and influenced epidemiological measures.

Optimization of medium compositions and functional characteristics of exopolysaccharide from Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 824

Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 824 can produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) as non-toxic biomaterials that is safe for plant and soil health. The cells of P. polymxya ATCC 842 known as a good plant growth promoting bacteria. Unfortunately EPS as biopolymers that contributed to soil health. Nowadays, it's showing interest in the production, characterization, and application of EPS derived from various microorganisms. Because of their unique structures, plant growth-promoting bacteria polysaccharides have unique properties and applications in agriculture. This work aims to develop production medium for high cell mass cultivation of P. polymxya ATCC 842 co-currently fort production of EPS. The main medium component such as sucrose, yeast extract and K2HPO4 were selected as variables and statistically optimized based on Box-Behnken design in shake flask levels. The optimal medium composition by RSM composed of (g/L): sucrose, 30; yeast extract, 30; K2HPO4, 5.72; NH2NO4, 5; KH2PO4, 1.9 and MgSO4, 0.5. The growth in the optimized medium showing the cell mass was increased 20.36 g L −1 about 7.51-fold higher co-currently increased EPS production about 6.71-fold higher (16.46 gL −1)than the unoptimized medium after 36 h of cultivation. The model was significant and subsequently validated through the growth kinetics studies showing that the optimized medium have better growth of P. polymyxa ATCC 842 with a specific growth rate of 1.397 h −1 and EPS productivity about 0.68gL −1 h −1. Furthermore, HPLC analysis showing that EPS is composed monomer of fructose and glucose. Meanwhile, FTIR analysis showed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl groups, and glycosidic linkages which showed the composition of the polysaccharide bound by α-(1 → 6). The SEM analysis showed EPS appears as a homogenous spherical with irregular porosity for high water holding capacity of the soil. Based on these findings, EPS produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa has a variety of useful properties that make it suitable for use in agriculture.

Synthesis of large 2D oxide nanosheets by virtual substrate method and growth-kinetics studies using prototype CuO/MgO

We present a novel virtual substrate method for large metal oxide nanosheets synthesis. Ashless filter paper was used as the novel virtual substrate and combustive oxidation was used as the synthesis route. CuO/MgO with different proportion in the final produce were selected as model prototype materials to study synthesis kinetics. Aqueous soluble acetate precursors were utilized, and the products were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The selection of these prototypes was based on their contrasting crystallographic properties and contrasting physico-chemical properties of the respective acetate precursors. This method yields polycrystalline (grain size tens of nm) nanosheets with a thickness of ∼3 nm, which percolate to form centimeter-long freestanding structures. Our synthesis kinetics model establishes that in case of mixed precursor, the precursor with higher solubility/aqueous affinity gets precedence in attaining sheet morphology. In the case of a single precursor, nanosheets were always formed. The growth kinetics for the metal oxide nanosheets is discussed.