Growth Of Self-employment Research Articles

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN DUTCH VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING: POLICY APPROACH

The paper is devoted to the analyses of policy approach to introduction of publicprivate partnerships in the Dutch vocational education and training system. The gradual development of public-private partnerships is highlighted in historical retrospect. The policy approaches of the Dutch government for the implementation and development of various forms of public-private partnerships in the field of professional and higher education are determined. Thecentres of PPPs and peculiarities of their functioning are characterized. It has been found that the government has a crucial role in implementing policies for PPPs statement and development. It was found out that governments should introduce new and innovative governance models to tackle countless implementation issues, partly redefining the relationship between the government and executive actors, and moving from a principal-agent towards network model. It was concluded that PPPs are able to improve skills and knowledge of the workforce while accommodating today’s rapid pace of innovation in technology and society (digitalization, growth in self-employment, etc.). It becomes evident that cooperation between public and private partners is increasing in need especially in condition of rapid developments and changes in technology and society.

A Case Study on Implementation and Growth of the Self- Employment Among Men and Women in India

The article mentions an aspect of gender equality through offering employment to both men and women. Self-employment is the key to gender equality that helps to improve the financial condition of the nation. In the past, women in India have faced financial issues due to gender discrimination. Along with that, this research study has discussed the implementation and growth of self-employment among men and women in India. In the nation self-employment has helped to increase the financial profit of the organization. Along with that, the Indian government has taken different schemes that help to increase self-employment rate that help to improve social structure in India. Keyword :Self-employment, Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM, Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)

Immigration Policy and the Rise of Self-Employment among Mexican Immigrants

The recent dramatic growth in self-employment among Mexican immigrants in the United States in the past two decades is a puzzling trend, in stark contrast to the stagnant growth or even decline among other demographic groups. The authors propose that the expansion of interior immigration enforcement, a characteristic of the US immigration policy during that time span, contributed to this unique trend by pushing Mexican immigrants into self-employment as an alternative livelihood. Exploiting temporal and geographic variation in immigration enforcement measures from 2005 to 2017, the authors show that tougher enforcement has been responsible for approximately 15% of the rise in Mexican self-employment in the United States.

АНАЛIЗ ЕКOНOМIКO-СТАТИСТИЧНИХ ПOКАЗНИКIВ РOЗВИТКУ ПIДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНI

The purpose of the article is to statistically assess the internal indicators of small business and analytical confirmation of the identified trends in their development to ensure the objectivity of information flows on the state and role of small business in the economy of Ukraine. A modern feature of the development of entrepreneurship in the economy of Ukraine is the growth of self-employment and mass labor migration. According to the results of the static assessment, it was found that the receipt of foreign currency in the form of remittances of labor migrants became a source of formation of the foreign exchange market, as their size is 30% of revenues from exports of goods from Ukraine. However, the amount of economic losses in the economy of Ukraine due to labor migration is much higher than foreign exchange earnings and is 6 % of total sales (goods and services) in Ukraine. Small business accumulated 48 % of the total number of employees in the economy of Ukraine, which turned it into a powerful politically and socially influential formation. The economic capacity of the small business remains traditionally low. In the structure of the country's economy, small enterprises (80 % of the total number of enterprises) bring only 19 % of income to the economy. The burden of the single tax for small enterprises is identical to the burden of paying income tax on medium-sized enterprises, which indicates relatively equal tax conditions for small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine. Responsibility and autonomy of enterprises for the development and management decisions is growing extremely nowadays, what should provide further effectiveness of their activities. Ensure effective management is possible only through a comprehensive analysis and diagnostics business enterprise that meets modern requirements of economic development. The competitive situation in which today must engage in economic activities domestic enterprises of any form of ownership and industry sector is quite unstable, shaky, unpredictable and completely devoid of adverse external factors. Therefore, the company appears quite vulnerable to unlimited competitive space, and lack of improved methods of state regulation and favorable policy protectionism deepens an already tough situation. In such circumstances, company cant relied on anyone except themselves, involving the activity of experienced professionals that can simulate variable development of the company in a competitive environment and to predict the consequences of any move made by management in the form of decisions

The rise of self-employment in the UK: entrepreneurial transmission or declining job quality?

Abstract The UK has experienced very significant growth in self-employment since the financial crisis. The self-employed are at higher risk of income volatility while facing lower levels of social insurance. Individual transitions into self-employment may be driven by a range of factors, both ‘pull’ and ‘push’. This paper proposes a re-evaluation of the evidence on whether private sector business organizations stimulate entrepreneurial transmission amongst their employees. In the UK context rising self-employment may reflect the consequences of flexibilization and falling job quality, rather than outright job loss. Previous research has focused mainly on the subjective notion of job satisfaction to identify the level of attachment the future self-employed have to their current employer. Quantitative analysis is undertaken using large scale British longitudinal survey data. The paper extends this work to show that organizational (dis)attachment is evidenced in a range of extrinsic indicators of job quality, providing explanatory information beyond intrinsic job satisfaction. Specifically, the paper shows that the impact of training on self-employment entry depends asymmetrically on the source of that training. Finally, the paper argues that reduced attachment provides an alternative explanation for any ‘entrepreneurial transmission’ effect, through which employees, particularly those in smaller organizations, are more likely to enter self-employment. However, anticipated improvement in the experience of work from choosing self-employment is seen to be somewhat illusory, speaking to growing concerns about the impact of the growth of the gig economy.

Tourism, Trade and Self-employment Growth in West Africa: Evidence from Ghana, Nigeria and Cote d'Ivoire

This study attempts to evaluate the relationship between tourism and trade and self-employment growth in Ghana, Nigeria and Cote d'Ivoire using a time series data spanning the period 1991-2019. In this study, an applied GMM approach was employed. Results show that export and import trade, development assistance and personal remittance flows significantly spur self-employment during the study period while indicators of tourism activities represented by the number of tourist arrivals retard growth of self-employment but increase export trade in these countries. On this basis, the business atmosphere and infrastructural facilities should be improved to sufficiently boost the relationship between trade and tourism and hence spur self-employment growth in these countries.

Этноэкономика как фактор развития регионов (на примере республик Калмыкии и Бурятии)

Ethnic trade is one of the high-potential areas of the regional economy as it contributes to the growth of self-employment and the income of the population, maintenance of the rural settlements, traditional ways of natural resource use, unique manufacturing techniques. According to several researchers, nowadays ethno-economics successfully develops in service industry. The new areas of the ethno-economic development include ethno-tourism, folk crafts and handicrafts, and also raw material processing. The goal of the article is to study ethno-economic aspects of contemporary businesses in Mongol-origin regions of Russia: Kalmykia and Buryatia. There was an opinion poll among the representatives of ethnic businesses in both regions. The experts in Kalmykia as well as Buryatia point out the popularity and high demand for ethnic products, handmade goods in the areas such as ethnic fashion, ethnic design, and also ethnic tourism, ethnic restaurants that indicate the prospects of ethnic businesses and ethnic trade in the given regions. The active restoration of Buddhism, reinstatement and development of national culture and also rich natural resources make the regions in question attractive for tourists. Cultural events held in these regions are among top-destinations of eventful and eco-tourism in the country. Thus, the ethno-economics of these regions that transferred from commercial specifics to specification in service industry is one of the sources of development of the given regions.

Do regional self-employment rates converge in the UK? Empirical evidence using club-clustering algorithm

This paper examines the dynamics of self-employment rates overall and by gender across the UK during the period 2004–2016. Specifically, using the panel convergence methodology suggested by Phillips and Sul (Econometrica 75:1771–1855, 2007) we investigate whether self-employment rates can be characterised by a process where all regions tend to the same equilibrium (global or full convergence) or, if not, whether there are one or more clusters of regions with the same equilibrium (convergence clubs). We find that there is no global regional convergence in total and gender-specific self-employment rates. However, two convergence clubs of regions with lower self-employment rates are found along with a group of non-convergent regions which have higher self-employment rates and somewhat higher rates of growth in self-employment. We also show that gender differences in convergence patterns across UK exist.

Immigration Policy and the Rise of Self-Employment Among Mexican Immigrants

Over the past two decades, the U.S. has seen a drastic growth in self-employment among Mexican immigrants, the largest immigrant population in the country. This is an interesting yet puzzling trend, in stark contrast to the stagnated growth of self-employment among other disadvantaged minority groups such as blacks and even a significant decline among whites. Little is known of what drives that growth. We propose that the expansion of interior immigration enforcement, a characteristic of the U.S. immigration policy during that time span, might have contributed to this unique trend by pushing Mexican immigrants into self-employment as an alternative livelihood. Exploiting temporal and geographic variation in immigration enforcement measures from 2005 to 2017, we show that tougher enforcement has been responsible for 10 to 20 percent of the rise in Mexican self-employment. The impact mainly concentrates among likely undocumented immigrants. It is mainly driven by police-based enforcement measures responsible for most deportations, as opposed to employment-based enforcement. Our results suggest that apprehension fear, instead of lack of employment opportunities, is the main push factor.

Transitioning from Solo Self-Employed to Microbusiness Employer: Local Economic Environment or Owner Characteristics?

Only a minority of micro-businesses create jobs for others. This paper addresses whether personal characteristics and resources of the microbusiness owner or the local external economic environment are drivers of job creation. In the UK context of significant growth in self-employment but a declining proportion who create jobs, an investigation using longitudinal data is provided. Individual demographic and resource characteristics are found to be more important, but place effects are relatively weak. Entrepreneurship policy needs to target particular groups, including women and less experienced business owners in their localities.

Life after Work: The Impact of Basic Income on Nonemployment Activities

ABSTRACTBasic income experiments tend to show some decline in work hours, but less is known about how that nonwork time is spent. This article uses data from a randomized controlled trial of a guaranteed annual income to examine the activities of recipients who left the labor force for some amount of time. In particular, we analyze the reasons respondents gave for not working. We find that the intervention led to growth in care work activities and education, especially among women, moderate growth in self-employment, relatively strong growth in the portion of men and women simply reporting that they did not want to work, and the strongest growth in nonemployment connected to dissatisfaction with work/job conditions. Finally, the sole nonemployment category that declines as a result of the experiment is health-related reasons for not working.

Are Mortgage Regulations Affecting Entrepreneurship?

I show that rules designed to reduce high debt-to-income mortgage lending restrict self-employed households’ access to credit and reduce entrepreneurship. I identify the effects of a recent policy by using local variation in exposure to banks subject to the regulation. The policy reduced mortgage credit in high self-employment census tracts and banks receiving exemptions expanded market share in these areas. Growth in self-employment and new small business employment was lower in areas where more banks were affected. I estimate that the policy reduced self-employment by around 2 per cent and new small business employment by at least 3 per cent. This unintended effect on entrepreneurship demonstrates that mortgage finance is important for early stage businesses, and is an additional cost to be taken into account when evaluating mortgage policy.

THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AND CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT ON THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEM

Abstract: the impact on the Russian social insurance system of the factor of demographic aging, and the changes occurring in the structure of employment of the population are analyzed. The decision to raise the retirement age in the Russian Federation from January 1, 2019 is critically assessed. The main problems of the functioning of the social insurance system in the conditions of growth of self-employment, incomplete and illegal employment of the population are revealed. The prospects for the development of the Russian social insurance system in these conditions are forecasted.

The shale revolution and entrepreneurship: An assessment of the relationship between energy sector expansion and small business entrepreneurship in US counties

The shale revolution led to a sharp increase in the US oil and gas production. Although the long-term consequences of this process are yet to be assessed, existing evidence points to both positive and negative effects. The shale revolution has increased employment and income in resource-rich communities, but also contributed to pollution, higher crime rates and lower educational attainment. The job-creating effects, however, may conceal differing impacts on paid employment and self-employment, where crowding out the latter is in line with one mechanism of the resource curse hypotheses. In this paper, we examine the previously undocumented impact of energy sector expansion on small business entrepreneurship. Using SUR and IV approaches and a differencing strategy, we estimate the effects of growth in oil and gas extraction industry on self-employment growth in metropolitan and rural US counties during the 2001–2013 period. The results suggest that after three years, oil and gas sector expansion appears to crowd out self-employment elsewhere in the economy, or, at the very least, has few net positive self-employment spillovers. This pattern may lead to a resource curse.

Cancer and its impact on work among the self-employed: A need to bridge the knowledge gap.

Self-employment-the so-called flexible layer of the economy-has gained importance following the 2007-2008 global economic and financial crisis. In Europe, the self-employed now comprise on average 15% of workers [Eurostat, Labour market and Labour force survey (LFS) statistics, 2016]. Around one-third of self-employed people also provide jobs for others [European Commission, Fact Sheet. 2015 Employment and Social Developments in Europe Review: frequently asked questions, 2016]. Moreover, this group of workers adapts quickly to changing circumstances. In the UK, for instance, recent growth in self-employment is considered to have made an important contribution to labour market recovery [Hatfield, Self-employment in Europe. London, Institute of Public Policy Research, 2015]. Across the European Union self-employment is viewed as a key enabler of sustainable economic growth and, reflecting this, the Europe 2020 strategy encourages member states both to promote self-employment and to remove measures that discourage it [Library of the European Parliament, Self-employment and social security. Effects on innovation and economic growth, 2013].

Entrepreneurial and Employment Responses to Economic Conditions across the Rural-Urban Continuum

In this article, we explore how local employment growth in the urban-rural continuum is affected by economic trends in industries that comprise local economies and by growth in nearby metropolitan areas. Our county-level analyses reveal heterogeneous responses. Favorable economic changes due to a fast-growing local industry mix have the largest positive impact on self-employment growth in small metropolitan areas and the smallest positive impact in rural counties. Self-employment in rural counties is fostered by growth in nearby small metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and is hampered by growth in nearby large MSAs. In micropolitan counties that are close to small and medium growing MSAs, local self-employment tends to grow faster, while growth in nearby large MSAs has no effect. In urban counties, growth in a nearby large MSA is not related to local self-employment growth in the lower tiers of the urban hierarchy.

Digitalisierung und Arbeitsmarkt: Aktuelle Entwicklungen und sozialpolitische Herausforderungen

Abstract This article focuses on the progressive digitisation of work and its consequences for employment and social protection. The first section discusses potential dimensions of change due to technological innovation while the second part provides a preliminary assessment of the evidence that is currently available as regards occupational change and labour market polarization both with respect to total employment and the role of non-standard types of employment by occupations. Furthermore, the articles summarises what we currently know about the scope of work organized via online platforms. The subsequent section discusses potential consequences for social protection in the digital age. Particular attention is given to the eventual growth of selfemployment or freelance work using platforms as intermediaries. To the extent that work is organised more and more outside dependent employment, making the coverage of social insurance more universal, irrespective of the formal type of employment, is likely to become a crucial issue.

Geographies of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Non-Farm Proprietorship Employment by U.S. Metropolitan Area

Although the entrepreneurship process begins with individuals with relatively unique personal attributes and a likely penchant for risk taking and achievement, entrepreneurs are “hardly lone individuals who rely primarily on their extraordinary efforts and talents to overcome the difficulties inherent in the formation of a new firm” or idea (Stam 2009, p.4). Instead, the entrepreneurial process is the result of the interaction between the individual and the surrounding environment or entrepreneurial eco-system which is heterogeneously endowed with knowledge, institutions, resources and demand for products (Audretsch and Belitski 2016; Stam 2014). Furthermore, these factor endowments can vary dramatically by metropolitan area. Such a perspective raises an important policy question: Are U.S. metropolitan areas with disproportionately high shares of entrepreneurs or self-employed people systematically linked to particular attributes of the entrepreneurial eco-system or support system? The answer to this sort of research question is not straightforward because different types of entrepreneurship may require different types of explanations (Stam 2009). According to Rupasingha and Goetz (2013 p.143), it remains unclear to what extent the uneven growth of self employment at the county scale “is a response to opportunity or the result of necessity (such as layoffs).” It is for this reason that we chose the title Geographies of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems to remind us that it does not make sense to talk about the geography of entrepreneurial ecosystems (Stam 2009). Different explanatory frameworks are needed to explain different kinds of entrepreneurship dependent on the geographic scale of the ecosystem and the manner in which entrepreneurship is defined.

Fit for self-employment? An extended Person–Environment Fit approach to understand the work–life interface of self-employed workers

AbstractThe recent growth in self-employment has sparked scholarly interest in why individuals choose and remain in self-employment. Yet, relatively little is known about how self-employed workers enact their daily lives and what this means for their work–life interface. Self-employment is often presented as a means to enhance life choice and as enabling work and nonwork activities to be combined more satisfactorily. However, extant evidence on how self-employment is experienced is mixed, with some studies reporting long and irregular working hours and high levels of stress. Furthermore, the way in which self-employment is experienced may be influenced by national context – economic, institutional and cultural factors. In this paper, we develop a multi-level model which extends existing work on the Person–Environment Fit by incorporating factors relevant to self-employment. The model assists us to understand how contextual factors create both opportunities and tensions which impact the work–life interface of self-employed workers.

Economic transition and the determinants of self-employment in urban China: 2007–2013

Why was there a large growth in self-employment in urban China during the economic transition period? There are two hypotheses proposed to answer this: the disguised unemployment hypothesis that there is no opportunity to access the formal sector to gain better work, and the business creation hypothesis that successful business owners create new jobs for others, new business opportunities, and many innovative new products for society, as pointed out in previous studies. Using CHIP2007 and CHIP2013, this paper tests the two hypotheses. The main conclusions are as follows: First, generally, utilizing the imputed wage premiums, which were used in previous studies, the business creation hypothesis is rejected; the disguised unemployment hypothesis is supported for both the local urban resident and the migrant groups in 2007 and 2013. Second, the results that utilized the new wage premiums based on the imputed employee wages in the private sector show that the business creation hypothesis is supported when a worker chose to become an employer for both the migrant group and the local urban resident group in 2013. Third, the business creation hypothesis is relevant for the older generation group of local urban residents in 2013.